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PubMed2005

Mitochondrial DNA control region sequence polymorphism in four indigenous tribes of Chotanagpur plateau, India.

The analysis of genetic variation, in the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA, provides unique information in tracing of maternal lineage, determination of population diversity, pharmacogenomics and human identification. This study characterizes the HVR-I and II sequence polymorphism in 80 tribal individuals, belonging to the Austro-Asiatic linguistic family of Chotanagpur plateau, India. A total of 115 polymorphic sites were observed in the sequenced regions and 77 unique haplotypes could be identified.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMed2001

Organochlorine pesticide residues in human milk of a Hmong hill tribe living in Northern Thailand.

In December 1998 whole breast milk samples from 25 Hmong mothers living in the village of Mae Sa Mai, 40 km north of Chiang Mai City, Northern Thailand, were collected and analysed for DDT, heptachlor, HCB and HCH residues (fat normalized data). Short questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were used to obtain information on personal characteristics, lifestyle, contact with pesticides, dietary habits and former residences. DDT was detected in all samples with a median and maximum level of 209 and 2012 ng of total DDT isomers per millilitre of milk, respectively. The median and highest percentages of p,p'-DDT were 23.2 and 44.7%. In 15 samples heptachlor was detected in the metabolized form of heptachlor-epoxide with a median value of 4.4 ng/ml. The estimated daily intakes of DDT, heptachlor and heptachlor-epoxide by the infants exceeded up to 20 times the acceptable daily intakes as recommended by the FAO and WHO. In nine samples HCB was detected with a median value of 5.4 ng/ml from which seven of the nine also had the highest values of DDT residues. The gamma-isomer of HCH was only found in one sample with 3.6 ng/ml. The mean sum-DDT residues with 14.96 mg/kg milk fat, as well as the estimated daily intakes by the infants are one of the highest reported in the 1990s. The fact that the mother breast-feeds her first child and that she originally comes from a region where DDT is still in use as a vector control agent, as well as the former use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in agriculture, seem to be the main factors for high DDT and other OCP residues in the mothers' milk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence, characteristics, and impact of childhood sexual abuse in a Southwestern American Indian tribe.

OBJECTIVE: There were two objectives; first, to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of child sexual abuse in an American Indian community, and second, to determine whether persons with histories of child sexual abuse are at greater risk to develop psychiatric disorders and behavioral problems than persons who report no such history. METHOD: A sample of 582 Southwestern American Indian tribal members was collected for a genetic and linkage study on alcoholism and psychiatric disorders in three large and interrelated pedigrees. Subjects were recruited from the community without knowledge of their clinical histories or those of their relatives. Child sexual abuse and psychiatric disorders were assessed using a semi-structured psychiatric interview. RESULTS: Females were more likely to be sexually abused as children (49%) than were males (14%). Intrafamilial members accounted for 78% of the reported child sexual abuse. Sexually abused males and females were more likely to report childhood and adult behavioral problems than were nonabused subjects. There was a strong relationship between multiple psychiatric disorders and child sexual abuse, with sexually abused males and females more likely to be diagnosed with > or = 3 psychiatric disorders, both including and excluding alcohol dependence or abuse, than were nonabused subjects. CONCLUSION: Child sexual abuse in this population is both an index of family dysfunction and community disorganization as well as a predictor of later behavioral patterns and psychopathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Phylogenetics and evolution of the eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunct aphid tribe, Hormaphidini (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

A conspicuous biogeographic pattern of the Northern Hemisphere is the disjunct occurrence of related taxa on different continents. Perhaps best studied in plants, this pattern includes disjunct distributions of genera in eastern Asia and eastern North America. Such continental disjunctions are thought to be the remnants of a mostly continuously distributed, mixed mesophytic forest dating to the Miocene, which subsequently became fragmented by geological and climatic changes. Some highly host-specific insects, namely aphids, live on descendants of the mixed mesophytic forest taxa and exhibit the same disjunct distributions as that of their host plants. We estimated the phylogeny of Hormaphidini aphids, which host-alternate between witch-hazel (Hamamelis; an eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunct genus) and birch (Betula). Based on partial nuclear elongation factor 1alpha and mitochondrial tRNA leucine/cytochrome oxidase II sequences, trees inferred from maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood showed strong support for two monophyletic genera (Hamamelistes and Hormaphis), each containing a clade of Japanese and a clade of North American species. The estimated divergence dates of Asian and North American clades in both genera was 20-30 million years ago, consistent with the idea that aphids may have experienced the same vicariance events as those of their host plants.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Are psychology's tribes ready to form a nation?

Collaboration between social psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists is giving rise to a new approach that its practitioners call 'social cognitive neuroscience'. Scientists from each discipline are using the theories and techniques of the other to generate new answers to fundamental questions about attitudes, beliefs, the self, moral judgment, and other issues. Is this interdisciplinary endeavor an exercise in wishful thinking and good intentions, or is it a preview of psychology's future?

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

The relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and cardiovascular disease in an American Indian tribe.

BACKGROUND: Empirical findings suggest that psychiatric illness is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this study was to compare the strength of the association of lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and lifetime major depression on CVD among Northern Plains American Indians. METHOD: A total of 1414 participants aged 18-57 years completed a structured interview that assessed psychiatric diagnoses, alcohol abuse/dependence, self-reported CVD, and traditional CVD risk factors including age, sex, education, diabetes, high blood pressure, and smoking. Logistic regression analyses compared the odds ratios of CVD in participants with and without diagnosed PTSD or major depression. RESULTS: The rates of lifetime PTSD and major depression were 15% and 8% respectively. CVD was more commonly reported by participants with PTSD than by those without PTSD (12% v. 5%, p<or=0.01). Likewise, more participants with major depression reported CVD than did their non-depressed counterparts (14% v. 6%, p<or=0.05). PTSD was significantly associated with CVD even after controlling for traditional CVD risk factors and major depression (odds ratio 2.0, confidence interval 1.1-3.8). In contrast, the association of major depression with CVD was not significant after accounting for both traditional risk factors and PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of PTSD are high in American Indian communities. Rising CVD rates in this population may be better understood if PTSD is considered along with other traditional risk factors. Future research should examine the association and mechanisms of PTSD and CVD prospectively. Such data could lead to more effective CVD prevention efforts for American Indians.

Adolescent↗