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PubMed1985

Experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in conventional calves: light microscopic lesions, microbiology, and studies on lavaged lung cells.

Conventionally raised male Holstein calves, 1 month of age, were infected by intranasal and intratracheal inoculation with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Viral antigen was identified by fluorescence microscopy most commonly in the cytoplasm of tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells 3 to 5 days after inoculation. Cytoplasmic viral antigen was identified also in nasal, nasopharyngeal, bronchiolar, and alveolar epithelial cells and in alveolar macrophages. Bronchitis and tracheitis, characterized in part by epithelial necrosis, formation of syncytial epithelial cells and epithelial hyperplasia, were the most common lesions observed histologically. Rhinitis, bronchiolitis, and interstitial pneumonia were observed less frequently. Alterations were not detected in the numbers of cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage after inoculation. An increase in the phagocytic rate of latex beads occurred in macrophages 5 days after inoculation. Viral-induced lesions were resolved by 30 days after inoculation. The results indicated that bovine respiratory syncytial virus inoculation of calves results in reversible alterations in airway epithelial structure and in the phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

An epizootic of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a dairy herd.

Respiratory syncytial virus was the cause of a severe epizootic of bovine respiratory tract disease. The virus, isolated from a sick cow during the epizootic, produced cytopathic effect in a bovine turbinate cell line 14 days after it was inoculated. Additional support for the diagnosis came from the results of pathologic and serologic examinations. Lesions consistently present were severe necrotizing bronchiolitis and epithelial syncytia projecting from bronchiolar and alveolar walls. Also, in the cow from which the virus was isolated, there was tracheitis with a syncytial-like change involving the mucosal epithelium.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

[Compensatory reactions of the respiratory center and their manifestations at the periphery of animals with respiratory tract and lung injuries].

The microelectrode and stereotaxic techniques were used in experimental injuries to the respiratory tract and lungs to demonstrate that the respiratory center (RC) was in a state of enhanced excitation whatever the focus of injury. It was found that the efferent flow of impulses from the RC was not uniformly manifested by electrical activity of the respiratory muscles. In tracheitis, the respiration was effected by the inspiratory and expiratory muscles but remained of the diaphragmal type. Considerable reserve possibilities of the RC compensation were discovered in response to additional adequate stimulants. In unilateral pneumonia, the electrical activity of the diaphragm and that of different groups of the expiratory muscles were found to be enhanced, whereas the respiration became of the diaphragmal-abdominal type. The compensatory reactions of the RC were unchanged. In grave bilateral injuries to the lungs, the main factors having a stimulant action on the RC were additional resistance to the respiration and developing hypoxemia. At the same time there was a decrease in the electrical activity of the respiratory muscles. There is every reason to believe that the decline in the electrical activity of the respiratory muscles serves an important protective reaction of the body in grave lung injuries.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1982

Aerosol vaccination of calves with pasteurella haemolytica against experimental respiratory disease.

Three experiments were conducted on calves in which the efficacy of vaccination with live Pasteurella haemolytica in aerosol was tested by challenge with sequential aerosol exposure to bovine herpesvirus 1 and P. haemolytica. Neither single nor multiple aerosol vaccinations protected against the experimental disease. Macroscopically recognizable rhinitis, tonsillitis, tracheitis and pneumonia occurred in both controls and vaccinates. In one experiment as many as three aerosol vaccinations with live P. haemolytica for up to 20 minutes failed to elicit clinical signs in exposed calves. Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated less frequently from tissues of vaccinated calves than from those of nonvaccinated calves. Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from deep nasal swabs of 4/14 vaccinated calves five and six days after viral exposure. It was concluded that although bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccination has been shown previously to prevent the experimental disease produced by bovine herpesvirus 1-P. haemolytica, live P. haemolytica vaccination by aerosol will not provide the same protection.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lesions induced in the respiratory tract of chickens by serologically different adenoviruses.

Ten strains of adenovirus representing 10 serotypes were administered intratracheally to two groups of 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens. Birds in group 1 were given only adenovirus. Birds in group 2 were inoculated with a virulent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) by eye-drop at one day of age as well as with the adenovirus at 3 weeks. The chicks were examined daily. Respiratory rales were observed in some birds with the dual infection. Gross pathologic alterations were minimal and limited to multiple scattered, pale foci in the lungs of an occasional bird in various groups. Histopathologic changes in the lungs were those of multifocal interstitial and, occasionally, diffuse pneumonia. The pneumonic lesions were more severe in the chickens given IBDV. Tracheitis was seen with two of the serotypes.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathogenicity of various adenovirus serotypes in the presence of Escherichia coli in chickens.

Ten strains of adenovirus representing 10 serotypes were administered intratracheally to 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens, which also received 2.9 X 10(5) colony-forming units of a pathogenic Escherichia coli intranasally. One group was given only E. coli, and one was retained as an uninoculated control. Gross pathologic alterations post-mortem were minimal and limited to multiple scattered, pale areas in the lungs of an occasional chicken in various groups. Histopathologic changes in the lungs were those of multifocal, interstitial, and occasionally diffuse pneumonia. Moderate to marked interstitial pneumonia was incited by adenovirus strains 75-1A, B-3 A-2, C-2B, and X-11; Ind-C, Stein, Tipton, J-2, and T-8 caused similar but milder lesions. Strains 75-1A, A-2, C-2B, T-8, and X-11 incited moderate to marked multifocal pneumonia; Ind-C, Stein, Tipton, J-2, and B-3 caused mild multifocal pneumonia. In all groups, the pneumonic lesions were more severe 5 days postinoculation than 12 days postinoculation. Bronchiolitis and tracheitis lesions also varied in severity with serotype. A mild hepatitis was seen with serotypes T-8 and 75-1A. Neither the uninoculated control group nor the group inoculated with only E. coli exhibited gross or histopathologic alterations.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1983

[Differential pathomorphologic diagnosis of brucellosis in hares].

The examination comprised 656 cases of brucellosis, 208 cases of pseudotuberculosis, 31 cases of yersiniosis, 13 cases of tularemia and 120 cases of pasteurellosis. In brucellosis, changes in liver, spleen and sexual organs prevailed. The macroscopy of the changes was typical. A histiocytic granuloma of tuberculoid type was found by histological examination. Owing to caryolysis, the central necrosis of granulomata contained a conspicuously small amount of nuclear detritus, and big cells of Langhans type were found in the histiocytic layer. A layer of round-cell elements constantly occurred on the periphery of the necrosis and peripheral fibrotization was observed in older granulomata. Pyogenic component was almost absent. Pseudotuberculosis and yersiniosis were characterized by septic tumour of the spleen and alterations in liver, lungs, kidneys, and the terminal section of ileum. In pseudotuberculosis necrotic changes occurred in bone marrow and in processus vermiformis. The changes were histologically limited by the formation of granulomata and necrosis with characteristic karyorrhexis and with tht occurrence of masses of bacteria in the necroses. Neutrophiles were constantly found to be present in the changes, whereas peripheral fibrotization was not typical. In tularemia, besides spleen tumour, alterations in lungs prevailed, having a vitreously smoky appearance, bacon-like on cross section. From the histological point of view, a histiocytic granuloma of tuberculoid type was involved. Its only differences from brucellosis were the larger content of nuclear detritus owing to karyorrhexis and the occurrence of erythrocytes in the lung alterations where marked peribronchial and perivascular infiltrates were present. The typical location of spleen alterations was the periphery of Malpighian corpuscles. Staphylococcosis was differentiated by a purulent nature of the changes and pasteurellosis by a constant finding of pneumonias and tracheitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Tracheal lesions in young turkeys infected with Bordetella avium.

Forty-six turkeys were inoculated intranasally with Bordetella avium at 3 days of age. Inoculated and non-inoculated turkeys (n = 72) were necropsied sequentially from post-exposure days (PED) 3 to 53. Tracheal lesions were studied histologically. Mild fibrinopurulent tracheitis, associated with bacterial colonization of ciliated epithelium, was seen at PED 7 to 10. At PED 14 and 21, there were numerous bacterial colonies, loss of ciliated cells, epithelial hyperplasia, depletion of mucus, and diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. At PED 28, the mucosa and tracheal rings were severely distorted. The mucosal epithelium, composed of immature epithelial cells and nononuclear leukocytes, had formed prominent longitudinal folds. Mucous glands were cystic and lined by low cuboidal epithelium. At PED 42 and 53, tracheas appeared normal, except for residual distortion of tracheal rings and shortened luminal epithelium.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1984

Interactions of cold stress and Pasteurella haemolytica in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves: method of induction and hematologic and pathologic changes.

Six healthy neonatal calves were chilled with cold water and had focal tracheitis induced by spraying 5% acetic acid into the tracheal lumen. Subsequently, 20 ml of sterile saline solution was injected intratracheally. The effects of these interventions on total and differential white cell counts, plasma cortisol, histamine, and bradykinin, hematocrit, total plasma solids, and indices of the erythrocyte size and hemoglobin content were determined over the subsequent 12 hours. Cold stress increased plasma cortisol levels for less than 1 hour, but did not alter any other variable. This group of calves served as a control group for a second series of neonatal calves which were given 2 X 10(9) organisms of Pasteurella haemolytica intratracheally immediately following an identical period of chilling and acetic acid exposure. Calves given P haemolytica became neutropenic. There were increased numbers of circulating band neutrophils by 12 hours after exposure, and serum cortisol values were maintained at the same or greater than cold stress concentrations for all measurement periods subsequent to exposure. Infected calves had acute fibrinous pneumonia from which P haemolytica was isolated. Contrary to previous reports, these data may indicate a role for the neutrophil in the pathogenesis of early lesions of pasteurellosis. Although the association of circulating corticosteroids with stress and subsequent infection is clear, our data provide no evidence to indicate that circulating histamine or bradykinin are involved in the pathogenesis of the acute lesions of Pasteurella pneumonia.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Clinical aspects on bacterial infections in the upper respiratory tract.

Acute respiratory tract infections represent the major cause of morbidity in younger age groups. Most of these infections involve the upper respiratory tract. The frequency of respiratory tract infections vary not only with age, but also with season of the year and the epidemiological situation. Surveys of the incidence and aetiology of these infections must therefore cover large populations during relatively long periods of time. In the developed countries, the mortality in respiratory tract infections in patients below the age of 60 years is low, while it increases markedly in elderly patients, mainly due to involvement of the lower respiratory tract. Aetiologically, viral infections dominate but bacterial pathogens often cause pharyngitis/tonsillitis, otitis media and sinusitis. In longstanding cough in children, Branhamella catarrhalis has been found to be a pathogen of probably high significance. Other factors increasing the clinical importance of colonisation of the upper respiratory tract with potentially pathogenic bacterial species, are various immune defects, especially reduced IgA production, and granulocytopenia. In the latter case, Gram-negative bacteria seem to be more pathogenic than Gram-positive ones. The clinical differentiation between viral and bacterial upper respiratory tract infections is difficult and sometimes not possible. However, based on the knowledge that acute tracheitis, laryngitis and common cold are normally caused by viral agents, it seems reasonable not to use antibiotics for those patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

[House-dust mites as vectors of human diseases].

The genuine European house-dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, is the producer of the most common and most potent allergen in the house-dust in Central Europe. Such allergens causing asthma, rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis and/or conjunctivitis in man may also be produced by the other species of house-dust mites such as D. farinae and Euroglyphus maynei. House mites and mites of stored products rarely account for such diseases but more frequently for acarodermatitis--especially on farms. Allergies due to house-dust mites mainly occur in midsummer and in early autumn. Particularly children under 10 years of age are effected by these allergies. Textile articles such as mattresses, upholstered furniture and carpets are breeding places of the genuine house-dust mites. Skin scales of humans, mammals and birds affected by mould provide the nutritional substrate of the mites.

Arthropod Vectors↗
PubMed1981

Tracheostomy in neonates and small infants: problems and pitfalls.

Newborn babies and small infants who require tracheostomy often follow a complicated clinical course characterized by frequent sepsis, altered ventilatory dynamics, and eventual respiratory decompensation. Many of these problems are avoidable with use of a properly placed endotracheal tube during tracheostomy, a special surgical technique in the performance of the tracheostomy, and silicone rubber tracheostomy tubes. Seventy-four babies underwent tracheostomy at our Children's Center between 1963 and 1976. A review of this experience demonstrates the benefits of unhurried, standardized technique and management. In the 48 newborns requiring tracheostomy, no technical difficulties were encountered, and no complications occurred as a result of the tracheostomy. In the group of 26 older infants, however, there were significant complications, especially in children undergoing emergency tracheostomy without a previously placed endotracheal tube. Although there were no deaths directly related to tracheostomy, one case of pirulent tracheitis and one case of interstitial thyroid hemorrhage were noted at autopsy. Among survivors, there was one case of bilateral pneumothoraces, two cases of severe subcutaneous emphysema, and three cases of postoperative bleeding. Review of the long-term complications in this series demonstrates the benefits of the silicone rubber polymer tube. Since its routine use, problems with stomal granulation have almost disappeared. There have been no problems in extubating the very young babies. Our operative technique and intensive care management of these babies will be emphasized as the keys to the improved outcome.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1981

[Rare complications following tracheotomy and intubation (author's transl)].

Report on two cases: Case 1: A young male was tracheotomized because of respiratory insufficiency due to a thoraco-abdominal trauma. The injuries were fatal 8 hours following tracheotomy. Autopsy revealed a tube like formation located in the upper trachea, consisting of coagulated blood. The peculiar shape was caused by a splinting effect of the tracheal cannula. A trickling tracheostomal hemorrhage was found to be the causal factor. --Case 2: After long-term tracheotomy due to a laryngeal trauma a tracheostomal intubation was performed in a young male for the purpose of a surgical revision of the laryngeal injuries. Two days later sudden death occurred. Autopsy revealed a tube like formation in the upper trachea, consisting of fibrin and desquamated necrotic tracheal epithelium, which had occluded the cannula in a valve like manner. The originating mechanism of this pathological state is demonstrated. The significance of preexisting chronic tracheitis and the use of a tube with a rather rigid cuff (nylon spiral tube) as additional promoting factors are discussed.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1981

Scanning electron microscopical investigations on the respiratory epithelium of the Syrian golden hamster III. Regeneration after traumatic injury.

To investigate the extent to which intratracheal intubation may alter the respiratory epithelium of the Syrian golden hamsters, single and repeated intubations were undertaken and the resulting injury and subsequent epithelial regeneration were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Generally, epithelial injury as a result of a single intubation had healed ad integrum within 20 to 40 days. On the other hand, repeated treatment often caused tracheitis and led to prolonged regeneration which sometimes persisted as papillary hyperplasia 40 days after the final intubation. The appropriateness of intratracheal instillation as a method of administering chemical carcinogens and the similarity of the epithelial regeneration processes to early neoplastic alterations of the epithelium are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Anaerobic infections in children with neurological impairments.

Children with neurological impairments are prone to develop serious infection due to anaerobic bacteria. They often are predisposed to develop infections caused by their own indigenous bacterial flora caused by impairments of their mechanical and immunological defenses, the change in their oral flora due to poor hygiene, and the delay in recognition of acute infection. The most common anaerobic infections are decubitus ulcers, gastrectomy site wound infections, pulmonary infections (aspiration pneumonia, lung abscesses, and tracheitis), and chronic suppurative otitis media. The unique microbiology of each of the infections and their medical and surgical management were discussed in this review.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative pathology of intravenously inoculated wild duck- and turkey-origin type A influenza viruses in chickens.

Five-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated intravenously with one of 16 low-pathogenicity type A influenza virus isolates; 14 were of wild duck origin, and two were of turkey origin. Tubulointerstitial nephritis was the most frequent specific histopathologic change. The frequency and severity of kidney lesions were independent of the virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase subtype or titer of the challenge virus. Influenza nucleoprotein was most frequently demonstrated in the kidney and was consistently localized to necrotic proximal and/or distal renal tubule epithelium. Common nonspecific histopathologic changes were lymphoid hyperplasia of the spleen and cecal tonsils, as well as lymphocyte depletion in the cloacal bursa. Uncommon histopathologic changes, in decreasing order of frequency, were interstitial pneumonia, lymphoid follicular hyperplasia in the myocardium, and lymphocytic tracheitis. Histopathologic changes were rare or absent in the jejunum, duodenum, pancreas, and brain. The low-pathogenicity avian-origin type A influenza virus isolates were epitheliotropic in chickens, primarily nephrotropic. Such findings were dissimilar from findings with highly pathogenic avian-origin type A influenza virus isolates both in severity and in tissue distribution of histopathologic changes and influenza viral antigen.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Meta-analysis of antibiotics in tube thoracostomy.

The use of antibiotics for patients undergoing tube thoracostomy was determined to be highly variable based on a study conducted at a national meeting of surgeons. A meta-analysis of six randomized studies previously reported was performed. The analysis was carried out using the Confidence Profile Method software FAST*PRO. The meta-analysis was structured using dichotomous outcomes of infectious chest processes (empyema, effusion, pneumonia, wound infection, tracheitis, etc.) versus no infectious chest process in patients with and without antibiotics. The effect measures calculated included actual difference in probabilities, relative risk, percent differences in probabilities, and odds ratio. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that antibiotics should be used in patients undergoing tube thoracostomy. Antibiotic selection should maximize therapy for Staph. aureus. The implementation of this practice guideline will require the co-operation of multiple specialty oriented physicians and surgeons.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental infection of bobwhite quail with Indiana C adenovirus.

Bobwhite quails (Colinus virginianus) were inoculated intratracheally, intraperitoneally, or subcutaneously with Indiana C adenovirus at 1, 3, 6, or 9 weeks of age. Mortality rates were 33-100% in quails inoculated at 1 or 3 weeks of age and 0-10% in quails inoculated at 6 or 9 weeks of age. Gross and histologic lesions included necrotizing tracheitis and bronchitis with pneumonia, necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis, and lymphoid depletion of the bursa of Fabricius; these were consistent with quail bronchitis. Indiana C is highly pathogenic in bobwhite quails and cannot be recommended as a vaccine to prevent quail bronchitis.

Adenoviridae Infections↗