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PubMed1989

Milk drinking, other beverage habits, and lung cancer risk.

The reported beverage habits of 569 lung cancer patients and 569 control patients admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) were studied, 355 male cases and 214 female cases being matched to controls within strata of age and residence. Smoking history and an index of vitamin A from vegetables had significant, dose-response associations with risk. Animal fat intake as measured by an index of animal fats from meats showed elevated risks which were not significant. Three vegetables rich in vitamin A and 3 meats contributing to the animal fat index were, individually, associated with lung cancer risk. Frequency of consumption of milk, coffee, tea, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages was studied in multiple logistic regression analyses which controlled for smoking history, intake of vitamin A from vegetables and education level. Subjects reporting consumption of whole milk 3 or more times daily had a 2-fold increase in lung cancer risk compared to those who reported never drinking whole milk (RR = 2.14). The same frequency of intake of reduced-fat milk was associated with a significant protective effect (RR = .54). Significant risk variations were observed for other beverages but, with the exception of frequencies of reported diet cola and decaffeinated coffee intake, dose-response patterns were not evident.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Dose-dependent incorporation of tea catechins, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin, into human plasma.

Tea catechins, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCg) and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), have been reported to suppress oxidation of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) in vitro. If dietary catechins can be efficiently incorporated into human blood plasma, anti-atherosclerotic effects in preventing oxidative modification of LDL would be expected. In this study, a newly developed chemiluminescence detection-high pressure liquid chromatography (CL-HPLC) method for measuring plasma catechins was used and the incorporation of EGCg and EGC into human plasma was investigated. Healthy subjects orally ingested 3, 5, or 7 capsules of green tea extract (corresponding to 225, 375, and 525 mg EGCg and 7.5, 12.5, and 17.5 mg EGC, respectively). The plasma EGCg and EGC concentrations before the administration were all below the detection limit (< 2 pmol/ml), but 90 min after, significantly and dose-dependently increased to 657, 4300, and 4410 pmol EGCg/ml, and 35, 144, and 255 pmol EGC/ml, in the subjects who received 3, 5, and 7 capsules, respectively. Both EGCg and EGC levels detected in plasma corresponded to 0.2-2.0% of the ingested amount. Catechin intake had no effect on the basal level of endogenous antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and lycopene) or of lipids in plasma. These results suggested that drinking green tea daily would contribute to maintain plasma catechin levels sufficient to exert antioxidant activity against oxidative modification of lipoproteins in blood circulation systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Mood and drinking: a naturalistic diary study of alcohol, coffee and tea.

Understanding the pattern of associations between mood and consumption of alcohol, coffee and tea may provide information about the factors governing beverage drinking. The associations between mood and the consumption of alcohol, coffee and tea during everyday life were assessed. A naturalistic study was carried out with 18 male and 31 female volunteers from two working groups (psychiatric nursing and school teaching). Participants completed daily records of drink consumption, together with ratings of anxious and positive moods for 8 weeks. Potential moderators of associations were self-reported drinking to cope, high perceived job demands and social support at work. Day-by-day associations were analysed using Spearman correlations. There were substantial individual-differences in associations between mood and daily alcohol, coffee and tea consumption. Overall, alcohol intake was associated with high positive and low anxious mood. This effect was not present among participants with high drinking to cope ratings. Coffee and tea drinking were not consistently related to mood across the entire sample. However, job demands influenced the association between coffee consumption and anxious mood in men, and those who experienced high job demands drank more coffee on days on which they felt anxious. In contrast, women but not men who enjoyed high social support at work felt more relaxed on days on which they drank more tea. These results indicate that people vary widely in the extent to which mood is related to the drinking of alcohol, coffee and tea. The strength of associations is influenced by gender, motivational factors, and by stress and coping resources.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Outline of control practice of endemic fluorosis in China.

Endemic fluorosis is prevalent in China covering 29 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. The endemically affected areas can be divided, according to the sources of fluoride, into three types: high fluoride water, pollution from coal burning, and drinking brick tea in excess. Since the 1960's, several pilot surveys of the disease have been made and control programmes carried out in some of the areas. An Expert Consultation Committee on Endemic Fluorosis Control of the Ministry of Public Health was formally established in 1979. A national survey programme and series of working criteria for the disease were drawn up at the First National Congress of Endemic Fluorosis Control in 1981. Under the Central Government of China, administrative organizations and institutions concerned at all levels have been set up, forming a nation-wide network of control. Cooperation and coordination among such departments as health, water conservancy, geology and finance have been achieved in the planning and implementation of control programmes. Since 1980, many projects for improving drinking water quality through de-fluoridation have been completed. At the same time, new methods and technologies for improving stove and grain baking have become widely used in some of the areas where environmental fluoride pollution exists from burning coal. After all the control programmes had been introduced, the incidence of the illness was reduced with some patients making a complete recovery.

China↗
PubMed1977

Physiologic and psychotropic effects of caffeine on man. A review.

Caffeine, in substantive amounts, is frequently taken by the clinical or hospitalized patient. Caffeine content of coffees, teas, cola drinks, cocoa, and drugs is summarized. Systems and organs affected by caffeine include the central nervous system, the cardiac muscle, the kidney, the gastric mucosa, and smooth muscle. Psychotropic and sleep response varies with age and degree of habituation. Symptoms of caffeinism, caffeine withdrawal, and caffeine-drug interactions are described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effects of Western, Vegetarian, and Japanese dietary fat model diets with or without green tea extract on the plasma lipids and glucose, and liver lipids in mice. A long-term feeding experiment.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of three model diets containing different fats, with or without a small amount of green tea extract (GTE), on plasma lipids and glucose, and liver lipids in mice. METHODS: Male mice (2 months old) fed 10% fat diets with Western (W), Vegetarian (V), and Japanese (J) fat compositions with or without 0.03% GTE for 7 months. RESULTS: The concentrations of plasma and liver total cholesterol in animals fed the W diet were not significantly different from those fed the J diet. Plasma triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations were significantly different from one another in the following order: V > J > W diet groups. GTE supplementation significantly reduced plasma and liver TG content only in V diet group. Plasma glucose (Glu) concentrations were in the following order: W > V > J diet groups, and the GTE supplementation reduced the concentration of Glu in each diet group. The ratios of plasma n-6 to n-3 fatty acids were in the following order: V > W > J diet groups, regardless of GTE supplementation. CONCLUSION: These findings show the possibility that Japanese eating habits combined with drinking green tea might be a factor in preventing the onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Fluorides in groundwater, soil and infused black tea and the occurrence of dental fluorosis among school children of the Gaza strip.

The purpose of this study was to determine the fluoride levels in water, soil and tea, and to identify the major fluoride minerals in soil that supply water with fluoride ions. Another aim was to study the prevalence of dental fluorosis in permanent dentition of the school children of the Gaza Strip. Monitoring of fluoride levels in 73 groundwater wells and 20 topsoil samples for the last three years revealed a general trend of increasing from north to south of the Gaza Strip. A linear regression analysis found a correlation coefficient of r=0.93 between the fluoride concentrations in groundwater and soil for the same geographic areas. However, the X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) results showed that none of the four major fluoride minerals were detected in the tested soil samples; the PHREEQC model showed that fluorite (CaF2) was the main donating mineral of fluoride ions to groundwater. A high positive correlation was found between fluoride concentrations in groundwater and occurrence of dental fluorosis. Among 353 school children of the five geographic areas of the Gaza Strip the prevalence of dental fluorosis was 60%, and 40% had no signs of fluorosis in their permanent dentitions. The highest occurrence, 94%, was in Khan Yunis, followed by 82% in Rafah, 68% in the middle area, 29% in Gaza and the lowest occurrence of 9% was in the northern area. These percentages were directly proportional to the average content of fluoride in groundwater of each area: 2.6, 0.9, 1.7, 1.2, and 0.7 ppm, respectively. The exception was Rafah where people drank from new groundwater wells that have been dug in the last 10 years. The occurrence of the disease was due to intake of high amounts of fluorides in drinking water, tea and fish. Communication with population indicated a heavy intake of tea starting from a very young age; not uncommonly tea is put in nursing bottles. No significant correlation was found between prevalence figures and gender or age groups. This high prevalence indicates a need to examine other sources of F including diet.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Inhibitory effect of green tea extract on the carcinogenesis induced by asbestos plus benzo(a)pyrene in rat.

In this experiment lung carcinoma was induced by crocidolite plus benzo(a)pyrene in rat. From the cancer models, we observed that the incidence (16.0%) of lung carcinomas was lower, and the survival time (376 days) of the first case of carcinoma and the mean survival time (758 days) of the rats with carcinoma were higher in the group of rats drinking 2% green tea extract for life than in the positive group (without drinking green tea extract). The mortality ratio (0.5047) was smaller in the experimental group than in the positive control group, and the survival curve of the experimental group significantly raised up, in comparison with the positive group.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Acetylator phenotypes of Saudi Arabians by a simplified caffeine metabolites test.

The authors examined acetylator phenotypes of 296 Saudi subjects of Arabic origin by measuring the molar concentration ratio of two caffeine metabolites, 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil (AFMU) and 1-methylxanthine (1MX), using a simplified version of a previously reported high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Spot urine samples were collected from the subjects who regularly drink coffee, tea, or other caffeinated beverages. The subjects were originally from different regions of Saudi Arabia but currently live primarily in the capital city of Riyadh. The day-to-day reproducibility of the molar concentration ratio of AFMU/1MX was established in 14 randomly selected subjects. These metabolites were stable in urine at 4 degrees and -20 degrees, but AFMU was unstable at room temperature (23 degrees). The frequency distribution data indicate that 72.3% of the subjects are of slow acetylator phenotype.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1992

N-acetylation polymorphism and diabetes mellitus among Saudi Arabians.

The acetylator phenotypes of 200 Saudi diabetics and an equal number of control subjects of the same origin were determined by measuring the peak height ratio of two urinary caffeine metabolites, 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil (AFMU) and 1-methylxanthine (1MX), using a simplified high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Urine samples were collected from the diabetics and the control subjects who regularly drink coffee, tea, or caffeinated beverages as part of their normal daily diet. The patients were classified as either type 1 (insulin-dependent) (28 patients) or type 2 (insulin-independent) diabetics (172 patients) according to standard criteria. The reproducibility of acetylator phenotype was established by examining the peak height ratio of AFMU/1MX in 18 diabetics and 6 control subjects on different days. Significant differences in the proportion of rapid acetylators were observed between type 1 (53.6%) and type 2 (33.7%) diabetics (P < or = .0436), and between the control group (26%) and the overall diabetics (36.5%) (P < or = .024) or those with type 1 disease (P < or = .0028). Also, there was a significant (P < or = .0436) association between rapid acetylator status and type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Acetylation↗
PubMed2004

Semiquantitative study of current coffee, caffeine, and ethanol intake in essential tremor cases and controls.

There are several reasons to study caffeine, coffee, and ethanol intake in essential tremor (ET) patients. ET patients also might modify their use of these beverages because of their effects on tremor. Intake of caffeine, coffee, and ethanol has not been quantified in a group of ET patients. Our objective is to use a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire to compare current daily intake of coffee, caffeine, and ethanol in ET patients and controls. A total of 130 ET cases were patients at the Neurological Institute of New York, and 175 controls were ascertained by random digit dialing. Caffeine (in milligrams) and ethanol (in grams) intake were calculated from a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Mean daily caffeine intake in patients was 138.4 versus 246.6 mg in controls; medians were 101.1 versus 175.5 mg (P < 0.001). Mean daily ethanol intake in patients was 8.2 versus 6.2 gm in controls; medians were 2.4 versus 1.9 gm (P = 0.89). Cases drank less coffee than controls, but drank similar amounts of tea, soft drinks, fruit juices, and milk. Daily caffeine intake was not correlated with tremor severity or duration. ET patients consumed less caffeine than did controls, which is likely to be a dietary modification in response to tremor. The observation that caffeine consumption was not correlated with tremor severity raises the additional possibility that lower caffeine consumption in ET patients may not exclusively be a response to tremor. A prospective study is needed to explore whether decreased caffeine consumption is a risk factor for ET.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Diet and nutrition in ulcer disease.

In this era of H2-inhibitors, the available evidence does not support the need to place peptic ulcer disease patients on restrictive diets. The major goal of diet is to avoid extreme elevations of gastric acid secretion and the direct irritation of gastric mucosa. In view of this, only slight modifications in the patient's usual diet are recommended. Table 1 depicts a sample menu for chronic peptic ulcer disease. Frequent milk ingestion as previously prescribed is not encouraged. This is owing to the transient buffering effect and significant gastric acid secretion effect of milk. The fat content of milk has no influence on these effects. Spices, in particular black pepper, red pepper, and chili powder, may produce dyspepsia. One study shows red chili powder to have no detrimental effect on duodenal ulcer healing. It has also been proposed that daily pepper ingestion may have a beneficial adaptive cytoprotective response. While still controversial and under evaluation, peptic ulcer patients should avoid any spice that causes discomfort, especially during exacerbation of peptic disease. Currently, studies indicate that it is prudent to avoid alcohol. This is especially true for the concentrated forms, such as 40% (80 proof) alcohol. Coffee should be avoided on the basis of its strong acid secretagogue property. Coffee can induce dyspepsia. Whether noncoffee caffeine-containing beverages (tea, soft drinks) induce peptic ulcer is unknown, but they are acid secretion stimulators. Decaffeinated coffee has an acid stimulating effect as well. It is reasonable to have peptic ulcer patients restrict decaffeinated coffee and all caffeine-containing beverages. There appears to be no evidence to restrict dietary fiber. Some fiber-containing foods may possess factors that are protective against ulcer disease. According to the Mayo Clinic Diet Manual, previously recommended small frequent feedings have not been shown to be more effective than three meals per day in the treatment of chronic peptic ulcer disease. This reference cites authorities advising against extra feedings because of increased acid secretion and unnecessary complication of eating patterns. However, some patients claim to be relieved of symptoms with more frequent feedings, especially during acute phases. Citric acid juices may induce reflux and cause discomfort in selective patients. Stomach distention with large quantities of food should be discouraged. Although there is now little role for dietary therapy, one should note that bland and ulcer diets probably are not detrimental to most persons if they are used for a short time and may have some psychological benefit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2001

Esophageal cancer in Iran.

Esophageal cancer is among the 10 most frequent cancers in the world. Iran is one of the known areas with a high incidence of esophageal cancer. Most of the patients in Iran have been reported from the north and northeast regions of the country. In one survey by the Iran Cancer Institute, 9% of all cancers and 27% of gastrointestinal cancers were esophageal carcinoma. The male to female ratio was 1.7/1. The distal portion of the esophagus is involved more often than other parts. Consumption of wheat flour, exposure to residues from opium pipes, drinking hot tea, and chewing nass (a mixture of tobacco, lime, ash, and other ingredients) are the suspect etiologic agents for esophageal cancer in Iran. Dysphagia, weight loss, anorexia, abdominal pain, and odynophagia are the common symptoms and signs of Iranian patients with esophageal cancer. For clinical staging, chest computed tomographic scanning is performed. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is not as common in Iran as in western countries. Public education, nutritional support, and eradication of opium addiction may decrease the morbidity and mortality that result from esophageal cancer. Surgery has traditionally been the mainstay of esophageal cancer treatment in Iran. Radiotherapy is mainly used postoperatively. The usual combination chemotherapy regimen is cisplatin plus flurouracil (5-Fu). Semin Oncol 28:153-157.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2003

Eating patterns and obesity in children. The Bogalusa Heart Study.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a growing public health problem. This study examined the association between eating patterns and overweight status in children who participated in the Bogalusa Heart Study. METHODS: A single 24-hour dietary recall was collected on a cross-sectional sample of 1562 children aged 10 years (65% Euro-American [EA], 35% African American [AA]) over a 21-year period. Overweight was defined as body mass index greater than the 85th percentile using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reference standards. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between eating patterns and overweight. RESULTS: Consumption of sweetened beverages (58% soft drinks, 20% fruit flavor drinks, 19% tea, and 3% coffee) (p<0.001); sweets (desserts, candy, and sweetened beverages) (p<0.001); meats (mixed meats, poultry, seafood, eggs, pork, and beef) (p<0.051); and total consumption of low-quality foods (p<0.01) were positively associated with overweight status. Total amount of food consumed, specifically from snacks, was positively associated with overweight status (p<0.05). There was a lack of congruency in the types of eating patterns associated with overweight status across four ethnic-gender groups. The percent variance explained from the eating pattern-overweight models was very small. The interaction of ethnicity and gender was significantly associated with overweight status (p<0.001). The odds of being overweight for EA males were 1.2 times higher than for AA females. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that numerous eating patterns were associated with overweight status, yet the odds of being overweight were very small. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings in a longitudinal sample having multiple days of assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Automatic method for the determination of Folin-Ciocalteu reducing capacity in food products.

In the present work, an automatic flow procedure based on multi-syringe flow injection analysis was developed for the assessment of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) reducing capacity in several types of food products using gallic acid as the standard. Different strategies for mixing of sample and reagent were tested (continuous flow of FCR, merging zones, and intercalated zones approaches); lower reagent consumption and higher determination throughput were attained for the merging zones approach (100 microL of sample+100 microL of FCR). The application of the proposed method to compounds with known antioxidant activity (both phenolic and nonphenolic) and to samples (wines, beers, teas, soft drinks, and fruit juices) provided results similar to those obtained by the conventional batch method. The detection limit was 0.6 mg L-1, and the determination frequency was about 12 h-1. Good repeatability was attained (RSD<1.3%, n=10).

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2003

High caffeine consumption in the third trimester of pregnancy: gender-specific effects on fetal growth.

It has been suggested that a high caffeine intake in pregnancy may be a risk factor for fetal growth retardation. We have tested this hypothesis in a population-based case-control study. Caffeine intake among 111 mothers of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants (56 boys, 55 girls) was compared with the intake among 747 mothers of non-SGA infants (368 boys, 379 girls). Food records for 3 days were collected in the second (week 17-20) and in the third (week 33) trimester, and caffeine intake from coffee, tea, soft drinks and chocolate was calculated and dichotomised as low or high, based upon the median value. Mothers of SGA infants had higher mean intake of caffeine [281 +/- 210 (SD) mg/day] in the third trimester than mothers of non-SGA infants (212 +/- 150 mg/day; P < 0.001). The risk of SGA birth was nearly doubled if the mother had a high rather than a low caffeine intake in the third trimester [odds ratio (OR) 1.8; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.2, 2.5]. The increased risk was mainly found in boys (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.5, 5.2), and not in girls (OR 1.2; 95% CI 0.7, 2.1). The increased risk for boys persisted after adjustment for cigarette smoking alone, or for smoking and various other SGA risk factors together. Our results suggest that a high caffeine intake in the third trimester may be a risk factor for fetal growth retardation, in particular if the fetus is a boy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Foods commonly eaten in the United States, 1989-1991 and 1994-1996: are portion sizes changing?

OBJECTIVE: To compare quantities consumed per eating occasion in 1989-1991 and 1994-1996 was the objective of this study. DESIGN: This study was a comparison over time. Subjects/setting Subjects were respondents in the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) in 1989-1991 or 1994-1996. Intake data were processed and analyzed to provide estimates of amounts of commonly eaten foods consumed per eating occasion. Statistical analyses performed Approximate t tests were used to compare quantities of foods consumed by 1989-1991 and 1994-1996 survey respondents. Analyses were conducted for all persons aged 2 years and over and for 10 age and sex groups. Significance was set at.001. RESULTS: Significant differences in amounts consumed were reported for approximately one third of the 107 foods examined. Larger amounts were reported in 1994-1996 by all persons aged 2 years and over and selected age/sex subgroups for several foods including soft drinks, coffee, tea, and ready-to-eat cereal. Smaller amounts were reported for fewer foods: margarine, mayonnaise, chicken, macaroni and cheese, and pizza. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Amounts of foods consumed per eating occasion are widely used for the formation of public policy, counseling, and dietary assessment. Changes in amounts consumed should be monitored to evaluate the need for revisions in policy and diet assessment protocols.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Food habits of the people of the Caspian Littoral of Iran in relation to esophageal cancer.

A dietary survey was carried out in Mazanderan Province of the Caspian Littoral of Iran. The inhabitants of this province have the highest rate of esophageal cancer in the world. A total of 1,501 individuals, in 197 households, from 35 villages in different regions were studied. These regions, which were based on the staple food of the region, included the low-to-moderate risk areas of Shahsavar and Babol in central and western Mazanderan, where the staple diet is rice, and the high- and moderately high-risk areas of Turkoman Sahara (Gonbad and Gorgan) in the east, where the main food is local bread. Perhaps because of poverty and simplicity of the local dishes in the high-risk region, the inhabitants of Turkoman Sahara eat their food three to four times faster than do the people in the moderate- and low-risk regions. In this high-risk area, where the frequency of esophageal cancer is higher among females than among males, a special diet known as "majoweh" or "majum" is given to pregnant women. This food is a crushed mixture of sour pomegranate seeds, black pepper, dried raisins, and occasionally garlic; this combination irritates the esophagus because of the hot black pepper and the sharp, crushed pomegranate seeds. People in the high-risk region preserve their meat by sun drying, and a higher proportion of households in this region keep the preserved food for longer periods of time. Also, the inhabitants of the high-risk region drink more tea at a much higher temperature. Very little fruit and vegetables are consumed by the Turkomans of the high-risk region, whereas inhabitants in the low-risk area keep vegetables and citrus fruits as an important part of their usual diets.

Cooking↗