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Oral amalgam pigmentations (tattoos): a retrospective study.

Oral amalgam tattoos are typically asymptomatic, benign, solitary or multiple clinical lesions produced by inadvertent placement of dental silver amalgam restorative material into the oral soft tissues. Diffuse lesions often display a grayish brown discoloration while other tattoos present a darker blue-black contrast. One hundred sixty-eight biopsy reports that confirmed the diagnosis of amalgam tattoo were analyzed to find age, sex, and race of the patients and size, location, and duration of occurrence of the lesions. Among the 168 cases, 235 individual tissue specimens were identified. A majority of the specimens were taken from the buccal mucosa, gingiva, and alveolar mucosa. The most common site for the lesion was the mandibular arch. The size of the individual specimens ranged from 0.10 cm to 1.50 cm. Almost two thirds of the specimens were 0.40 cm or less.

Adolescent↗

Amalgam tattoo as a means for person identification.

Person identification from the teeth depends on establishing a number of points of correspondence between ante- and postmortem dental data, but a single characteristic, if unique enough, may be sufficient. The use of amalgam tattoos in establishing identity has not been reported in the literature. Two cases in which amalgam tattoos were used in conjunction with other dental data to establish identity are reported. Ante- and postmortem radiographs showed the presence of amalgam within the adjacent alveolar bone and periapical tissues, respectively. Attempts were made to duplicate the angulation of the original antemortem radiographs so that a direct comparison could be made of the amalgam fragments. The antemortem radiographs date from 1984 and 1985 in the two respective cases. In both instances the pattern of amalgam remained fairly similar, differences being ascribed to angulation which could not be reproduced exactly. From these results it seems that amalgam tattoo may be a reliable method of identification, even though a number of years may have elapsed since the ante- and postmortem radiographs were taken. The pattern of amalgam dispersal may be sufficiently unique so that identity can be established using this single characteristic.

Dental Amalgam↗

Gunshot wound with asphalt related pseudo-soot, pseudo-tattooing, and pseudo-scorching.

Artifacts which mimic the tattooing and soot deposition of close range gunshot wounds have been described as "pseudo-soot" and "pseudo-tattooing." The origin of such findings includes glass, intermediate targets, insect bites, medical manipulation, graphite, and sutures. The authors present a case of pseudo-soot and pseudo-tattooing as a result of asphalt pavement, and describe the associated entity of pseudo-scorching.

Adult↗

Carbon dioxide laser treatment of cutaneous hemangiomas and tattoos.

Many modalities have been advocated for the removal of cutaneous hemangiomas and tattoos, including dermabrasion, salabrasion, and surgical excision. These methods often result in incomplete removal, unsatisfactory wound healing, and excessive postoperative pain. In hopes of avoiding these problems and improving the results, the carbon dioxide laser has been used on 16 patients with 22 tattoos of the skin and 25 patients with cutaneous hemangiomas. This article describes the surgical techniques used for the carbon dioxide laser removal of these lesions and the postoperative care involved. The existing literature on the use of the carbon dioxide and argon laser for cutaneous lesions is reviewed.

Carbon Dioxide↗

Fine-needle aspiration cytology in lesions related to ornamental body procedures (skin tattooing, intraoral piercing) and recreational use of drugs (intranasal route).

Body adornment through tattooing and body piercing and the use of recreational drugs are on the increase, producing a variety of secondary lesions, the etiology of which often remains undetected, as the medical community is not yet aware of the extent of the morbidity of such procedures and practices. Three cases are presented, which underscore the problem and also the role that fine-needle aspiration (FNA) can play in clarifying the etiology of such lesions. Two of these cases were lymphadenopathies, one secondary to tattooing and the other to tongue piercing, while the third was a deep intranasal lesion, which in all probability had resulted from intranasal use of recreational drugs. Although the clinical diagnosis of these lesions was problematic, the FNA performed by a pathologist, by associating the cytologic findings with the corresponding clinical setting, was quite indicative of their relation to the aforementioned procedures or practices.

Administration, Intranasal↗

Patient's evaluation of argon laser therapy of port wine stain, decorative tattoo, and essential telangiectasia.

One hundred fourteen patients were studied to assess their perception of the results of argon laser therapy for port wine stains (PWS), tattoos, or essential telangiectasia of legs. At least 1 yr following treatment patients were surveyed using a 30-item mail questionnaire. A 91% response rate was achieved. The findings indicate that patients with PWS and tattoo treated with argon laser are moderately satisfied with the results and 85% of them would have treatment again. Laser therapy of these lesions should be continued. Treatment results of essential telangiectasia of the legs are disappointing and only 49% of patients would have treatment again. Discontinuance of argon laser therapy using the described techniques is recommended.

Adolescent↗

Localization of colonic lesions with endoscopic tattoo.

PURPOSE: Intraoperative localization of small tumors or polypectomy sites is frequently a difficult problem. In addition, the distance measured from the anus to the lesion by the endoscopist can be inaccurate. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the utility of India ink tattoo injection as a preoperative marking technique before colon surgery. METHODS: Colonic lesions were marked at preoperative colonoscopy, by multiple, small-volume injections of sterile India ink using a sclerotherapy needle, adjacent to the lesion. RESULTS: This technique was used in 14 patients with colonic carcinoma or villous adenoma not amenable to polypectomy. There was excellent intraoperative localization of the lesion in 11 patients. The complication rate was 7 percent. CONCLUSION: Colon tattoo allows precise localization of lesions with minimal risk at the time of resection.

Adenoma, Villous↗

[Tattoos and permanent make-up: background and complications].

Tattoos and permanent make-up have enjoyed great popularity during recent years. However, a careful consideration of the risks is made only rarely before each procedure. Above all the undefined pigment compositions create unforeseeable health and appearance problems. The family physician should be familiar with the techniques, materials, as well as the possible risks of tattoos and permanent make-up when advising patients. Medical complications include, among other things, infections, allergies, keloid and granuloma formation.

Coloring Agents↗

[Lichenoid pseudolymphomatous tattooing reaction].

A 35 year old patient developed swellings in the red colored areas of his tattoo. Histological examination revealed a lichenoid, pseudolymphomatous infiltrative pattern, that could be distinguished from frank lymphoma by means of electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology. The presence of dermal dendritic cells suggests a dermal-allergic pathogenesis of non-granulomatous tattoo reactions. Therapy of choice is an excision of the inflamed areas.

Adult↗

Vermilionplasty using medical tattooing after radial forearm flap reconstruction of the lower lip.

Vermilionplasty using medical tattooing was performed after radial forearm flap reconstruction of the lower lip in 2 patients. This technique is easy to perform in the outpatient setting, does not involve sacrifice of tissue, and results in an acceptable aesthetic outcome. We recommend vermilionplasty with medical tattooing as the procedure of choice after lip reconstruction with a distant flap.

Aged↗

Body art: piercing, tattooing, and scarification.

Body art, particularly piercings and tattoos, is becoming more common. Many patients get their first piercing or tattoo during adolescence or young adulthood. Clinicians should understand the potential complications of these procedures and their management. It also is important for clinicians to feel comfortable counseling adolescents and their families about practices in safer body art facilities.

Adolescent↗

Necrotising fasciitis and cellulitis after traditional Samoan tattooing: case reports.

Traditional Samoan tattooing, ta tatau, is a vital part of Samoan culture. It is being performed with greater frequency on New Zealand resident Samoans. Unfortunately, ta tatau has recently been the causal factor in two significant infectious cases, in one of which death resulted. The two cases were clinically reviewed. An investigation into the history and practice of ta tatau was made in an attempt to identify causal factors that could be addressed. The two cases had similar causal themes. These included improper sanitary techniques, ta tatau being performed in unlicensed premises by temporary tattooists, patients that were unwilling to access medical services due to the expectations of tradition, lack of follow-up and lack of infection advice by the tattooist. Life threatening infectious complications has not previously been described for traditional Samoan tattooing. Improper sanitary conditions in combination with late presentation to medical services have been suggested as the cause of these cases. The technique, tools, culture and trends are discussed and recommendations are made for reducing infectious complications.

Adult↗

Light-induced mutagenicity in Salmonella TA102 and genotoxicity/cytotoxicity in human T-cells by 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine: a chemical used in the manufacture of dyes and pigments and in tattoo inks.

DCB, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, is used primarily as an intermediate in the manufacture of diarylide yellow or azo red pigments for printing ink, textile, paint, and plastics. It is also used in tattoo inks. In this article, we investigate light-induced toxicity of DCB in both bacteria and human Jurkat T-cells. DCB itself is not toxic or mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA102, but is photomutagenic at concentrations as low as 2 microM and phototoxic at concentrations >100 microM when bacteria are exposed to DCB and light at the same time (1.2 J/cm2 of UVA and 2.1 J/cm2 of visible light). Furthermore, DCB is both photocytotoxic and photogenotoxic to human Jurkat T-cells. Under a light irradiation dose of 2.3 J/cm2 of UVA and 4.2 J/cm2 of visible light, it causes the Jurkat T-cells to become nonviable in a DCB dose-dependent manner and the nonviable cells reaches 60% at DCB concentrations higher than 50 microM. At the same time, DNA fragmentation is observed for cells exposed to both DCB and light, determined by single cell gel electrophoresis (alkaline comet assay). As much as 5% (average) DNA fragmentation was observed when exposed to 200 microM DCB and light irradiation. This suggests that DCB can penetrate the cell membrane and enter the cell. Upon light activation, DCB in the cells can cause various cellular damages, leading to nonviable Jurkat T-cells. It appears, the nonviable cells are not caused solely by fragmentation of cellular DNA, but by other damages such as to proteins and cell membranes, or DNA alkylation. Therefore, persons exposed to DCB through environmental contamination or through tattoo piercing using DCB-containing inks must not only concern about its toxicity without exposing to light, but also its phototoxicity.

3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine↗

Blast tattoos resulting from black powder firearms.

Blast tattoos occur when fragments of gunpowder are propelled into the skin during a firearm discharge. This unusual type of injury is often associated with accidents involving replica firearms. Some of the more superficially embedded powder fragments may be removed with dermabrasion; however, deeper fragments may cause permanent tattooing. Blast injuries to the face also have the potential of causing permanent eye injury.

Adult↗

Aluminum-induced granulomas in a tattoo.

A patient who developed localized, granulomatous reactions in a tattoo is described. With the use of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis, both aluminum and titanium particles were found in the involved skin sections. Intradermal provocation testing with separate suspensions of aluminum and titanium induced a positive response only in the case of aluminum. Examination by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis of the provoked response established aluminum as the only nonorganic element present in the test site tissue. This is the first report of confirmed aluminum-induced, delayed-hypersensitivity granulomas in a tattoo.

Adult↗

Tattoo marking for registration of relapse after oral vestibuloplasty.

A simple method for registering extension and relapse after vestibuloplasty based upon tattoo marking has been developed. Tattoo marking with autoclaved India ink was tested on 10 rats and seems to be harmless. This method is considered an alternative to other numerical expressions of extension and relapse after vestibuloplasty, such as radiocephalometrics and analysis of standardized impressions and castings.

Animals↗

[Piercing and tattooing: from the body to the master piece].

In recent years, new uses of the body have taken place among youths. Body art has become democratic and reaches more and more heterogeneous groups of customers. Considered for a long time as a primitive attribute, tattooing has come out from the 'underground' for an open display. The many uncertainties of our modernity appear to incline young people to knock around their bodies. From circumcision to piercing and tattooing, all these body writings appear as religious, initiatory or community rituals, more in keeping with a primitive law rather than with an individual revolt.

Adolescent↗

Tattooing in maxillo-facial surgery.

A patient is described who had a discoloration of the skin caused by too deep tattooing of the oral mucosa. To avoid this complication a safe tattoo technique is described.

Animals↗