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PubMed1987

Effects of arm support or suspension on neck and shoulder muscle activity during sedentary work.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on the levels on neck and shoulder muscular activity of ergonomic aids used to support or suspend the arm in different sitting postures, both with and without movement of the arm-hand. Ten skilled women workers performed a standardized simulated work cycle similar to assembling printed circuit boards, in different sitting postures with and without ergonomic aids. The elbow was supported by a loosely-mounted, padded plate. For suspension, a new device, the K-block, was used giving an adjustable, constant suspending force. Full-wave rectified, low-pass filtered, time-averaged and normalized EMG was used. Surface electrodes were applied over six neck and shoulder muscles. The results show that a reduction in the level of activity in neck and shoulder muscles can be obtained with either aid. The reduction, whether caused by suspension or support of the arm, was related to the sitting posture. Elbow support might be more efficient than arm suspension in a sitting posture with the whole spine flexed, while arm suspension might be more efficient when the trunk is inclined slightly backward. Elbow support and, particularly, arm suspension may thus be recommended as technical aids in sedentary assembly work for patients with easily elicited cervical spine and/or shoulder pain. It is also suggested that arm suspension may be used to improve ergonomic conditions at workplaces.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a slow-release cefotaxime suspension in the dog and in sheep.

Three Merino ewes were given cefotaxime IM, and 3 were given cefotaxime subcutaneously (50 mg/kg of body weight each); each dose was suspended in 6 ml of oil. Five dogs were also given an oily suspension of cefotaxime subcutaneously (SC) (50 mg/kg of body weight). The plasma concentrations (Cp) and pharmacokinetic data obtained after cefotaxime in the oily suspension was injected IM and SC were compared with data from the same animals after they were given an aqueous solution of cefotaxime by the same routes. Key pharmacokinetic values obtained after cefotaxime was administered IV to sheep and to dogs are discussed. Mean peak Cp (Cpeak) in sheep when given the oily suspension IM was approximately 53 micrograms/ml at 0.18 to 0.40 hour, and that value in sheep given the aqueous preparation was 62 micrograms/ml 0.08 to 0.18 hour. Mean Cpeak values after the oily suspension and the aqueous preparation were injected SC were 11.0 micrograms/ml (between 0.8 and 1 hour) and 51 micrograms/ml (between 0.25 and 1 hour), respectively. Bioavailabilities were approximately 70% after IM injection was done and 90% after SC injection was done. The beta-plasma half-lives were 0.7 hour after IM injection was done and 2.9 hours after SC injection was done. Mean Cpeak in dogs when given the oily suspension SC was 30 micrograms/ml at 1.0 hour, and when dogs were given the aqueous preparation SC, Cpeak was 27 micrograms/ml at 0.6 hour. Absorption was virtually complete after the oily suspension and aqueous preparations were given.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Rat hindlimb muscle responses to suspension hypokinesia/hypodynamia.

Hypokinetic/hypodynamic (H/H) whole body suspension of rats eliminates hindlimb load bearing functions while permitting continued use of the forelimbs. Responses of hindlimb muscles were assessed in terms of absolute and relative weights during 1 and 2 weeks of H/H suspension. Muscle mass loss was in the order soleus greater than gastrocnemius = plantaris greater than extensor digitorum longus (EDL). The soleus, a postural antigravity muscle composed mainly of slow twitch fibers, was most sensitive, losing 35% and 45% of its weight during the first and second weeks, respectively. The gastrocnemius and plantaris showed losses during the first week but no significant loss during the second week. The EDL showed little or no weight loss. During post suspension recovery all muscles showed a weight gain. H/H suspended rats failed to grow; following removal from suspension they gained weight linearly, comparable to controls. Products of muscle metabolism including urea, ammonia, and 3-methylhistidine increased in the urine during H/H suspension and were significantly reduced approaching control levels during recovery. This suspension model offers considerable promise for comparison with H/H responses during weightlessness.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1995

A modified Raz bladder neck suspension operation (transvaginal Burch)

A total of 36 female patients with genuine stress urinary incontinence underwent Raz needle suspension with fixation of suspension sutures to the iliopectineal ligament (transvaginal Burch procedure). By fixing suspension sutures to the iliopectineal ligament we expected to achieve a static suspension independent of everyday patient activities. Considering the small number of patients and limited followup, our results revealed continence in 80 to 85% of the patients after 3 years. We believe that fixation of suspension sutures to the iliopectineal ligament can favorably influence long-term results of needle suspension in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of an air suspension bed in the prevention of pressure ulcers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine, in critically ill patients at risk, both the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of using an air suspension bed in the prevention of pressure ulcers. DESIGN: Randomized, parallel group, controlled clinical trial with accompanying cost-effectiveness analysis. SETTING: 30-bed multidisciplinary intensive care unit. PATIENTS: 100 consecutive patients at risk for the development of pressure ulcers randomly assigned to receive treatment on either an air suspension bed or a standard intensive care unit bed. Patients considered at risk were those at least 17 years of age with an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score greater than 15 who had an expected intensive care unit stay of at least 3 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The development of pressure ulcers by site and severity and the costs associated with each of the two programs. RESULTS: The air suspension bed was associated with fewer patients developing single, multiple, or severe pressure ulcers. In patients at risk, the use of an air suspension bed in the prevention of pressure ulcers was a cost-effective therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Despite intense nursing care, pressure ulcers are more prevalent in the critically ill patient population than in the general hospital population. Air suspension therapy provides a clinically effective means of preventing pressure ulcers in these patients. In patients at risk, air suspension therapy was a cost-effective means of managing pressure ulcers compared with the standard hospital bed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[An erythrocyte suspension in Modegel in the treatment of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhages].

The effectiveness of a suspension of erythrocytes in the new colloid preservative "Modegel" (in 1:1 ratio) was studied in the complex treatment of 31 patients with severe gastroduodenal bleedings. It was established that the hemodynamic, antianemic action of the suspension was not inferior (and even excels) to the action of the whole preserved blood and the erythrocytic mass. The suspension transfusion has a favorable effect upon functions of the liver and kidneys, corrects the acidic-alkaline state of the recipients' blood, decreases the lipid peroxidation and has detoxicating properties. During transfusion of the suspension hypocoagulation of blood doesn't take place. The temperature reactions following the suspension transfusion are rare. The suspension of erythrocytes "Modegel" deserves wide introduction to clinical practice.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

[The obtaining of neural cell suspensions. Their application in neurobiological studies].

INTRODUCTION: Techniques of intracranial grafting have become powerful tools used in the study of the mechanisms of regeneration and plasticity taking place in the central nervous system (CNS). Suspensions of foetal neural cells have been successfully used as intracerebral grafts in deep regions of the brain. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to describe the methodology used by our group to obtain and prepare suspensions of cells from different parts of rat embryo brain (midbrain, striatum and septum) used for experimental transplants in animal models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We give a detailed description of the steps involved in the preparation of tissue in the form of a suspension of cells. These steps include the obtention of tissue at the optimum stage of development, dissection of the donor tissue, enzymatic treatment and mechanical dissociation until a suspension of cells is obtained. Viability counts showed a high percentage (more than 95%) of viable cells in the suspensions thus obtained. Cellular viability is affected by different factors and is a prerequisite for good survival of the graft. CONCLUSION: The methodology described permits obtention of suspensions of foetal neural cells which are optimal for use in studies both in vitro and in experimental transplants.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Feasibility of bilateral sacrospinous ligament vaginal suspension with a stapler. Prospective studies with the 34 first cases].

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the feasibility of bilateral sacropinous ligament suspension with a stapler. Morbidity study and short term results. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study from July 1994 to August 1996. RESULTS: Bilateral sacrospinous ligament suspension with a stapler was possible in 100% of cases and surgical technique is described. Our indications are stage III Bp and stage IV genital prolapses (according to the American Urogynecologic Society classification, 1996), with or without uterus, and when a Bologna's procedure is performed, in order to prevent enterocele. In 24 patients, the uterus was present. 20 vaginal hysterectomies and 4 conservative bilateral uterine suspensions were performed. The sacrospinous ligament suspension was associated to anterior colporrhaphy (in 74% of patients), repair of rectocele (82%), repair of enterocele (26%), posterior colpoperineorrhaphy (79%), bladder neck suspension (71%). No vascular injury nor post operative constipation was noted. In 2 patients, a small rectal laceration occurred, and in one patient one branch of the staple transfixed the rectal mucosa. Removal of the staple was easily performed without any post-operative complication. First results after an average 19 months follow-up (range 9 to 32) shows a perfect anatomic result in 77% of cases. We noted one recurrence of a vaginal vault prolapse; the patient underwent a second sacrospinous ligament fixation with good result. One patient had a stage II Aa cystocele post-operatively and three patients had a short vagina (< 6 cm). Patients who were continent before the sacrocolpopexy did not develop further urinary stress-incontinence. CONCLUSION: Bilateral transvaginal sacrospinous ligament suspension with a stapler facilitates the procedure. No post-operative constipation was noted with this method. Our first results are good. The cost of the stappler may limit its extensive use.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bioequivalency of oral suspension formulations of cefixime.

A study was performed in 24 healthy male subjects to establish that two suspension formulations of cefixime were bioequivalent to each other and to a reference oral solution. A single 400 mg oral dose of the drug was given in a randomized three-way crossover design as two suspensions (a research suspension (RS) used during clinical trials and a suspension intended for marketing (MS] and a reference oral solution (SOL). Each dose was separated from the other by a 3-day washout period. Mean peak serum concentrations (Cmax) were 4.67, 4.10, and 4.27 micrograms ml-1 after the MS, RS, and SOL, respectively. Although comparison (ANOVA) of the mean pharmacokinetic parameters for cefixime found significant differences (p less than 0.05) in Cmax, the time to Cmax, and area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC 0----infinity) values among the three formulations, the mean differences were less than 20 per cent. No significant differences (p greater than 0.05) were found in either the elimination half-life or renal clearance of unchanged drug. Overall, with a 98 per cent power to detect a 20 per cent difference in AUC0----infinity or urinary recovery values between the formulations tested, the results show that the MS was bioequivalent to the RS and that both suspensions were bioequivalent to the SOL.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1976

Controlled flocculation of coarse suspensions by colloidally dispersed solids I: Interaction of bismuth subnitrate with bentonite.

Deflocculated suspensions of coarse powders tend to cake as the individual particles settle out and form compact, cohesive sediments. Limited flocculation results in looser sediments because the settled-out flocs incorporate large amounts of the liquid suspending medium. Controlled flocculation of bismuth subnitrate suspensions was achieved by the addition of small amounts of bentonite. The interaction of the coarse, positively charge bismuth subnitrate particles in aqueous suspension with negatively charged, colloidally dispersed bentonite was investigated by measuring electrophoretic mobility, sedimentation volume, and viscosity. Gradual addition of bentonite dispersion to bismuth subnitrate suspensions first reduced the zeta-potential of the bismuth subnitrate particles from +28 mv to zero, then inverted it, and finally caused it to level off at -20 mv for bismuth subnitrate-bentonite weight ratios below 200. Owing to the much greater specific surface area of bentonite, the surface of the bismuth subnitrate lath-shaped crystals was completely covered by 0.5% of its weight in clay platelets. Adhesion was promoted by electrovalences between surface bismuthyl ions and cation-exchange sites of the clay and by secondary valences. The charge neutralization of bismuth subnitrate by bentonite was a heterocoagulation process: the addition of small amounts of the clay flocculated the bismuth subnitrate suspensions and eliminated caking. While the zeta-potential of the bismuth subnitrate particles leveled off when their surface was saturated with bentonite platelets, sedimentation volume and viscosity continued to increase when the clay concentration was increased further while maintaining the bismuth subnitrate concentration constant. The excess, nonadsorbed bentonite formed the characteristic house-of-cards structure, incorporating the bentonite-coated bismuth subnitrate particles as cornerstones.

Bentonite↗
PubMed1987

Effect of liposomes on suspension stability.

The effect of positively charged liposomes on the stability of negatively charged indomethacin particle suspensions was investigated by adsorption, microelectrophoresis, sedimentation volume, and redispersibility. It was found that flocculation occurred in the neighborhood of the zero point of charge of the liposome:indomethacin suspensions. This resulted from the operation of van der Waals attraction under the condition of nil electrostatic repulsion. Correlation among the results of adsorption, microelectrophoresis, sedimentation volume, and redispersibility was good. The mixing effect of the suspension was examined by microelectrophoresis and confirmed by sedimentation volume and redispersibility. Results indicate that there was no difference between the method of dilution of the liposome:indomethacin concentrated suspension after mixing and the method of dilution of liposomes prior to mixing with the indomethacin suspension. This was due to interaction depending on the charge density of the particles.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1990

Effect of surface geometry and morphic features on the flow characteristics of microsphere suspensions.

In this paper we present a study on the effect of surface ruggedness of microspheres on the rheological behavior of their suspensions. For this purpose, different types of ragweed pollen grains were selected as models of natural microspheres. A computer-image processing system based on Fourier and fractal analysis of the contour was used to quantitate the micromorphology and surface roughness. The viscosity of suspensions, prepared by the dispersion of the different types of microspheres in heavy liquid paraffin, was determined. It was found that an increase in surface roughness causes an increase in the viscosity of the suspension. Additional resistance to flow could be attributed to internal friction within the suspension due to an increase in the area of contact (during collision or aggregation) among the microspheres, and between microspheres and liquid environment. These findings suggest that the surface geometry of solid particles (e.g., microcapsules, beads, and microspheres) could have a significant effect on the performance of these microparticles in suspension.

Fourier Analysis↗
PubMed1998

Bronchoalveolar lavage with a diluted surfactant suspension prior to surfactant instillation improves the effectiveness of surfactant therapy in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with a diluted surfactant suspension prior to surfactant instillation prevents the only transient improvement in lung function as reported after surfactant instillation in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). DESIGN: Randomized, prospective, experimental study. SETTING: Laboratory and animal facility of a large university. MATERIALS: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (280 +/- 30 g). INTERVENTIONS: All animals underwent repetitive whole lung saline lavage to induce acute lung injury. Then, animals were randomly divided into seven study groups: the first group received surfactant (150 mg/ kg) within 10 min after the last lavage (early treatment), whereas in the other six groups mechanical ventilation was continued for 3 h before treatment (late treatment). Treatment consisted of: surfactant instillation at a dose of 150 mg/kg; at a dose of 250 mg/kg; BAL with saline; BAL with a diluted surfactant suspension (2.5 mg/ml); BAL with saline, immediately followed by surfactant instillation (150 mg/kg) and BAL with a diluted surfactant suspension (2.5 mg/kg), immediately followed by surfactant instillation (150 mg/kg). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Blood gases were measured for 6 h and then BAL was performed to measure the protein concentration and surface tension properties. Mean PaO2 values increased immediately after surfactant instillation to pre-lavage values but remained stable only in the group that received surfactant immediately after the lavage procedure and the group that underwent BAL with a diluted surfactant suspension prior to surfactant instillation. CONCLUSION: BAL with a diluted surfactant suspension prior to surfactant instillation at a later time point in lung injury resulted in a stable improvement of lung function. This improvement is comparable with the results seen after surfactant instillation immediately after lung lavage.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Sucralfate suspension 1 g four times per day in the short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcer.

Sucralfate suspension 1 g/10 ml four times per day was found to be significantly better than placebo for the healing of active duodenal ulcer. An eight-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group multicenter study was conducted. A total of 292 patients were evaluated. Ulcer healing was evaluated by endoscopy and symptom assessment occurred at baseline and at two, four, and eight weeks, or upon symptom worsening as determined by the investigator. Healing was defined as complete re-epithelialization of the crater, without residual erosion. Patients completed eight weeks of treatment regardless of whether or not they were healed at two or four weeks. Treatment groups were comparable with regard to age, sex, ulcer history, cigarette smoking, alcohol and caffeine consumption, ulcer size, and ulcer symptoms. Analysis of procedurally correct cases demonstrated that sucralfate suspension was significantly more effective in healing duodenal ulcers than placebo at two, four, and eight weeks. Ulcer-healing rates efficacy analysis are as follows. At two weeks, the healing rate of sucralfate suspension was 22 of 125 patients (18 percent) and the healing rate of placebo suspension was eight of 130 patients (6 percent; p = 0.006). At four weeks, 58 of 114 patients (51 percent) for sucralfate and 38 of 112 patients (34 percent) for placebo (p = 0.011) were healed. At eight weeks, 80 of 105 (76 percent) for sucralfate and 53 of 100 (53 percent) for placebo (p = 0.001) were healed. Sucralfate-treated patients experienced significantly greater reductions in both daytime and nighttime pain scores at two weeks. A significant difference between treatment groups was also found for daytime symptoms at four weeks. At four and eight weeks, patients who smoked cigarettes had significantly lower healing rates than those who did not, regardless of treatment group. Sucralfate suspension was found to be effective for the treatment of active duodenal ulcer.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Water proton relaxation in dilute and unsaturated suspensions of non-porous particles.

NMR water proton relaxation times are reported for suspensions of silica powder of varying silica/water ratios. Pore size distributions and pore connectivities are derived from the relaxation time distributions for the water-saturated suspension. Capillary theory appears to explain the relaxation behaviour of the unsaturated, packed suspensions. The relaxation data in suspensions that have lower solid/liquid ratios than the saturated, packed suspension are sensitive to the particular radial distribution function. This is analysed with a simple cluster model.

Capillary Action↗
PubMed2006

Cryopreserved human hepatocytes in suspension are a convenient high throughput tool for the prediction of metabolic clearance.

Hepatocyte assays, routinely used to assess the metabolic stability of new chemical entities, were recently improved by using hepatocytes in suspension instead of primary cultures [N. Blanchard, L. Richert, B. Notter, F. Delobel, P. David, P. Coassolo, T. Lavé, Impact of serum on clearance predictions obtained from suspensions and primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 23 (2004) 189-199]. The aim of the present study was to investigate miniaturising the suspension assay by using cryopreserved human hepatocytes, i.e., 150,000 cells/well in 96-well plates, to predict hepatic clearance (CLH) in order to increase compound throughput and decrease cost and tissue requirements. For this, an evaluation was first carried out with rat hepatocytes. Then, human hepatocytes from various donors were used under these predetermined conditions, either immediately after isolation, either after a 20-h-cold storage period in UW or after cryopreservation. The values of CLint and CLH determined using human hepatocytes in suspension in 96-well plates, immediately after isolation, after cold storage or after cryopreservation, were comparable to those obtained with hepatocytes in primary culture. In particular, the use of cryopreserved human hepatocytes in suspension in a 96-well format appeared to be largely satisfactory as a tool for screening and ranking of compounds in the early phase of the drug discovery process.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Viscosity behavior of silica suspensions flocculated by associating polymers.

Associating polymers are hydrophilic long-chain molecules containing a small number of hydrophobic groups, and act as flocculants in aqueous suspensions. The effects of associating and nonassociating polymers on viscosity behavior are studied for silica suspensions. Since flocculation is induced by polymer bridging, the viscosity behavior is converted from Newtonian to shear-thinning profiles. The additions of surfactant cause an increase in viscosity for suspensions prepared with associating polymer, whereas the flow behavior of suspensions with nonassociating polymer is not significantly influenced. In adsorption of associating polymers onto silica particles, the chain may adopt a conformation with a water-soluble backbone attached to the particle surfaces. The hydrophobic groups extending from the chains adsorbed onto different particles can form a micelle by association with surfactant. Therefore, the bridging flocculation is enhanced by surfactant. The cooperative micellar formation between associating polymer and surfactant is responsible for viscosity increase in suspensions.

Flocculation↗
PubMed1999

Clinical use of nebulized budesonide inhalation suspension in a child with asthma.

Childhood asthma contributes to significant morbidity among patients and significantly impacts the quality of life and daily routines of their caregivers. The parents or caregivers assume responsibility for tasks that children are too young to perform; this often includes daily administration of controller medications and nightly administration of reliever medications. Most young children do not have the coordination or understanding to effectively use pressurized metered-dose inhalers or inhalation-driven devices; thus nebulizer therapy often is preferred for children younger than 4 years of age. Budesonide inhalation suspension will be the first inhaled corticosteroid available for children younger than 4 years of age and the first inhaled corticosteroid for delivery by nebulization in the United States. This is a case report of a 3-year-old boy who received budesonide inhalation suspension as part of several double-blind and open-label studies evaluating the drug. Before study entry, the boy was experiencing more breakthrough wheezing episodes at night than the parents were used to, resulting in an increase in nighttime awakenings that required nebulizer therapy. These nighttime awakenings had a substantial impact on the quality of life of the entire family and interfered with the parents' ability to function at work. Even though they wanted to have more children, this situation discouraged them from doing so. Budesonide inhalation suspension improved overall asthma control and was well tolerated. The boy had a decrease in nighttime symptoms and an increase in both height and weight percentiles for his age. Importantly, use of budesonide inhalation suspension in this boy eased the management of severe asthma and improved the quality of life of the entire family. The parents subsequently decided to have a second child. Budesonide inhalation suspension represents a major breakthrough for infants and young children by providing a formulation that, on approval, can be delivered reliably by nebulizer for effective maintenance treatment of persistent asthma.

Administration, Inhalation↗