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PubMed1994

Social support, social disability, and psychological well-being in rheumatoid arthritis.

PURPOSE: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that may lead to social disability. As a consequence, the psychological well-being of RA patients can be strained. Social support is a possible moderator of the relation between social disability and psychological well-being. The focus of the present study is on the main effect versus the buffering effect of social support. METHODS: Data on 54 RA patients were gathered by means of a 2-hr interview at the patient's home. RESULTS: Receiving more daily emotional support positively related to greater psychological well-being; whereas problem-oriented emotional support negatively related to some aspects of psychological well-being. People receiving more social companionship turned out to be less depressed. CONCLUSION: The assumption was confirmed that social support has a major effect on psychological well-being. A buffering effect of social support was not demonstrated.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Social phobia, anxiety, oppositional behavior, social skills, and self-concept in children with specific selective mutism, generalized selective mutism, and community controls.

We compared social phobia, anxiety, oppositional behavior, social skills, and self-concept in three groups: (1) 28 children with specific mutism (who did not speak to teachers but were more likely to speak to parents and peers at home and school); (2) 30 children with generalized mutism (whose speaking was restricted primarily to their homes); and (3) 52 community controls. Children with generalized mutism evidenced higher anxiety at school, and more separation anxiety, OCD, and depressive symptoms at home. Parents and teachers reported that the social phobia and anxiety scores of children in both the specific and generalized mutism subgroups were higher than controls. Children in both the specific and generalized mutism groups evidenced greater deficits in verbal and nonverbal social skills at home and school than controls. Teachers and parents did not report differences in nonverbal measures of social cooperation and conflict resolution and we found no evidence that selective mutism was linked to an increase in externalizing problems such as oppositional behavior or ADHD. Although children with specific mutism speak in a wider range of situations and appear less anxious to their teachers than children with generalized mutism, significant socially phobic behavior and social skills deficits are present in both groups.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1996

Symptomatology, social support and social support seeking: long-term results of a prospective study among primary mental health care patients.

The long-term association between social support and symptomatology is studied. Social support variables were: experienced understanding, satisfaction, number of contacts, social support seeking and severity of interpersonal conflicts. Data were collected at the start of a short-term behavioural therapy (T1) and 6 (T2) and 18 months later (T3). In addition, a comparison is made between patients who had finished their therapy by the second measurement and those who were by that time still in therapy. A fine-grained analysis demonstrated that of all social support variables interpersonal problems were most strongly related to symptomatology, in particular to interpersonal sensitivity. The tendency to seek social support becomes associated with well-being in the long term. The best predictors of symptomatology at T3 were the initial severity of symptomatology, the change in severity of symptomatology between T1 and T2 and the severity of symptomatology at T2. The social support variables did not have any prognostic significance. All social support variables retained their high temporal stability. Results are translated into practical suggestions that might help maximize gains of short-term behavioural therapy within primary mental health care.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Social support and social network after acute myocardial infarction; the critically ill male patient's needs, choice and motives.

The aim of the pilot study was to find out the need for social support and the choice of social network after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In an experimental study critically ill male patients (AMI-patients) were enrolled for an intervention group (n = 18) or a control group (n = 18) in accordance with their own choice of caring support. The intervention consisted of a 3-month-caring programme for AMI-patients and their next-of-kin together with an interdisciplinary team. A 10-item questionnaire was developed in order to measure social network and social support at the time of AMI and 3 months later. Nine patients in both groups expressed a need for complementary social support, the character differed between the groups concerning emotional and informative support. Both groups reported sufficient social network built on the family. The intervention group expressed more heart trouble compared to the control group at the time of AMI (p = 0.03). 3 months later the trouble had decreased in the intervention group but increased in the control group. Complementary social support soon after an AMI from care professionals confirms the AMI-patients' recovery and the whole family has to be supported.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2006

The paradox of the modern mass media: probably the major source of social cohesion in liberal democracies, even though its content is often socially divisive.

The modern mass media (MM) is often regarded a mixture between a trivial waste of time and resources, and a dangerously subversive system tending to promote social division and community breakdown. But these negative evaluations are difficult to square with the fact that those countries with the largest mass media include the most modernized and powerful nations. It seems more plausible that the MM is serving some useful - perhaps vital - function. I suggest that modern mass media function as the main source of social cohesion in liberal democracies. The paradox is that this cohesive function is sustained in a context of frequently divisive media content. This media function evolved because modern MM produce an excess of media communications in a context of consumer choice which generates competition for public attention both within- and between-media. Competition has led the media to become increasingly specialized at gaining and retaining public attention. Social cohesion is the consequence of the mass media continually drawing public attention to itself, and to the extremely large, internally complex and interconnected nature of the MM system. The means by which attention is attracted are almost arbitrary, encompassing both novelty and familiarity and evoking a wide range of emotions both positive and negative. Driven to seek competitive advantage, modern mass media produce a wide range of material to cater to a vast range of interests; thereby engaging a great variety of individuals and social groupings. The consequence is that media content is typically self-contradictory and includes content which is offensive and potentially divisive; since what grabs the interest of some may offend or repel others. For instance, young men must be socially engaged, since they are potentially the most violent social group, yet the interests of young men include material that the majority of the population would find excessively aggressive, disrespectful, subversive or sexual. If the mass media is effectively to perform its crucial function of enabling social cohesion among a diverse and differentiated population, then modern liberal democracies need a broad margin of toleration and a widespread psychological capacity to endure dissent and disagreement.

Communication↗
PubMed1998

Behavioral assessment of social performance: a rating system for social phobia.

The Social Performance Rating Scale (SPRS) is a modification of the rating system for behavioral assessment of social skills, originally developed by Trower, P., Bryant, B., & Argyle, M. (1978). Social skills and mental health. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press) and subsequently adapted by Turner and colleagues (e.g., Turner, S.M., Beidel, D.C., Dancu, C.V., & Keys, D.J. (1986). Psychopathology of social phobia and comparison to avoidant personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 389-394). Designed to yield ratings of social performance appropriate for use in a socially phobic population and based on videotaped role plays, the five SPRS ratings are gaze, vocal quality, speech length, discomfort, and conversation flow. The sum of these ratings provides an internally consistent total score. In an initial study of the psychometric properties of the SPRS, three groups were assessed: individuals with social phobia, another anxiety disorder, or no psychological disorder. Inter-rater reliability for individual items and the total score proved excellent, and positive evidence for convergent, divergent, and criterion-related validity was obtained.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Childhood physical abuse, early social support, and risk for maltreatment: current social support as a mediator of risk for child physical abuse.

OBJECTIVE: The study investigated whether perceptions of social support in adulthood partially mediated the associations between childhood experiences (i.e., receipt of physical abuse and levels of early social support) and adult risk for child physical abuse. METHOD: Participants included 598 general population adults who completed self-report measures designed to assess childhood physical abuse, perceptions of early and current social support, and risk factors for child physical abuse. Structural equation modeling was used to test and cross validate a model that included the direct effects of child physical abuse and early social support on child physical abuse risk, as well as mediated effects through an influence on adult perceptions of social support. RESULTS: Childhood physical abuse and early social support covaried, such that receipt of physical abuse was associated with lower levels of perceived early social support. Early support, but not child physical abuse, had an indirect effect (i.e., through current support) on child physical abuse risk. More specifically, levels of early support were directly related to adult perceptions of support, and adult perceptions of support were inversely associated with child physical abuse risk. Childhood physical abuse was directly related to child physical abuse risk. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of early support may impact risk for child physical abuse by affecting perceptions of others as supportive in adulthood. The receipt of physical abuse in childhood, however, does not appear to impact perceptions of support in adulthood. Research is needed to identify additional factors that may explain the association between receipt of physical abuse in childhood and increased risk of child physical abuse in adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Role of serotonin and noradrenaline in social dysfunction: a review of data on reboxetine and the Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale (SASS).

Social impairment is a common feature of depressive illness, often causing substantial and clinically meaningful dysfunction. Although the depressive symptoms and social impairment are linked, the naturalistic course and response to treatment of these two aspects of depression do not necessarily correlate. A variety of self-report and clinician-administered assessment scales which are specific for the measurement of social functioning and have good psychometric properties have been developed in the past 40 years. The most recent of these instruments is the Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale (SASS), a 21-item scale designed in 1989 to assess patient response to antidepressant treatment. SASS was used in two clinical trials comparing reboxetine, the new selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (selective NRI), with fluoxetine. While no difference in efficacy was detectable by traditional assessments of symptoms, reboxetine proved to be significantly more effective than fluoxetine in improving social functioning in patients with depression. Reboxetine was also more effective than fluoxetine in rectifying social functioning in the subset of patients who remitted from an episode of major depression. Specifically, reboxetine improved patient motivation, energy and self-perception. These results indicate that antidepressant therapy can achieve more than symptom relief in depression. It is speculated that there may be a difference in the roles played by serotonin and noradrenaline in social functioning.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed2003

Differential effects of intraspecific interactions on the striatal dopamine system in social and non-social voles.

We used in vivo microdialysis to examine the responses to intraspecific social interactions in the striatal dopamine systems of females of two vole species displaying vastly different social structures. Both highly social prairie voles and asocial meadow voles had similar increases in extracellular dopamine associated with mating. There was a species-specific effect of social condition on extracellular dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). Exposure to a conspecific male significantly decreased extracellular DOPAC in female prairie voles isolated for approximately 18 h during surgical recovery. Such decrease in DOPAC was not seen if females experienced continued isolation or if they were housed with a sibling during surgical recovery. No changes in extracellular DOPAC were seen in meadow voles after manipulations of social environment. Together, our data indicate that mating-associated dopamine release is independent from mating systems. However, species-specific patterns of extracellular DOPAC suggest that social isolation may be a more stressful stimulus for the social prairie vole than for the asocial meadow vole.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Early social stress in male Guinea-pigs changes social behaviour, and autonomic and neuroendocrine functions.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of pre- and early postnatal social stress on the functioning of hormonal, autonomic and behavioural systems, by studying the distribution of sex hormone receptors in limbic brain systems. Dams had either lived in groups with a constant composition (= stable social environment) or in groups with changing compositions, i.e. every third day, two females from different groups were exchanged (= unstable social environment). The subjects were male offspring of dams who had either lived in a stable social environment during pregnancy and lactation (= control males) or in an unstable social environment during this period of life (= early stressed males). From days 20-80, the spontaneous behaviour of control males and early stressed males was recorded in their home cages. Five control males and five early stressed males were killed at 75 days, and five control males and five early stressed males at 120 days. Blood samples were taken to determine serum concentrations of cortisol, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and oestrogen. The adrenals were prepared to determine tyrosine hydroxylase activities and the brains were used to investigate the distribution of sex-hormone receptors in specific hypothalamic and hippocampal brain areas. Early stressed males showed a behavioural infantilization that was accompanied by significantly decreased adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase activities and dehydroepiandrosterone levels. Furthermore, early stressed males showed a down-regulation of androgen receptors in the medial preoptic area and the nucleus arcuatus of the hypothalamus, as well as of oestrogen receptor alpha in the hippocampus compared to control males. Thus, the present study provides clear evidence that early social stress induces changes in endocrine, autonomic and limbic brain function, which is mirrored by changes in male social behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Shyness and social phobia: a social work perspective on a problem in living.

Social phobia is classified as an anxiety disorder in psychiatric nomenclature. It represents a fear of performance or social interaction that significantly interferes with a person's social or occupational functioning. The author takes issue with the fact that social phobia is considered by many professionals to be a mental illness that is often treated best with medication. Social phobia can be conceptualized from a social work perspective as an extreme shyness that can be overcome with cognitive learning and behavioral rehearsal. This article reviews the biopsychosocial causes of social phobia and presents a summary of cognitive and behavioral interventions with empirically demonstrated effectiveness.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2004

Relationships between social work involvement and hospice outcomes: results of the National Hospice Social Work Survey.

In a struggle to balance fiscal realities with hospice philosophy, some hospices have attempted to cut costs by reducing social work involvement. This cross-sectional survey of 66 hospices found, however, increased social work involvement was significantly associated with lower hospice costs. Additional benefits included better team functioning, more issues addressed by the social worker on the team, reduced medical services, and fewer visits by other team members, along with increased client satisfaction and lower severity of case. The authors concluded that higher salaries should be paid to a sufficient number of highly educated and experienced social workers. These social workers should be dedicated solely to the hospice social worker position, should participate in intake interviews, and should be supervised by a social worker.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2007

Paths to child social adjustment: parenting quality and children's processing of social information.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this research was to examine the manner in which multiple influences on child social adjustment operated together to predict differential outcomes for young children. Specifically, this study was designed to (i) examine the role of social cognitive and emotional factors in parents' observed and self-reported behaviour towards their children, and (ii) investigate the impact of parenting and children's social information processing (SIP) patterns on children's subsequent social adjustment in the school setting. METHODS: A model of children's peer social adjustment was evaluated using a group of 166 children, over-sampled for history of physical child abuse. Assessment of constructs was multi-method, including parent and child self-reports as well as teacher reports of child adjustment and observations of parent-child and child-peer interactions. RESULTS: Using structural equation modelling, support was found for our theoretical model. Specifically, parents' negative child-related beliefs and clinical elevations in emotional distress were predictors of harsh, insensitive parenting, which in turn predicted children's SIP operations and social maladjustment 6 months later. However, children's SIP did not significantly predict their social adjustment above and beyond the impact of parenting. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that the quality of parenting that children received was more central to subsequent adjustment in peer interactions than were children's SIP operations. Furthermore, the quality of parenting children experienced was closely linked to parents' beliefs about their children and parents' mental health status. Directions for future research and potential implications for clinical practice are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Social dramatics: social skills development for the chronically mentally ill.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of social dramatics as a clinical tool for teaching social skills to the chronically mentally ill on adult inpatient units of a state hospital. The research tested the hypothesis that patients exposed to social dramatics with videotape feedback would demonstrate greater ability to perform social skills as measured by the Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE-30). Fifteen schizophrenic adults of both sexes meeting specific criteria were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Subjects were exposed over an 8-week period to randomly introduced social dramatic scenarios. The Wilcoxin test for two independent samples was used for testing differences between experimental and control groups. The research findings supported the hypothesis for one positive factor, social competence. The findings did not support any treatment effect on either social interest and personal neatness or irritability, manifest psychosis, and psychotic depression. There were no significant differences on the total score NOSIE-30. Recommendations for psychiatric nursing are made. Limitations of research methodologies and sample size were addressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A two-year longitudinal study of stressful life events, social support, and social problem-solving skills: contributions to children's behavioral and academic adjustment.

We investigated the contributions of stressful life events and resources (social support and social problem-solving skills) to predicting changes in children's adjustment. At Time 1, 361 third through fifth graders completed measures of social support and social problem-solving skills. Their parents completed a stressful life events scale and a child behavior rating measure. The children's teachers provided ratings of behavioral and academic adjustment. 2-year follow-up data (Time 2) were obtained for approximately half of the sample on the same measures. Time 1 stressful life events and resources showed some significant but modest zero-order correlations with the Time 2 adjustment indices. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed prospective effects for Time 1 social support on later teacher-rated competencies and grade-point average. In addition, increases over time in social support and social problem-solving skills (a composite score) were significantly related to improvement in behavioral and academic adjustment, whereas stressful life events were not predictive of adjustment.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Impact of different aspects of social participation and social capital on smoking cessation among daily smokers: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in different aspects of social participation and social capital among baseline daily smokers that had remained daily smokers, become intermittent smokers, or stopped smoking at one year follow up. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS/MEASUREMENTS: 12,507 individuals, aged 45-69 years, interviewed at baseline between 1992 and 1994 and at a one year follow up were investigated in this longitudinal study. The three groups of baseline daily smokers were compared to the reference population (baseline intermittent smokers and non-smokers) according to different aspects of social participation and social capital. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess differences in different aspects of social participation and social capital. RESULTS: The baseline daily smokers that remained daily smokers at the one year follow up had significantly increased odds ratios of non-participation in study circles in other places than at work, meeting of organisations other than unions, theatre/cinema, arts exhibition, church, sports events, large gatherings of relatives, and private parties compared to the reference population. The baseline daily smokers that had become intermittent smokers at the one year follow up had significantly increased odds ratios of non-participation in church services. The baseline daily smokers that had stopped smoking had increased odds ratios of non-participation in having attended a meeting of organisations other than labour unions during the past year, having been to a theatre or cinema, and of having visited an arts exhibition during the past year. All three categories of baseline daily smokers had significantly decreased odds ratios of non-participation in night club/entertainment. CONCLUSIONS: The baseline daily smokers that had remained daily smokers at the one year follow up had particularly high rates of non-participation compared to the reference population in both activities specifically related to social capital, such as other study circles, meetings of organisations other than labour unions, and church attendance and cultural activities such as theatre/cinema and arts exhibition, although significantly lower participation in cultural activities and meetings of other organisations was also observed among daily smokers that had stopped smoking. All three baseline daily smoker groups had higher rates of having visited a night club during the past year.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Research in mental health: social etiology versus social consequences.

This article differentiates a social etiology model focused on identifying the social antecedents of one particular mental disorder from a social consequences model concerned with the overall mental health consequences of various social arrangements. In the social etiology model, people with disorders other than the one particular disorder singled out for investigation are implicitly classified as "well." This disorder-specific model is inappropriate for the more general sociological task of identifying the consequences of various social arrangements, such as concentrated poverty, racial segregation, and gender stratification. It is problematic because these consequences are typically nonspecific, not limited to one particular disorder. From this perspective, persons classified as "well" in the disorder-specific model who have a different disorder are misclassified. Consequently, the impact of social arrangements is underestimated, and estimates of causal effects are biased. To address these problems, the full range of theoretically derived mental health outcomes needs to be simultaneously analyzed.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Social anxiety and self-evaluation of social performance in a nonclinical sample of children.

In an investigation of socially anxious children's social behavior and self-evaluation, 28 high socially anxious and 28 low socially anxious children, ages 11 to 13 years, appraised their performance before and after participating in a role-play task. Half of the children were given video feedback prior to giving their posttask self-evaluations. High socially anxious children anticipated poorer performance on the role-play task, and some group differences in observed social performance were evident. Self-evaluations from video feedback only improved for the high socially anxious children who displayed more eye contact, gave longer verbal responses, and used more constructive verbal strategies in the role-play scenarios.

Adolescent↗