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PubMed2000

Adolescent development and external influences.

There are two different approaches to the definition of "normal" in adolescence: psychoanalytic interpretation and empirical research. They are not necessarily at odds but can complement each other if normalcy is viewed as a dependent variable. Its definition depends also on cultural rules, social values and expectancies, professional orientations, personality traits and political climate, which all determine the tolerance level for aberrance. The adolescent development including biological, cognitive and psychosocial changes is related to the existing social formations and processes. It is affected by family, peer groups, neighborhood, work and wider community. The paper describes the adolescent development in particular social contexts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Draw the line.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1993

Appropriate short-term risk in psychiatry and the law.

Effective treatment decisions sometimes require substantial risk of short-term harm, which can be shown after-the-fact to have been preventable, thereby carrying some liability risk. To err on the side of short-term comfort or safety, however, may greatly increase the overall and long-term risks. For instance, to intrusively restrain a borderline patient from threatened acting out, may (1) fuel a regressive cycle that heightens future risk, (2) deprive the clinician of therapeutic leverage, and/or (3) so disrupt the treatment system that other patients unnecessarily suffer. Long-term thinking is not always convincing to judge or juror, because of less direct causal connections; hence, there is pressing need to develop rational criteria for when it should hold sway. Two competing trends of legal doctrine are relevant: risk-benefit analysis (utilitarian) and absolute values (absolutist). Presumptions of appropriate short-term risk separately weigh five relevant factors, in interaction with one another: imminent safety, long-term risk, voluntariness of other agent, therapeutic boundaries, and social values. Forensic psychiatrists are advised to take a stronger stand in support of short-term risk, when needed to enhance long-term safety and optimal standards of care.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1991

The public prestige of medical specialties: overviews and undercurrents.

This investigation offers a comprehensive analysis of the relative social prestige of various medical specialties. The specialties were evaluated in terms of ascribed esteem by a lay sample of 400 respondents. Several attributes were then tested in order to measure their contribution to overall prestige. The results affirm that a stable prestige hierarchy exists among medical specialties, with certain ones, such as surgery and cardiology, consistently ranked at the top, and others, such as dermatology and psychiatry, consistently resting at the bottom. A specialty's relative standing in perceived income and assigned social value are the best predictors of its hierarchical position, with income being the single best predictor. Moreover, the prediction of a specialty's prestige appears to improve significantly when both variables--income and value--are considered inclusively.

Cardiology↗
PubMed2002

Perceptions of quality and value in state and local pharmacy professional organizations.

Officer and member perceptions of the quality and value of the services provided by American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) state affiliates and local chapters were studied. A survey was mailed in December 2000 to all 249 state society and local-chapter officers in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Minnesota, and Illinois and a random sample of 1191 members. The survey solicited ratings of the quality and value of programs and services related to continuing education, communications, community service, and membership benefits. Of 1440 surveys mailed, 26 were returned as undeliverable; 308 were returned in usable form, for a total response rate of 22%. The most frequent job categories were hospital staff pharmacist (n = 74), hospital pharmacy manager (n = 66), and hospital clinical pharmacist (n = 49). Overall, members perceived lower quality than officers in clinical and administrative continuing-education programs offered by their local chapters. Members also perceived less value in administrative continuing-education programs than did officers. Member and officer perceptions were similar in the areas of communication and community services. Neither members nor officers appeared to value social functions highly as a membership benefit. A survey of state and local affiliates of ASHP in five states identified several areas where officers and members had different perceptions of the quality and value of services provided by these organizations.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1977

Social problems of alcoholics.

A comparison of abstainers and alcoholics showed that the latter were more often involved in social conflicts and breaches of social norms. The breaches of social values were as important as the drinking in society's definition of an alcoholic.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Research on women physicians with multiple roles: a feminist perspective.

This paper describes a feminist empiricist approach to research and conceptual advances in the study of women professionals and applies it to research on women physicians with multiple roles. In past research, social values about appropriate roles for women led to an emphasis on negative outcomes, vagueness about which roles conflict, and the assumption that the work role is the most problematic for women. The effects of social context, including interpersonal relationships, has also been ignored. Research using new approaches has shown that there are benefits to combining roles, that role conflict is most common between work and parental roles, and that social support from the spouse is crucial. The importance of the work environment is also stressed.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Heart disease and the cultural construction of time: the type A behaviour pattern as a Western culture-bound syndrome.

For over 20 years, the image of the coronary-prone 'type A' individual, ambitious, competitive, hostile, and time-obsessed has been a familiar feature of cardiology literature, and of popular discourse on health. A closer examination of the moral content of this model, suggests that it is based on a binary classification of social values type A (bad) and type B (good). But the type A individual is also a figure of moral ambiguity, embodying many of the inherent contradictions of Western industrial society. In particular, his anti-social behaviour is rewarded in money, or status by that same society. The paper proposes a model of symbolic inversion, whereby these social contradictions are resolved for both victim, and society by his development of coronary heart disease. The type A behaviour pattern can be regarded as a 'culture-bound syndrome', particularly of middle-aged, middle-class men, and one which condenses key concerns and behavioural norms of the society. As a diagnostic category, it can only be understood in the social context of the industrialized world and against the background of the unique social and symbolic characteristics of Western time.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutrition and health--an individual responsibility.

The report of the Public Health Service Task Force on Women's Health Issues identifies five social factors which affect health and also apply to nutrition: cultural and social values, which are at the heart of issues of body size; economic status, which is associated inversely with nutrient per food dollar expenditures; labor force participation, where working mothers make less money than fathers; family, household structure, social supports, and health, where the single parent has limited resources; and interactions with a health care system that frequently identifies the woman as the victim of the problem when actually the system is the source of the problem. Fourteen of the 40 conditions described in the report mention nutrient changes or weight maintenance. Twelve other conditions have been added to the list. Four categories of women, based on their roles, are used to discuss major nutrition issues. The youth role focuses on body image and preoccupation with weight control. The childbearer role emphasizes the demand and burden of pregnancy because the outcome of pregnancy is linked with many behaviors during pregnancy. The menopausal woman role is that of the older woman and the health consequence of life-long dietary habits and the frequent "victim" position to which she is relegated when using the health care system. The gatekeeper role sends messages to the marketplace through demand and directs purchases for the home. Choosing from 13,000 items makes it possible to regularly choose foods which are inadequate in meeting daily vitamin and mineral needs and can lead to use and abuse of supplements. The final solution rests within the individual and her active involvement in seeking health care and carrying out recommendations for her nutrition and health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Juvenile delinquency and the psychology of general deterrence.

The study was concerned with the relevance of the judicial concept of general deterrence of juvenile delinquency. A comparison of attitudes of high-school boys, in areas of low and high delinquency, towards the likelihood of apprehension and the painfulness of punishment for criminal offences, and of the boys' factual knowledge of judicial punishment, did not support the hypothesis that potential juvenile offenders are deterred by fear of apprehension and punishment, or by having an objective knowledge of penal measures. The attitudes of the boys were found to vary with different combinations of socio-economic status and delinquency levels in their geographic areas. The findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature. It was concluded that prevention of juvenile delinquency should be based on the acquisition of appropriate social values at home and in school, and not on fear of judicial retribution.

Adolescent↗