Pathogens of Siphonaptera (fleas).
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Collections of fleas from terrestrial Sciuridae from New Mexico and Montana yielded 2 species of acarid mites: Acarus monopsyllus from Ceratophyllus ciliatus and Paraceroglyphus cynomydis n. sp. from 4 species of Oropsylla. The genera Acarus, Paraceroglyphus, and Trichopsyllopus form a clade distinct from other genera of flea-associated mites, with Paraceroglyphus the sister group of the other 2 genera. Paraceroglyphus cynomydis is the sister group of a clade comprising P. xenopsylla and possibly P. californicus, with P. meles as the nearest outgroup.
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Two random investigations carried out in 1981/1982 established 203 fleas of 5 species in a sex incidence of 1:2.4 (60 males/143 females) on 48 dogs: Ctenocephalides felis occurred most frequently in an extent of infestation of 13 (1981) and 9 (1982) in 24 dogs with a population density of 1.1 to 1.9 specimens/animals, followed by C. canis with 8 (1981) and 11 (1982) from 24 dogs in a greater density of 2.3 to 5 per host. In this C. felis occurs more frequently in "town dogs": 15 identifications from Magdeburg and 3 from the county towns of Quedlinburg, Schönebeck and Burg as opposed to only 2 from country communities. Pulex irritans in an extent of infestation of 5 out of 24 dogs in 1982 reached a density of 5 per animal. The results confirm the fact that the range of species of fleas on dogs depends or the keeping conditions and the specific breed activity of the hosts.
During the last 20 years there has been very little infestation with fleas in the district of Leipzig. Out of the 8 species only Pulex irritans and Ctenocephalides felis are of hygienic concern. Greater numbers of them were found in densely populated urban districts. Origins of infestation were mainly dogs and cats kept in unhygienic conditions, and retreats of feral cats. There have been changes in the dominance of fleas associated with man. P. irritans probably had been the dominant species for centuries. About the turn of the 19th century Ctenocephalides canis attained codominance. Since the 1960s C. felis has been dominating.
28 species or subspecies are noted; 6 are new for this country [Echidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood, 1875), Xenopsylla blanci Smit, 1957?, Ischnopsyllus intermedius (Rothschild, 1898), I. octactenus (Kolenati, 1856), Nycteridopsylla ancyluris Jordan, 1942 and N. pentactena (Kolenati, 1856)]. A new Caenopsylla is described in another paper.
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