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PubMed1991

Experimental sialodacryoadenitis virus infection in severe combined immunodeficient mice.

Mice with a severe combined immunodeficiency in B and T lymphocytes and natural killer cells (SCID-beige) were inoculated intranasally with sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) virus, a coronavirus of rats. Animals were killed at designated intervals and tissues were examined for evidence of viral infection by light microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy. Based on these criteria, there was no evidence that these immunodeficient mice were susceptible to infection with SDA virus.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Effect of three-step sequential method on Th1/Th2 in patients with corticosteroid-dependent asthma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic mechanism of three-step sequential method (TSSM) on patients with corticosteroid-dependent asthma (SDA). METHODS: Forty patients with SDA were randomly assigned according to the randomizing number table to two groups equally, the treated group treated with three-step sequential recipes plus inhalation of Pulmicort Turbuhaler 200 microg, twice a day, and the control group treated with Pulmicort Turbuhaler alone. The therapeutic course for both groups was 12 - 14 weeks. Changes of the symptom score of asthma, the corticosteroid dosage used and the lung function were observed and the positive expression rate of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in peripheral CD4+ T cells were determined by flow cytometry before and after treatment. RESULTS: There was significant difference in the asthma symptom score, the oral corticosteroid dosage and the lung function between the treated group and the control group after treatment (P < 0.01). The expression rate of Th2 reduced, the ratio of Th1/Th2 increased significantly after treatment in both groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), but the changes were more remarkable in the treated group than those in the control group, showing significant difference between them (P < 0.01), while the expression rate of Th1 had no obvious change after treatment with no significant difference shown between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: TSSM can regulate imbalance of Th1/Th2, inhibit generation of inflammatory cytokines, decrease airway hyper-response, and therefore improve the pulmonary function, alleviate the asthmatic symptoms and reduce the patients' dependence on corticosteroid.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Vitamin A status of the minority ethnic group of Karen hill tribe children aged 1-6 years in Northern Thailand.

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is the most common cause of childhood blindness in the developing world. It is estimated that by giving adequate vitamin A, in vitamin A deficient populations, child mortality from measles can be reduced by 50%, and mortality from diarrheal disease by 40%. Overall mortality in children 6-59 months of age can be reduced by 23%. This paper reported results from a study of vitamin A status and malnutrition of the minority ethnic group of Karen hill tribe children aged 1-6 years in the north of Thailand. All children aged 1-6 years (N = 158; 83 boys, 75 girls) from the three Karen villages (Mae Hae Tai, Mae Yot, Mae Raek) of Mae Chaem district in the north of Thailand were studied. The Karen is the largest mountain ethnic minority ("hill tribe") group in Thailand. All children were examined by a qualified medical doctor and were assessed for their vitamin A intakes using 24 hours dietary recall. Thai food composition table from Ministry of Health, Thailand were used as references. The results were compared with the Thai Recommended Dietary Allowances. Children aged 1-3 years and 4-6 years were separately analysed due to the differences in Thai Recommended Dietary Allowances between the two age groups. A whole blood of 300 microL was obtained by "fingerstick" for determination of serum vitamin A. Community or village's vitamin A status was assessed by using Simplified Dietary Assessment (SDA) method and Helen Keller International (HKI) food frequency method. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. All families of the study boys and girls had income lower than the Thailand poverty line (US $ 1,000/year). On average, 63% of children from Mae Hae Tai village, 1.5% of children from Mae Yot village and none of children from Mae Raek village had serum vitamin A<0.7 micromol/L which indicated VAD. All boys and only girls from Mae Raek village consumed vitamin A more than the Thai RDA but girls from Mae Hae Tai village and Mae Yot village consumed vitamin A less than the Thai RDA. Both boys and girls from Mae Raek village and also girls from Mae Yot village consumed vitamin A more than the Thai RDA. Using SDA and HKI methods to assess vitamin A status of the villages to see whether VAD is a village's nutritional problem, it was found that all children from the three villages were at risk of VAD. In order to improve vitamin A status of the Karen children in Mae Chaem district, recommendations were made as follow: (1) increased use of fat and oil, particularly in areas with high risk of VAD; (2) more general work with Karen communities on how children's diets might be improved in a culturally acceptable manner, so as to bring vitamin A consumption closer to recommended allowance level.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Experimental Parker's coronavirus infection in Wistar rats.

Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) male Wistar rats were inoculated intranasally with Parker's rat coronavirus (PRC), then killed at various intervals post-inoculation (pi). PRC inoculated rats had transient respiratory signs. Intermandibular swelling was evident in some rats at 6-8 days pi. During the acute stages of the disease, inflammatory lesions were present in the respiratory tract and in the salivary and lacrimal glands. Regenerative lesions were observed in the salivary and lacrimal glands at 2 weeks pi. Inoculated rats seroconverted at 8-14 days pi, and significant coronaviral antibody titers were present in inoculated rats examined at 21 days pi with PRC. Changes in the respiratory tract and salivary and lacrimal glands were identical in incidence, distribution and nature to those observed in sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) virus inoculated Wistar rats. Thus, in the absence of viral isolation and characterization, "rat coronavirus infection" is a more appropriate term than either PRC infection or sialodacryoadenitis (SDA).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ascorbate oxidase and its possible involvement in cancer.

The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum of erythrocytes of a health male volunteer exhibited 2 min after intravenous administration of 1g of ascorbic acid a considerable increase in spin concentration and an new signal at about g-2.005 which we previously had found to correlate to the semidehydroascorbate (SDA) radical and which is not identical with the O2 radical. Moreover, the vitamin C concentration in erythrocytes and plasma was considerably higher than in comparable samples of other volunteers treated identically. In the latter cases, the ESR spectrum of the erythrocytes was not modified at all. These findings suggest that there must be a substance which reacts with ascorbic acid specifically. It can be assumed that the enzyme ascorbate oxidase plays this decisive role in the ascorbic acid metabolism. For this reason, different amounts of ascorbate oxidase have been added to healthy erythrocytes treated in vitro with ascorbic acid and to tissue samples of lung cancer. As expected, the vitamin C effect as expressed by the appearance of the SDA signal and the increase in spin concentrations could be reversed. It is suggested, therefore, that in special types of cancer, such as acute lymphatic leukemia and lung cancer, the concentration of ascorbate oxidase or of an enzyme acting like it is, primarily, diminished, while in other types it might be enlarged.

Ascorbate Oxidase↗
PubMed1983

Dietary status of Seventh-day Adventists and nonvegetarians.

The dietary intakes of Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) vegetarians and nonvegetarians, as well as of non-SDA nonvegetarians, were generally adequate. However, even though iron and vitamin B6 intakes exceeded 100% and 90% of the RDAs for all men, 26% and 19% of the women were consuming less than 60% of the RDAs for iron and vitamin B6.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The three-dimensional rotational behaviors of the carpal bones.

The rotational behaviors of the carpal bones of ten fresh cadaver forearms were determined using a three-dimensional sonic digitizer, as the hands were passively moved through planar constrained motions. Changing forearm orientation from supination to pronation results in an increase in the magnitudes of extension of the proximal and distal carpal row bones and a reduction in the magnitudes of flexion of the distal carpal row bones. The included angles between each carpal bone screw displacement axis (SDA) and third metacarpal SDA for corresponding intervals of motion are significantly greater than zero, regardless of forearm orientation. The included angles of the proximal carpal row bones are significantly greater than those of the distal carpal row bones during third metacarpal radial-ulnar deviation. The carpal bone rotation magnitudes are significantly attenuated relative to the prescribed rotation magnitudes of the third metacarpal, with the exception of the trapezoid during third metacarpal extension. The rotational attenuation is greatest in the proximal carpal row bones and is most pronounced during third metacarpal flexion-extension motion and ulnar deviation. Evidence from this investigation favors a carpal row concept of wrist motion, as opposed to a carpal column model.

Carpal Bones↗
PubMed1995

[The estimation of the public danger of schizophrenia patients based on epidemiological research data].

The article presents the proportion of different categories of patients with schizophrenia performing socially dangerous actions (SDA) in the total number of registered patients. It describes features of the disease, sex, age specific for clinical presentation background. Complex evaluation of factors, including premorbid of personality traits and environmental phenomena is considered to be very important because of its prognostic significance. In cases with less acute and less progressive course of the disease significance of social and psychological factors increases. Difficulties in up-to-date detection of patients, inclined to SDA, are analysed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Validity of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale].

The internal structure and validity of terms used in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (Overall and Gorham, 1962) was analyzed. The data which had been gained at the entrance examination of 1557 inpatients with the diagnosis according to ICD-9 (schizophrenia simplex, schizophrenia paranoids, schizoaffective disease depressive type, schizoaffective disease manic type, manic-depressive disease manic phase, manic-depressive disease depressive phase) were processed using stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA). Three-dimensional space defined by SDA provided a sufficient frame of relations for the majority of diagnostic groups. Incomplete component analysis justified the assumption of a relatively stabile internal structure of the method. The findings allow to recommend the Czech version of the scale for the purpose of description of psychic impairments in psychiatry.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Study of metabolic dynamics under severe surgical stress--investigation by the method of respiratory gas analysis].

To elucidate quantitative analysis of the hypermetabolic status and classification of energy substrates kinetics, the metabolic dynamics after radical operation for thoracic esophageal cancer was investigated in 10 patients primarily by the method of respiratory gas analysis. 1) REE showed almost 30 kcal/kg/day and no significant change on each postoperative day. Energy intake in addition to surgical stress influenced the metabolic dynamics (specific dynamic action: SDA). So authors originally devised a postoperative metabolic index "PMI" in consideration for the effect of SDA. PMI is defined; PMI = (REE kcal/day-BEE kcal/day)/Energy Intake (non-protein kcal/day). according to PMI, it was clarified that the hypermetabolic status reached a maximum value on the first postoperative day, showed a steep decrease up to the 3rd postoperative day and afterwards slow recovery. PMI revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.792, p < 0.001) with daily urinary epinephrine excretion in the immediate postoperative period (up to the 3rd day). These results suggest PMI might be useful in the quantitative evaluation of the hypermetabolic status under surgical stress. 2) Energy substrates kinetics was clearly classified into six patterns according to three parameters such as energy balance, glucose balance, and predominant fat metabolism (fat oxidation or synthesis).

Catecholamines↗
PubMed1995

[Treating steroids dependent asthmatic patients with high dose beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol].

In order to provide a more effective alternative therapy for the steroid dependent asthmatic (SDA) patients, 23 SDA patients replaced their oral steroids with high dose beclomethasone dipropionate (1500 micrograms/d) inhalation were investigated. The changes of clinical features, pulmonary function and the Synacthen test were recorded. The results showed that about 82% of the patients replaced their oral steroids completely or partially with the inhalation therapy, the clinical features were improved in 13% of the patients and the failure rate was only 4.4%, the results also revealed that, after replacement, the pulmonary function of the patients were improved (P < 0.05); according to the results of Synacthen test, after alternative therapy for 3-6 months, the damaged reserve power and secretive ability of adrenal cortex of the patients were also partially improved (P < 0.01).

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1976

Keratoconjunctivitis associated with sialodacryoadenitis in rats.

A high incidence of keratoconjunctivitis was observed in a closed colony of inbred Lewis/Wistar rats. Clinical signs including blinking, ocular discharge, circumcorneal flush, corneal opacity, ulceration, pannus, hypopyon, and hyphema were observed at about three weeks of age. Acute disease subsided by six weeks of age, but some lesions progressed to low-grade chronic keratitis. Six per cent of affected rats developed megaloglobus, which usually appeared by three weeks of age. Lesions included focal or diffuse interstitial keratitis, corneal ulceration, anterior synechia, and inflammatory exudate in the anterior chamber. A high incidence of lenticular and retinal degeneration was associated with megaloglobus. Most affected rats also had harderian dacryoadenitis. Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDA) was recovered from nasal washes, but not from affected eyes. Serological evidence indicated that SDA virus infection was widespread in the colony.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Opioid precursor gene expression in the human hypothalamus.

Using in situ hybridization histochemistry, we studied the distribution of neurons that express preproopiomelanocortin (pre-POMC), preprodynorphin (pre-PDYN), and preproenkephalin (pre-PENK) gene transcripts within the human hypothalamus and surrounding structures. Of the three opioid systems, pre-POMC neurons have the most restricted distribution. Pre-POMC cells are most numerous in the infundibular nucleus and retrochiasmatic area of the mediobasal hypothalamus; a few labeled cells are present within the boundaries of the ventromedial nucleus and infundibular stalk. Pre-POMC message was not found in the limited samples of structures adjacent to the hypothalamus. In contrast to neurons that express pre-POMC, neurons expressing pre-PDYN and pre-PENK are more widely represented throughout the hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic structures. However, pre-PDYN and pre-PENK cells differ from one another in distribution. Pre-PDYN message is especially abundant in neurons of the tuberal and mammillary regions, with a distinct population of labeled cells in the premammillary nucleus and dorsal posterior hypothalamus. Pre-PDYN gene expression also is found in neurons of the dorsomedial nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, caudal magnocellular portion of the paraventricular nucleus, dorsolateral supraoptic nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, caudal lateral hypothalamus, and retrochiasmatic area. In structures immediately adjacent to the hypothalamus, pre-PDYN neurons were observed in the caudate nucleus, putamen, cortical nucleus of the amygdala, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Pre-PENK neurons occur in varying numbers in all hypothalamic nuclei except the mammillary bodies. The chiasmatic region is particularly rich in pre-PENK neurons, with the highest packing density in the intermediate nucleus [the intermediate nucleus (Braak and Braak [1987] Anat. Embryol. 176:315-330) has also been termed the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDA-POA; Swaab and Fliers [1985] Science 228:1112-1115) or the interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus 1 (Allen et al. [1989] J. Neurosci. 9:497-506)], dorsal suprachiasmatic nucleus, medial preoptic area, and rostral lateral hypothalamic area. Pre-PENK neurons are numerous in the infundibular nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, caudal parvicellular portion of the paraventricular nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, and retrochiasmatic area. Only a few lightly labeled cells were found in the periphery of the supraoptic nucleus and lateral tuberal nucleus. In areas adjacent to the hypothalamus, cells that contain pre-PENK message occur in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, central nucleus of amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, caudate nucleus, and putamen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

NMR of fd coat protein.

The conformations of the major coat protein of a filamentous bacteriophage can be described by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the protein and the virus. The NMR experiments involve detection of the 13C and 1H nuclei of the coat protein. Both the 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra show that regions of the polypeptide chain have substantially more motion than a typical globular protein. The fd coat protein was purified by gel chromatography of the SDA solubilized virus. Natural abundance 13C NMR spectra at 38 MHz resolve all of the nonprotonated aromatic carbons from the three phenylalanines, two tyrosines, and one tryptophan of the coat protein. The alpha carbons of the coat protein show at least two different classes of relaxation behavior, indicative of substantial variation in the motion of the backbone carbons in contrast to the rigidity of the alpha carbons of globular proteins. The 1H spectrum at 360 MHz shows all of the aromatic carbons and many of the amide protons. Titration of a 1H spectra gives the pKas for the tyrosines.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1975

Biochemical characterization of highly purified cytochrome P-450 and other components of the mixed function oxidase system of liver microsomal membranes.

Cytochrome P-450 has been purified from liver microsomes of phenobarbital-induced rabbits in the presence of ionic and nonionic detergents to concentrations over 17 nmoles per mg of protein. The purified cytochrome P-450 LM gives a single major band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis representing about 90 per cent of the total protein. The polypeptide chain has a molecular weight of about 49,000 daltons. NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase has been purified from liver microsomes of phenobarbital-induced rats in the presence of ionic and nonionic detergents to a stage where it catalyzes the reduction of 33,000 nmoles of cytochrome c per min per mg of protein. The ratio of activities toward cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome c is constant throughout purification. The purified reductase contains equimolar amounts of FMN and FAD and gives a single major band on SDA-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis accounting for about 70 per cent of the total protein; the molecular weight is about 80,000 daltons. The purified cytochrome P-450 is free of cytochrome b5 but contains another electron acceptor, provisionally called Factor C, which is equivalent in amount to the heme present. Two electrons are taken up per molecule of cytochrome P-450 from dithionite or from NADPH in the presence of catalytic amounts of the reductase, and both electrons are readily transferred from the reduced cytochrome P-450 to molecular oxygen or artificial electron acceptors. The reconstituted enzyme system containing purified cytochrome P-450, purified NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, and phosphatidylcholine retains the ability to catalyze the hydroxylation of drugs, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, and aniline in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1987

The incidence of candidiasis amongst the asymptomatic female students of the University of Jos, Nigeria.

A survey was carried out on the incidence of candidiasis amongst the asymptomatic female students of University of Jos. One hundred and three students were selected at guided random. Their first stream urine samples were collected with the aid of sterile McCarthney bottles. The deposits of the centrifuged urine samples were plated out on sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA) fortified with antibiotics (penicillin G and streptomycin). A total number of 42 positive Candida cases were obtained. This represented 40.78% of the total samples (103) examined. The Candida species isolated included C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondi, C. parapsilosis, C. pseudotropicalis, C. stellatoidea, C. tropicalis and C. viswanathii. C. albicans and C. tropicalis were more predominant than the other species. C. albicans had 38.10% frequency of occurrence while C. tropicalis had 21.43% occurrence. The least percentage occurrence was recorded for C. viswanathii which had 2.38%. There were significant relationships between the incidence of candidiasis and the predisposing factors like drug administration (antibiotics and contraceptive pills), cases of pregnancy and previous cases of urinogenital tract infection. Neither the marital status nor the age groups of the test female students had significant effects on the incidence of this disease. The pH values of the infected urine samples had a significant effect on the incidence of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Tissue distribution and age-dependent expression of beta-4-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase in guinea-pig.

Guinea-pig kidney contains a beta-4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase which may be involved in the biosynthesis of the Sda determinant expressed on Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. In the present study we show that this enzyme is expressed far more in the medulla than in the cortex of the kidney and that, among the other organs tested, is expressed only in colon and caecum. This transferase is ontogenically regulated, in that its activity is low at birth and increases as a function of age. From several aspects, the tissue distribution and the ontogenic expression of beta-4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein are similar.

Aging↗
PubMed1977

Experimental infection of adult axenic rats with Parker's rat coronavirus.

The pathogenesis of Parker's Rat Coronavirus (PRCV) was studied in axenic CD rats. Three to four 9 to 10 week old rats were euthanized daily for eight days after intranasal inoculation. Rats remained free of clinical disease. Virus was recovered from the nasopharynx and trachea after twenty-four hours and from the lung by day three but was not detected in respiratory tract after seven days. Viral antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescence in the mucosal epithelium of upper respiratory tract and in pulmonary alveolar septae from day two to six postinoculation. Acute rhinitis developed by day two and was associated with mild focal necrosis of respiratory mucosal epithelium. Mild nonsuppurative tracheitis and multifocal interstitial pneumonia appeared by day five and persisted through day eight. Dacryoadenitis did not occur, sialoadenitis was detected in only three rats and virus was recovered from only one submaxillary salivary gland. This experiment indicates that PRCV can be a primary pathogen for the respiratory system of adult rats. In contrast to sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) virus the tropism of PRCV for salivary and lacrimal glands is low.

Animals↗