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PubMed1997

NGOs organize for action.

NGOs, regionally and globally, made 1997 a year to consolidate the networking begun at the NGO Forum and the FAO Regional Conferences in 1996. They came together in meetings, strengthened their food security networks, and identified the major events of the next 3 years where the civil society voice for food security needs to be heard. The Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ANGOC) held a regional meeting in Bangkok, Thailand, during August 5-8, 1997, which drew up a plan of action for World Food Summit follow-up on the part of Southeast Asian NGOs. This included calling for a food security clause in the review of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, joining the campaign for reform of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), a focus on regional institutions (the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Council and the Asian Development Bank), supporting national policies of food self-reliance (to reduce "food kilometers"--the distance between where food is produced and where it is consumed) and a baseline survey in 200 villages in 10 countries in order to compare food security indicators after 5 and 10 years.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1986

On a probability distribution to study the open birth interval and its application.

"A probability distribution for describing the variation in the length of open birth interval regardless of parity has been derived assuming that fecundability varies from female to female and the births are of two types, one which results [in] infant death and the other [which does] not. To get the estimates of the parameters, expressions for the first two moments have been derived. The model has been applied to the data taken from the survey 'Rural Development and Population Growth--A Sample Survey 1978,' conducted under the auspices of the Demographic Research Centre, Banaras Hindu University [India]."

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The ecology of Echinococcus multilocularis (Leuckart, 1863) and E. granulosus (Batsch, 1786) on the Kamchatka Peninsula].

Some aspects of dwelling of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus populations in the Kamchatka Peninsula were considered. Transformation of their natural foci to natural synanthropic due to enrichment of mammalian fauna, increased human density and rural development was noticed. Main quantitative characteristics of infectivity of the worm definitive and intermediate hosts are presented using literature and the author's own data. A correlation was noted between host density and their infectivity with Echinococcus.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2005

A temporal study of Salmonella serovars in animals in Alberta between 1990 and 2001.

Passive laboratory-based surveillance data from Alberta Agriculture Food and Rural Development were analyzed for common Salmonella serovars, prevalences, trends, and for the presence of temporal clusters. There were 1767 isolates between October 1990 and December 2001 comprising 63 different serovars, including 961 isolates from chickens, 418 from cattle, 108 from pigs, 102 from turkeys, and 178 from all other species combined. Salmonella Typhimurium, Heidelberg, Hadar, Kentucky, and Thompson were the 5 most frequently isolated serovars. Approximately 60% of the S. Typhimurium were isolated from cattle, whereas over 90% of the S. Heidelberg, Hadar, Kentucky, and Thompson were isolated from chickens. Salmonella Enteritidis was rarely isolated. There was an increasing trend in isolates from chickens, cattle, and pigs, and a decreasing trend in isolates from turkeys. Temporal clusters were observed in 11 of 15 serovars examined in chickens (S. Anatum, Heidelberg, Infantis, Kentucky, Mbandaka, Montevideo, Nienstedten, Oranienburg, Thompson, Typhimurium, and Typhimurium var. Copenhagen), 5 of 5 serovars in cattle (S. Dublin, Montevideo, Muenster, Typhimurium, and Typhimurium var. Copenhagen), and 1 of 3 serovars in pigs (S. Typhimurium). Short-duration clusters may imply point source infections, whereas long-duration clusters may indicate an increase in the prevalence of the serovar, farm-to-farm transmission, or a wide-spread common source. A higher concentration of clusters in the winter months may reflect greater confinement, reduced ventilation, stressors, or increased exposure to wildlife vectors that are sharing housing during the winter. Detection of large clusters of Salmonella may have public health implications in addition to animal health concerns.

Alberta↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The pattern of human intestinal helminth infections in farming communities in different parts of Ondo State, Nigeria.

Faecal samples collected from people inhabiting project areas of Owena River Basin and Rural Development Authority at Okitipupa, Akure Ifon and Ajowa which are located in different geographical areas of Ondo State, Nigeria, were examined for helminth ova and larvae. The common worms were Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms with average occurrences of 43.1% 23.4% and 17.0% respectively. Infections were highest in subjects in the age groups of 6-10 and 11-15 years and lowest in those over 25 years. The frequency of occurrence of Ascaris and Trichuris were high in all towns. Hookworms infection rates were 24.6%, 19.7%, 21.5% and 2.1% at Akure. Ifon, Ajowa and Okitipupa respectively. The low hookworm incidence at Okitipupa which is near the coast has been attributed to the heavy soils of clay and silt coupled with heavy rainfall.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Observation on the reduction of the prevalence of malayan filariasis in Chumphon Province of South Thailand.

Further studies on malayan filariasis were made at Bangluke canton of Chumphon province of South Thailand, where mass drug treatment was not applied. It was found after 9 years that there was a marked reduction in filariasis in the area. The filariasis infection rate being decreased from 14.1 to 1.9 per cent, the microfilarial rate from 10.8 to 0.9 per cent, and the elephantiasis rate from 3.3 to 1.0 per cent, and the mean microfilarial density among positive cases being decreased from 27.6 to 6.6 per 20 c.mm blood. Dissection of 1,893 Mansonia mosquitoes revealed the finding of only stage I and stage II larvae of B. malayi in seven M. annulifera and M. indiana. The reduction in the filariasis infection was assumed to be due to the interruption of transmission of filariasis cycle in the mosquitoes resulting from DDT spraying operation of the Malaria Eradication Programme of the Thai Government. There were also some positive cases moving out of the area. The rural development programme of the Thai Government also played another important role in the reduction in the prevalence of malayan filariasis in this area.

Blood↗
PubMed1990

Ten-year observation of peptic ulceration at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital, Pretoria--1979-1988.

For the 10-year period 1979-1988, the incidence of endoscopically diagnosed peptic ulceration at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital was studied with particular reference to: type of ulcer; age, sex and place of residence of the patients; and patient's occupations. The incidence of peptic ulceration remained unchanged. In this area, gastric ulceration is a rare disease among black people. Early urbanisation had no influence on incidence but more patients from developing rural areas were seen as the study progressed. There was a peak incidence during August.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Joint venture acquisition of expensive medical technology by Oahu hospitals. Planning, operations and impact of lithotripsy and magnetic resonance imaging.

Expensive diagnostic and treatment services and equipment are naturally suited to large, populous medical market areas, with sufficient forecasted service demand to justify the large investment in capital, construction and staffing. Only major tertiary or secondary medical centers with shared resources can justify the first-generation investment in the multimillion-dollar purchases of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), megavoltage linear accelerators, or lithotripters. The regional referral system in most nations accommodates the outlying population in the less developed rural sectors.

Equipment and Supplies, Hospital↗
PubMed1989

Current knowledge on epidemiology and control of sleeping sickness.

African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) occurs in some 200 known foci within tsetse inhabited areas in sub-saharan Africa, where an estimated 50 million people are at risk of acquiring infection. Only 25,000 new patients are reported each year but this is an underestimate. Where medical surveillance was inadequate or lacking, serious epidemics could occur and this potential risk makes the disease one of the serious health problems in sub-saharan Africa. The chronic gambiense form of sleeping sickness occurs in West and Central Africa, while the acute rhodesiense form occurs in East and Southern Africa. Recent advances in science have improved knowledge on the epidemiology of the disease and provided tools for improved diagnosis, treatment and vector control. The current strategy for control of the disease is based upon continuous suppression through diagnosis and treatment and limited vector control with community participation. Nevertheless, long-term solution to the problem of African trypanosomiasis lies in effective land-use management and rural development.

Africa, Central↗
PubMed1981

Prevention of homozygous beta-thalassemia by carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis in Sardinia.

We report here results of a 3-year pilot voluntary screening program coupled with prenatal diagnosis directed to the prospective prevention of homozygous beta-thalassemia (beta-thal) in Sardinia. The screening program took two approaches: outreach community testing and hospital testing on request after a period of sensibilization. The outreach testing was very effective as, taking into account the already known number of couples at risk with an affected proband (20), 74% of the couple at risk expected (61) on the basis of the carrier rate were identified. Less effective was the hospital testing in which half of the couples at risk expected were detected (502 with the 199 without an affected proband). After nondirective genetic counseling, approximately 85% of the couples at risk, which had a pregnancy, with no statistically significant difference between those with and those without a proband, requested prenatal testing. This figure showed a steadily increase from the beginning in 1977 to 1980. All the pregnancies (42), but two carrying homozygous fetuses, were terminated on parental request. A continuous hospital survey of thal-major admissions in the different hospitals of the counties showed a steady decline in the incidence figure at birth from 1976 (1:213) to 1978 (1:290). These results showed that even in a medium-developed, rural, Catholic population screening coupled with prenatal diagnosis can be successful in the control of a fatal, recessively inherited disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Environmental primary care for the 21st century].

Primary environmental care combines the original strategy proclaimed at Alma-Ata as primary health care and the conception of integral rural development that emerged from the agrarian policies of Third World countries during the seventies. Within the renewed goal of health for all in the 21st century, the primary environmental care strategy may be considered as all those actions necessary to improve and protect the local surroundings through foresight and prevention of possible problems, with tasks institutionalized at the local level. Analysis and practice of this strategy are based on a model focused on the promotion of human beings, the environment, and social development. Furthermore, it is founded on critical theory and has a holistic perspective. This operational frame encourages participation and action, thus endowing individuals, communities, and societies with the power to make decisions. In this way, leadership is created for the sustainable development of nations.

Environmental Health↗
PubMed1984

A simple kit system for rapid diagnosis of cerebrospinal meningitis in rural areas of developing countries.

A simple, easily operated, portable diagnostic kit, employing coagglutination reagents, has been developed for the rapid, bedside diagnosis of cerebrospinal meningitis. Field trials using this kit were conducted in a rural area of sub-Saharan Africa for identifying the etiological agents of meningitis outbreaks. West African village medical attendants were taught to use this kit and succeeded in making rapid specific diagnoses of meningitis cases. Other acute infections such as cholera and typhoid fever can also be rapidly diagnosed in a similar manner. This rapid diagnostic system offers appropriate technology in support of primary health care delivery in the rural areas of developing countries.

Burkina Faso↗
PubMed1999

Rehabilitation outlooks for rural Louisiana: educational developments, economic trends, and global perspectives.

The objective of this article is to examine current medical, economic, and social trends affecting the provision of rehabilitation services for rural citizens with disabilities. While the population of interest is citizens of Louisiana, the concepts are applicable across all geographic boundaries. The article is a review of clinical practice, job placement alternatives, economic trends, and assessment of process applications. It is concluded numerous steps may be taken to enhance the availability and quality of services provided for rural citizens with disabilities: greater statistical inquiry into rural disability trends, increased incorporation of the Internet into all aspects of rural economic and educational developments, further development of distance learning, promotion of sensitivities towards rural cultures, and continued recruitment of rural allied and vocational rehabilitation professionals.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Bereavement services development in a rural setting.

Functioning as a hospital-based hospice program of a large medical center, bereavement services are not limited to hospice families in one location. Bereavement services are offered to those who died within the medical center and to the residents of the three county area the hospice serves. This paper identifies ways to offer bereavement follow-up to hospice and non-hospice families. This will include discussion of mixing together survivors of different types of death in a support group atmosphere. Due to the smaller population of a rural setting, the need to be creative to offer bereavement services to the community is imperative. This paper will discuss how our Bereavement Services have expanded in response to the needs of the communities in the three county area we serve. We will discuss survey results, meeting and support group data used to generate supporting information to allow our services to grow. Learning objectives for this article consist of readers being able to identify ways to develop and expand bereavement services; incorporating various types of death in a support group setting; and ways to better serve non-hospice families in need of bereavement follow-up. Topics include a description of Bereavement Services; Pre-Death Bereavement Intervention; Open and Closed Support groups; Routine Bereavement Follow-up of Hospice families; Quarterly Nursing Home Staff Support groups; Widow/Widower Brunch Social; opportunities to educate the community about Death/Dying; and data collection for Bereavement Needs.

Aftercare↗