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PubMed1991

Adjustment to retirement: continuity vs. discontinuity.

This research examines gender differences in adjustment to retirement during the first year of retirement. It identifies differences in patterns of adjustment and differences in the discriminating variables that predict these patterns. The study was longitudinal in design and included a pretest interview of 250 people at the time of retirement, a posttest interview of 242 retirees six months after retirement, and a one-year follow-up of 222 completed by mail. A significant main effect for time was found for all three adjustment variables, with well-being declining at the six-month interval. A discriminant analysis of three types of adjustment groups revealed that responses to retirement varies depending on several factors. The findings suggest the need for a dynamic view of continuity theory.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Effects of retirement and grandchild care on depressive symptoms.

This study explores how grandchild care in conjunction with grandparents' retirement affects depressive symptoms, using data from the Health and Retirement Survey. The findings demonstrate that retirement moderates the influence of grandchild care obligations on well-being, measured by depressive symptoms. For retired men, freedom from grandchild care obligations is associated with heightened well-being. Among women, continued employment seems to protect against potential negative effects of extensive grandchild care obligations on well-being. The results for men seem most in line with the argument that family care obligations spoil retirement, whereas the results for women suggest a scenario that is most compatible with the role enhancement thesis.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Work related attitudes of naval officers before and after retirement.

Prospective expectations for retirement and retrospective accounts of past work experiences are typically used in cross-sectional empirical studies of retirement. Unfortunately, little is known about the accuracy of such accounts. Therefore, in the present longitudinal study, we built on the work of Beehr and Nielson (1995) by examining the consistency of these accounts over time using data from 672 military retirees over a four- to five-year period. Mixed evidence for the consistency of these attitudes across time was found. Specifically, our results are much weaker than Beehr and Nielson's results, thus suggesting that longer time intervals between measurements may erode the accuracy of prospective estimates and retrospective accounts. Results are discussed in terms of the uniqueness of the military retirement and how civilian retirement and military retirement are becoming similar.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Hobbies of retired people in the People's Republic of China: a preliminary study.

This study describes and analyzes the hobbies of over 500 retired individuals (ages fifty to eighty-eight in the People's Republic of China. Data were obtained through questionnaires and compared with the responses of 100 younger people (twenty to thirty-nine years of age). Hobbies of the retired people were classified into five categories: reading, physical exercise, productive, visual-auditory, and recreational. This classification is at variance with the one proposed by some Western writers. The following conclusions were reached: 1) there are significant differences between the hobbies of retired people and those of younger people; 2) reading is the hobby most preferred by the retired person in China; and 3) gender, age, education, and previous occupation are the factors that most influence the retired person's choice of hobbies.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Attitudinal orientations of wives toward their husbands' retirement.

Most research tends to focus on the husband's attitudes toward retirement while overlooking the wife's evaluation of this event. In this study interviews with wives whose husbands were retired or approaching retirement suggested that a variety of orientations toward their husbands' retirement was present. Some women expressed grave reservations; others looked forward to it; still others had no opinion. It is felt that an understanding of the wife's reaction to her husband's retirement can be useful in understanding the adjustments that both husband and wife may have to make in their relationship to each other.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Change in self-reported health with retirement.

Despite evidence to the contrary, the idea that retirement harms health continues to have wide credibility. This article examines the possibility that retirement contributed to decline in self-reported health among a panel of 112 men who retired between baseline measurements in 1975 and follow-up measurement in 1978. Within-individual changes in self-reported health for these retirees were compared with changes among 386 age peers (fifty-six to sixty-seven at follow-up) who continued to work from T1 to T1. For all men working and in favorable health at T1, eventual retirees had no greater age-adjusted incidence of health decline than did continuing workers. Moreover, when retirees were asked directly whether retiring had affected their health, only 2 per cent claimed a "bad" effect. Collating our findings with previous evidence, we concluded that retirement-related changes for the worse in self-perceived health were infrequent events.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Reasons for working and their relationship to retirement attitudes, job satisfaction and occupational self-efficacy of bridge employees.

Although the Baby Boomers are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population and they are quickly approaching retirement age, research has widely neglected to look at the reasons as to why many of them intend on opting for bridge employment as opposed to completely retiring. This study examined the relationships among four reasons for working (social, personal, financial, and generative) and three attitudinal responses to bridge employment (job satisfaction, retirement attitudes, and occupational self-efficacy). In a sample of 108 recent retirees holding bridge employment positions, it was found that generativity served as a reliable predictor of job satisfaction and attitudes toward retirement, whereas the social reason for work was only a reliable predictor of attitudes toward retirement.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Participation in a dual economy and adjustment to retirement.

Past studies of adjustment to retirement have generally accepted social structure as a given, and have instead focused upon individual level variables. Based upon criticisms of the white-collar/blue-collar depiction of the work world, an alternative model of the economic system is introduced in an attempt to interject variability in the area of social structure. Utilizing a national sample of men derived from the National Opinion Research Center (1972-1977 inclusive), this dual economic model is employed to assess the effects of sectorial placement of workers on subsequent retirement satisfaction. Findings from multiple regression analysis suggest that such placement renders two qualitatively different groups of retirees, one which is primarily concerned with health, and one for which financial adequacy is more important for retirement adjustment. Overall, it was concluded that structural components must be included in research on the retirement process. In addition, the variability among the different scales used to indicate adjustment to retirement suggests that these may have to be altered to adequately reflect the process of adjustment for each of the groups of retirees. These changes must be based on the structural aspects of the economic order which mandate very different work experiences.

Anomie↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Symbolic interaction and retirement adjustment: an empirical assessment.

Using a variety of indicators of retirement adjustment most studies have focused on two variables as the critical ones: the kind of work the individual was involved in prior to retirement with its concomitant style of life or the individual's pre-retirement attitudes. Focusing on the latter variable and using a symbolic interaction perspective, it was hypothesized that the individual's significant others are crucial to both the development of his pre-retirement attitudes and his post-retirement adjustment. The data upheld both the predicted relationships, and further suggest that the social world of older people is comprised of both primary groups and proximate others. The Lowenthal and Haven concept of confidants as a major factor in the adjustment of older people, though valuable, too narrowly defines their social world. The broader concept of significant others comprised of both confidants and proximate others seems more realistic.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Nursing professorate in America: projected retirements and replacements.

New paradigms are emerging in higher education, and institutions are facing financial shortfalls. Faculty retirements and resignations may have an impact on the quality of education across disciplines. Will adequate numbers of doctorally prepared replacements be entering nursing education to meet projected retirements and resignations? A national study was conducted of National League for Nursing-accredited baccalaureate and higher degree nursing programs with 296 (58%) responding. The purpose was to determine faculty profiles, policies related to retirement, and projected replacements. Projected retirements and resignations over the years 1992 to 2006 are estimated to be approximately one third of the current faculty work force. Numbers of anticipated graduates at the master's level seem to be adequate. However, doctorally prepared candidates will most certainly not fill all the gaps that will exist in nursing education. Implications call for an examination of clinical teaching practices to ensure continued quality nursing education. An examination of faculty retirement policies and plans is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Projecting retirement income of future retirees with panel data: results from the modeling income in the near-term (MINT) project.

Cross-sectional data capture only a point in time and miss individual changes in earnings, labor force participation, marriage, fertility, and health. Because panel data follow individuals over time, they do not have this problem. The problems or concerns with cross-sectional data may be compounded when these data are used to make projections. Iams and Sandell (1997) found that using panel data on earnings explained much more variation in future earnings than using cross-sectional survey data. Panel data are also needed to estimate Social Security benefits, especially for women. Because of auxiliary benefits paid to spouses, ex-spouses, and widow(er)s of entitled workers, an individual's Social Security retirement benefit depends not only on his or her earnings history, but also on his or her marital history and the earnings histories of current and previous spouses. When we compare projected unreduced Social Security benefits with what they would be if we didn't have marital history or earnings history data for men, we find that: Benefits computed using only earnings histories are not very different from benefits computed using both earnings and marital histories. Benefits computed using only current earnings and marital histories underestimate benefits for those in earlier birth cohorts and overestimate benefits for those in the most recent birth cohort. Benefits computed without either marital or earnings histories underestimate benefits for all birth cohorts, but by much more for earlier cohorts than for more recent cohorts. For women we find that benefits computed without marital or earnings histories underestimate benefits in all birth cohorts. The largest differences are for women in earlier birth cohorts. Using both marital and earnings histories to estimate unreduced Social Security benefits, we find that men are projected to continue receiving higher benefits than women, although the gap is expected to narrow as the baby boomers near retirement age. We also look at the composition of projected total income available at retirement for those with incomes in the 45th-55th percentiles of the income distribution and find that: Total income at retirement is projected to be larger for men than for women in every birth cohort. Women are projected to receive the largest share of their total income from Social Security benefits. Men are projected to receive the largest share of their total income from other income sources, although this share declines as the baby boomers near retirement age.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed2000

Sounds great, but what's in it for me? Helping employees understand their role in the retirement planning process.

The communication of retirement plans by employers to their workers has greatly improved, but in many cases still falls short of getting employees to understand their roles in planning for their own retirement. The author states that a well-designed personalized retirement savings education program encourages employees to take ownership of their retirement plan. Three employee profiles are examined in the context of the personalized retirement education process.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1993

A comparison of retirement migration from Paris and London.

"Retirement migration from Paris and London [is] compared by means of data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study for London and from the Echantillon Demographique Permanent for Paris. The levels of retirement migration for men and women from different zones of each capital city are examined and the social class differences in retirement migration in London and Paris and the different role which housing tenure plays in the two cities are highlighted. The authors go on to examine the regions to which Londoners and Parisians move on retirement and the type of housing which they take. In all cases, marked differences are found in migration behaviour between newly retired men and women in Paris and London, linked to urban structures and cultural differences."

Culture↗
PubMed2003

Retirement plan trends: where are we all headed?

Many trends and their underlying pressures foster or hinder the creation of adequate retirement income. Generally, these trends fall into three categories: demographic issues, retirement phase of life and changes in corporate approaches to retirement plans. In an effort to facilitate everyone's participation in creating more palatable retirement plan solutions, this article describes how the trends within those three categories affect retirement income adequacy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[A preparatory course for retirement by the Israeli Medical Association].

OBJECTIVE: Retirement can be traumatic, and physicians are not immune. The Israeli Medical Association (IMA) has been conducting a preparatory course for retirement for its members reaching retirement. The objective of the present study was to survey the characteristics of participating physicians, to map their activities following retirement, to gauge their appreciation of the course, and to assess their willingness to continue their association with the IMA. METHODS: Questionnaires were mailed to 210 attendees of the IMA course in 2000-2002, and responses were tabulated and analyzed. RESULTS: The response rate was 33%--40 male and 30 female physicians, and 75% of them were still working at the time of response. They classified their quality-of-life as appropriate (70%), modest (2%), and unfitting (27%). Continued work was directly related to the preservation of fitting lifestyle (p < 0.0001), and of the 17 physicians not working only 4 defined their quality of living as suitable. Of the respondents, 83% were in good health, 50% needed medical attention, and 77% received proper care. The vast majority spent time with family and friends, reading, listening to music, going on trips and cultural events and engaged in sports; the minority spent time learning, busy with hobbies or volunteer work. Approximately half of the respondents attended continuing medical education classes. Much satisfaction was recorded for most activities, but television, friends, volunteer work or continuing education were only partly enjoyable. The IMA preparatory course was satisfactory according to 94% of the respondents, but many requested to broaden its scope. Over 92% wanted to maintain an "open-line" with the IMA, for obtaining information, counseling, and participation in social activities and continuing education. The majority was willing to volunteer in the IMA. No gender bias was found in most of the responses. CONCLUSION: This preliminary survey of physician retirement in Israel found that once physicians ceased working, many considered their life quality unfitting. The need to remain associated with the IMA is indicative of the large social and emotional importance of this membership.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Current determinants of early retirement among blue collar workers in Poland.

BACKGROUND: The current demographic trend in Poland indicates a progressive ageing process, which will result in a decreased number of persons at the age of work capability. Thus it is essential to find out the reasons for the diminished occupational activity of elderly workers. The aim of the project was to identify the factors that significantly contribute to early retirement during the period of socioeconomic transformation in Poland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analysis concerned 637 workers, aged over 45 years, but before reaching the age of retirement (60 years for women and 65 years for men) who were employed in selected industrial enterprises at technological or production-related departments. The study group was recruited from the population of former workers who quit their employment between 1996 and 2000, before they reached the age of retirement. The reference population, matched for age (+/- 3 years) and gender, comprised workers at similar workposts. RESULTS: The following groups of variables were found to be significant risk factors for early retirement: variables describing the conditions of work (piecework system, OR = 7.00, 95% CI: 2.01-24.37; heavy lifting at work OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.20-4.17) and variables related to the household characteristics (shortage of leisure time, OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.16-4.67), health condition (disability, OR = 1.87, 95%CI: 1.09-3.21; increased rate of sickness absence, OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.52-3.17), and alcohol abuse (OR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.33-7.64). CONCLUSIONS: The data analysis revealed a spectrum of factors that either contribute to or decrease the risk for early retirement. These may be used as a reference in taking on activities aimed at preventing this adverse trend and stimulating occupational activity of elderly workers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

The transition from career to retirement: focus on well-being and financial considerations.

A woman's occupation affects her retirement socially, emotionally, and financially. Whereas most women feel "generally positive" toward retirement, women doctors and other high-profile professionals have a tougher time adjusting to retirement than nonprofessional women do. According to Christine Price, on women and retirement, professional women report a sense of loss, while nonprofessional women, such as clerical and hourly employees, feel relieved when they retire.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Some job factors associated with departure from working life before retirement age].

BACKGROUND: Ongoing demographic changes observed in Poland indicate progressive aging of the population. The process of systemic transformation initiated in Poland in 1989 has contributed to a significant decline in occupational activity among people especially those at the pre-retirement age. The identification of determinants responsible for the decreased occupational activity in older age groups of the population may provide the basis for taking appropriate steps to extend their period of employment, which will become a must in the near future in view of current socio-demographic phenomena. Therefore, the aim of the this study was to identify factors, which mostly contribute to an earlier departure of older workers from working life. The presented analysis concerns occupational factors characteristic of working conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out in a group of current and former workers aged over 45 years and below the retirement age, employed at production workposts and in production services in the years 1996-2000. Active workers of the same age (+/- 3 years) and gender, employed at adequate workposts were matched with selected persons who had left their job because of becoming entitled to disability pension, earlier retirement, benefit or pre-retirement allowance. A questionnaire-based interview was used to collect empiric material, and logistic regression to analyze the risk of earlier departure from working life. RESULTS: The investigation carried out in the study group showed that the following factors mostly influenced departure from work before reaching the retirement age: piecework system (OR = 7.76; 95% CI: 2.53-23.79); heavy lifting at work (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.11-3.25); physical workload (OR = 1.92; 95% CI: 0.74-5.00); exposure to low temperature (OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 0.94-3.09); exposure to whole-body vibration (OR = 1.47; 95% CI: 0.96-2.25); subjective assessment of fatigue after work (OR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.45-3.48); and no leisure time after work (OR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.52-4.83). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study can be regarded as an important indication that appropriate preventive measures should be taken to improve working conditions especially for older age groups, or to provide the possibility of their retraining if the occupational activity of older workers is to be increased.

Age Factors↗