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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Need for intimacy in relationships and motives for sex as determinants of adolescent condom use.

PURPOSE: To investigate the extent to which need for intimacy in relationships and motives for sex are capable of distinguishing between adolescents who always have protected sex and adolescents who do not, with reference to both steady and casual relationships. METHODS: Seven-hundred-and-one adolescents (424 males and 277 females) aged 15 to 23 years filled out a questionnaire assessing determinants of sexual behavior and various outcome behaviors, such as having casual sex and condom use. RESULTS: Two-thirds of the participants (470) were sexually experienced. Discriminant functions using constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (attitude, subjective norm, self-efficacy), as well as the need for intimacy in relationships and motives for sex, were found to distinguish significantly between adolescents who always had protected sexual intercourse and adolescents who did not. This was valid both for sex within steady and within casual relationships. Besides a positive attitude and high perceived subjective norms, protected sex with a steady partner was characterized by low scores on the scale for the motive for sex to express love, and on the scale for the need for intimacy in relationships. Consistent condom use with casual partners was related to high self-efficacy, attitude, and perceived subjective norms, as well as a greater need for intimacy in relationships. Gender differences emerged with respects to determinants of (un)safe sex with casual partner(s), in that for males the variables of the Theory of Planned Behavior were most important in distinguishing those who had unsafe casual sex from those who had safe casual sex. For females, on the other hand, the variables concerning the meaning attached to having sex or to the relationship within which sex occurs seemed to be of more significance in explaining (un)safe sex with casual partner(s). However, owing to small subsamples, caution is warranted when interpreting these differences. CONCLUSIONS: In adolescence, the factors which influence the decision to have (un)protected sex depend on the kind of relationship that exists between the partners. In addition, the goals which adolescents pursue with regard to their relationships and with regard to having sex fulfill an important role in the decision-making process whether to use condoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A relationship between behavioral choice and the visual responses of neurons in macaque MT.

We have previously documented the exquisite motion sensitivity of neurons in extrastriate area MT by studying the relationship between their responses and the direction and strength of visual motion signals delivered to their receptive fields. These results suggested that MT neurons might provide the signals supporting behavioral choice in visual discrimination tasks. To approach this question from another direction, we have now studied the relationship between the discharge of MT neurons and behavioral choice, independently of the effects of visual stimulation. We found that trial-to-trial variability in neuronal signals was correlated with the choices the monkey made. Therefore, when a directionally selective neuron in area MT fires more vigorously, the monkey is more likely to make a decision in favor of the preferred direction of the cell. The magnitude of the relationship was modest, on average, but was highly significant across a sample of 299 cells from four monkeys. The relationship was present for all stimuli (including those without a net motion signal), and for all but the weakest responses. The relationship was reduced or eliminated when the demands of the task were changed so that the directional signal carried by the cell was less informative. The relationship was evident within 50 ms of response onset, and persisted throughout the stimulus presentation. On average, neurons that were more sensitive to weak motion signals had a stronger relationship to behavior than those that were less sensitive. These observations are consistent with the idea that neuronal signals in MT are used by the monkey to determine the direction of stimulus motion. The modest relationship between behavioral choice and the discharge of any one neuron, and the prevalence of the relationship across the population, make it likely that signals from many neurons are pooled to form the data on which behavioral choices are based.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Leader-member exchange and its dimensions: effects of self-effort and other's effort on relationship quality.

Two hundred thirty-two manager-subordinate dyads provided data on the effort expended toward the development of leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships, how such effort related to expectations about relationship quality, and intentions to exert future effort toward relationship development. For both managers and subordinates, higher quality LMX relationships were reported and expectations were met when the other member of the dyad put forth effort into relationship development. One's own higher effort coupled with lower effort by the other was associated with a lower quality LMX relationship. Examination of the 4 dimensions of LMX (R. C. Liden & J. M. Maslyn, 1998) revealed unique effects depending on the dimension considered. In addition, LMX and relationship tenure interacted, showing that future effort toward relationship development was greatest when individuals had been in higher quality relationships for longer periods of time.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Dentoalveolar compensation related to variations in sagittal jaw relationships.

The purpose of this study was to investigate dentoalveolar compensation for variations in sagittal jaw relationships in 44 adult females with normal incisor relationships and either skeletal Class I or skeletal Class III jaw relationships. Cephalometric analysis was performed to evaluate sagittal jaw relationship, maxillary and mandibular incisor inclination, and the cant of the occlusal plane. Molar relationships were evaluated from study models. Correlation analysis was performed between skeletal and dental measurements. The most appropriate cephalometric parameters describing dental compensation quantitatively were SN-AB as a skeletal measurement and SN-U1, SN-L1, and SN-OP as dental measurements. Among the compensatory dentoalveolar changes, lower incisor inclination was strongly related to the sagittal jaw relationship and played an important role in obtaining a normal incisor relationship. Compensatory changes in the occlusal plane angulation were slight when compared with changes in the incisor regions. A Class I molar relationship was rare when SN-AB exceeded 84 degrees, even when incisor relationships were normal.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Extrapolation of cardiac index from analysis of the left ventricular outflow velocities in children: implication of the relationship between aortic size and body surface area.

BACKGROUND: It has recently been reported in critically ill patients that a linear relationship exists between cardiac index (CI) measured with thermodilution and mean aortic blood flow velocity (MAFV). This hypothesis can be validated mathematically only if the aortic area (AA index) indexed to body surface area (BSA) remains constant and if the relationship between aortic diameter (PhiAo) and BSA is nonlinear. However, several other equations have described the relationship between BSA and, respectively, PhiAo and aortic area (AA) in children. The aim of this study was to determine if the relationships calculated between BSA and aortic size in children (without left ventricular outflow tract abnormality) could validate the hypothesis that MAFV and CI are well linked linearly, leading to its use to determine CI. METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-two measurements performed in 126 children and infants were retrospectively analysed. PhiAo was measured in the long axis view at the annulus using two-dimensional mode echocardiography with a 5-MHz transducer. Various linear and nonlinear relationships between BSA and, respectively, PhiAo, PhiAoindex, AA and AAindex were determined based on a nonlinear regression method with a model as follows: y=a(xc) + b. The comparisons between regressions were conducted based on the estimation error. RESULTS: The relationships between PhiAo and BSA appeared nonlinear and was well described by: PhiAo=2.96(BSA1/4) - 1.31 with a non-zero y-intercept and PhiAo=1.64(BSA1/2) with a zero y-intercept. In contrast, the relationships between AA and BSA were linear. The AAindex was not linked to BSA and can be considered as constant. The coefficient a of the equation appeared similar to those obtained mathematically with the relationship previously described between MAFV and CI. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis that CI can be extrapolated to the measurement of MAFV appears valid as regards the relationships calculated between aortic size and BSA in children without left ventricular outflow tract abnormality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Managed care, primary care, and the patient-practitioner relationship.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines how specific attributes of managed health plans influence patients' relationships with their primary care practitioners (PCPs) and determines whether these effects are mediated by access to, continuity with, or perceived choice of PCPs. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS: The data source was the nationally representative 1996/97 Community Tracking Study Household Survey (cumulative response rate 65%). The study population (N = 19,415) was composed of 18- to 64-year-old adults whose most recent visit in the past 12 months was made to their primary care delivery site. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Patients' ratings of their interpersonal relationships with their PCPs as measured by a 7-item scale. RESULTS: Gatekeeping arrangements that require patients to select a primary care physician or obtain authorization for specialty referrals were associated with lower ratings of the patient-PCP relationship. Health plan use of a provider network had no effect on the patient-PCP scale score. Although there were no significant differences across any insurance payer categories, uninsured adults rated their relationships with PCPs as significantly poorer than did their insured counterparts. Shorter office waits, having a specific clinician at the primary care site, better perceived choice of PCPs, and a longer duration of relationship with the primary care practitioner were associated with higher ratings of the patient-PCP relationship. Perceived choice of primary care practitioners, but not access to or continuity with PCPs, attenuated some of the negative effects of gatekeeping arrangements on patients' relationships with their primary care practitioners. CONCLUSIONS: Managed health plans that loosen restrictions on provider choice, relax gatekeeping arrangements, or promote access to and continuity with PCPs, are likely to experience higher patient satisfaction with their primary care practitioner relationships. Lack of health insurance impedes the development of patients' relationships with their primary care practitioners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Determination of preload-recruitable stroke work and elastance by the relationship of arterial blood flow velocity to left ventricular area.

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated the feasibility of an online sampling and display of LV flow-area loops for the determination of LV elastance and preload-recruitable stroke work (PRSW). Automated LV area measurements by echocardiography may be combined with flow velocity measurements in the internal carotid artery to construct LV flow-area loops as estimates of the systolic pressure-volume relationship. SETTING: University hospital. DESIGN: Open chest model. PARTICIPANTS: Eight anesthetized minipigs. INTERVENTIONS: Inferior vena cava occlusion was performed to simultaneously obtain parameters of the LV flow-area relationship and the LV pressure-area relationship. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Parameters were obtained at baseline and during sequential administration of dobutamine (5 microg/kg/min) and halothane (0.8 vol%). Linear regression analysis and analysis of variance were performed to investigate an underlying linear relationship between the corresponding variables. Highly linear elastance and PRSW curves were derived from the flow-area and pressure-area loops (n = 24, R >/= 0.85). Changes of the curve slopes indicated inotropic changes as well as model independent dP/dt(max). Elastance from the pressure-area relationship was expressed by elastance from the flow-area relationship by the term y = 0.52 + 0.04. x (R(2) = 0.84; p < 0.0001). Linear regression of PRSW as derived from the flow-area relationship with PRSW as derived from the pressure-area relationship was expressed by y = 0.43 + 0.02. x (R(2) = 0.77; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Indices of the LV pressure-area relationship can be derived from real-time loops constructed from arterial flow velocity and LV area.

Anesthetics, Inhalation↗
PubMed2004

The effects of stigmatizing discourse on the quality of on-line relationships.

Previous research has demonstrated that a societal stigma exists against individuals involved in on-line relationships. This study was designed to examine the impact that stigmatizing discourse from off-line family and friends has on the overall quality of such relationships. Participants in this study consisted of 159 on-line relationship partners who completed a web-based survey. The survey asked participants to recall messages that they had received about their online relationship from their off-line family and friends, and to fill out a questionnaire addressing their level of stigma consciousness and their perceptions of the quality of their on-line relationship. Trained coders then rated the messages from family and friends for levels of disapproval, severity, and explicitness. Results demonstrated that more severe, disapproving, and explicit messages from off-line family and friends correlated with higher levels of stigma consciousness on the part of the on-line relationship participant. Additionally, relationship participants who experienced more stigma consciousness were less satisfied with the overall quality of their on-line relationships. The theoretical and methodological implications of these results for on-line relationship are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Knowledge discovery by automated identification and ranking of implicit relationships.

MOTIVATION: New relationships are often implicit from existing information, but the amount and growth of published literature limits the scope of analysis an individual can accomplish. Our goal was to develop and test a computational method to identify relationships within scientific reports, such that large sets of relationships between unrelated items could be sought out and statistically ranked for their potential relevance as a set. RESULTS: We first construct a network of tentative relationships between 'objects' of biomedical research interest (e.g. genes, diseases, phenotypes, chemicals) by identifying their co-occurrences within all electronically available MEDLINE records. Relationships shared by two unrelated objects are then ranked against a random network model to estimate the statistical significance of any given grouping. When compared against known relationships, we find that this ranking correlates with both the probability and frequency of object co-occurrence, demonstrating the method is well suited to discover novel relationships based upon existing shared relationships. To test this, we identified compounds whose shared relationships predicted they might affect the development and/or progression of cardiac hypertrophy. When laboratory tests were performed in a rodent model, chlorpromazine was found to reduce the progression of cardiac hypertrophy.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1998

Brain-behaviour relationships. Some models and related statistical procedures for the study of brain-damaged patients.

The study of brain-damaged patients provides the opportunity to examine the anatomy of brain functions, and has been renewed by the development of structural neuroimaging. Despite the development of neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment, major uncertainties persist on the exact delimitation of the brain areas involved in specific processes, and these contribute to the enduring controversies over the effective lesions associated with neuropsychological disorders. These uncertainties are mainly due to the methods used in the study of brain-behaviour relationships, which frequently rely on a group comparison design. The aim of this study was to provide models for the study of brain-behaviour relationships and to assess the reliability of related statistical procedures. In the present work, four theoretical modes of brain-behaviour relationship consistent with neuropsychological data are put forward: unicity, equivalence, association and summation. The first experimental study was based on a simulated population of patients. Lesions associated with the occurrence of a deficit were predetermined according to modes of brain-behaviour relationship and were compared with lesions selected by statistical analysis. The study showed that (i) the group comparison design did not allow determination of the effective lesion, (ii) stepwise regression analysis was sensitive to the relative frequency of lesions, especially when the occurrence of a deficit depended on two lesions, but did not allow determination of the mode of brain-behaviour relationship, and (iii) the classification tree test described the data very satisfactorily and permitted the determination of the mode of brain-behaviour relationships. In order to assess the validity of statistical analyses, a second study was performed in which lesion locations associated with motor weakness in stroke patients were examined. Selected lesions were compared with the anatomy of the human motor system. The study mainly showed that (i) the stepwise regression analysis of selected lesions was not related to the presence of a motor deficit, and (ii) the classification tree test provided perfect agreement with motor weakness predicted by lesion locations and suggested an equivalence mode of brain-behaviour relationship consistent with current neurological knowledge. These studies provide models of brain-behaviour relationships and related statistical procedures that may allow more precise documentation of the anatomy of brain functions and its pathology, and further investigation of the modalities of brain-behaviour relationships.

Behavior↗
PubMed1990

Relationship of mood disorders to violence.

Past research on the relationship between mood disorders and violent behavior has been inconsistent, sometimes finding a relationship between the two and sometimes finding no relationship. Any relationship is arguably complex, and this area of research would benefit from attempts to clarify the relationship. This paper addresses the issue of complexity by examining the relationship between specific mood disorder categories and symptoms and six conceptually different indicators of violent behavior. Relationships are analyzed in logistic regression models where demographic and problem drinking variables are included to control variation that may be accounted for by these factors. The study uses a sample of 1140 recently incarcerated male felons. Psychiatric disorder diagnoses are based on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. There is evidence of a direct relationship between a lifetime diagnosis of dysthymia and an arrest or incarceration history for robbery as well as with multiple incidents of fighting since age 18. Recurrent depression was significantly associated with a robbery incarceration history. Depression symptoms (regardless of whether a disorder diagnosis was made) were associated with multiple incidents of fighting since age 18. Manic symptoms were inconsistently associated with "expressive" violence and a number of mood disorder/violence models showed no significant relationship between the two.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The association of patient relationship style and outcomes in collaborative care treatment for depression in patients with diabetes.

PURPOSE: We sought to determine whether relationship style in patients with diabetes receiving depression treatment is associated with differential quality of care and depression outcomes. METHODS: From 9 health maintenance organization clinics, 324 primary care patients with diabetes and comorbid major depression and/or dysthymia participated in the Pathways randomized controlled trial of collaborative care for depression (n = 160) versus usual care (n = 164). The intervention provided outreach, enhanced support of antidepressant medication use, and problem-solving treatment delivered by nurse case managers. Using attachment theory principles, we categorized patients as having an independent (n = 190) or interactive (n = 134) relationship style. We assessed whether patient relationship style moderated treatment group differences in quality of care and depression outcomes. RESULTS: Among independent relationship style patients, the intervention resulted in significantly greater satisfaction with depression care in the first 6 months and 47 more depression-free days (P < 0.0003) based on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist at 12 months, compared with usual care. There were no significant treatment group differences in satisfaction with care or depression outcomes among patients with interactive relationship style. Among patients receiving the intervention, those with an independent relationship style received significantly more problem-solving treatment sessions as compared with patients with an interactive relationship style. CONCLUSION: Among depressed patients with diabetes, the Pathways collaborative care intervention improved quality of care for depression compared with usual care in both relationship style groups but was associated with significantly better depressive outcomes and greater satisfaction with care compared with usual care in patients with independent but not interactive relationship style.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Client-public health nurse relationships in child health care: a grounded theory study.

Client-public health nurse relationships are considered to be important in nursing literature. However, little research in nursing has touched this area. The purpose of this paper is to describe a study of the patterns of interaction in terms of relationships between clients (mother and child under 1 year of age) and public health nurses in child health care at Finnish health centres. The qualitative data were collected by observing client-public health nurse interactions during visits. In total, 1554 interactions were observed over 2 years from 20 visits to child health centres. The grounded theory method was used in this study. Various relationships were identified between child and mother, child and public health nurse and mother and public health nurse. The relationship between child and mother during the visit was called a tender, protective and persuasive relationship. The relationship between child and public health nurse was called a persuasive and entertainment relationship. The main relationship between mother and public health nurse was called relationship supporting self-confidence. Suggestions for nursing practice and further research are made.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Children's perspectives on their relationships with their nonresident fathers: influences, outcomes and implications.

BACKGROUND: Children's relationships with their nonresident fathers, and associations between these relationships, children's relationships with mothers and stepfathers, and the children's adjustment were studied in 162 children from single-parent and stepfamilies, selected from a representative community sample in the UK, studied at 2 time points two years apart. METHOD: Children were interviewed about their relationships with their nonresident fathers, mothers and stepfathers; mothers reported on children's adjustment, and other family variables. RESULTS: Positive child-nonresident father relationships were correlated with (a) contact between child and father, (b) the quality of the mother-child relationship, and (c) the frequency of contact between the mother and her former partner. Conflict between child and father was correlated with conflict between child and mother, and child and stepfather. Child-nonresident father contact and relationships were stable over 2 years, and related to children's adjustment; these associations were stronger for children from single-parent families than for those with stepfathers, and for those whose mothers had been first pregnant as teenagers. CONCLUSIONS: Associations between the quality of children's relationships with nonresident fathers and their adjustment need to be considered within the framework of the larger family system; child-father relationships are particularly important for children from 'high risk' families.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Organizational dimensions of relationship-centered care. Theory, evidence, and practice.

Four domains of relationship have been highlighted as the cornerstones of relationship-centered health care. Of these, clinician-patient relationships have been most thoroughly studied, with a rich empirical literature illuminating significant linkages between clinician-patient relationship quality and a wide range of outcomes. This paper explores the realm of clinician-colleague relationships, which we define to include the full array of relationships among clinicians, staff, and administrators in health care organizations. Building on a stream of relevant theories and empirical literature that have emerged over the past decade, we synthesize available evidence on the role of organizational culture and relationships in shaping outcomes, and posit a model of relationship-centered organizations. We conclude that turning attention to relationship-centered theory and practice in health care holds promise for advancing care to a new level, with breakthroughs in quality of care, quality of life for those who provide it, and organizational performance.

Health Facility Administration↗
PubMed1997

Relationship between neurological 'soft signs' and syndromes of schizophrenia.

Past research on the importance of 'soft' neurological signs in schizophrenia has often not examined the relationship between specific groups of neurological signs and different dimensions of schizophrenia psychopathology. Gender differences in the reported relationships have never been explored. In this paper we describe a study of 100 DSM-III-R (65 male and 35 female) schizophrenic patients who were rated for neurological 'soft signs' with the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) (1), and for schizophrenic symptomatology with the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Following a factor analysis of NES items, differential relationships were examined between the five derived NES factors and three well-established dimensions of schizophrenic symptomatology, namely psychomotor poverty, disorganization and reality distortion. Our results failed to show any relationship between NES dimensions and either the reality distortion or disorganization dimensions. There was a modest but differentially significant relationship between psychomotor poverty and an extrapyramidal factor on the NES. This relationship was shown only by male subjects, and was influenced by duration of illness but not by age or neuroleptic medication. On the other hand, female subjects showed a significant relationship between psychomotor poverty and an NES factor reflecting attention and initiative, and between reality distortion and coordination/sequencing of motor activity. These relationships in female subjects were, relative to relationships for male subjects, more independent of the effect of medication and duration of illness.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

How can we best characterize the relationship between erectile dysfunction and benign prostatic hyperplasia?

INTRODUCTION: Considerable epidemiological literature exists, showing a relationship between voiding dysfunction and sexual dysfunction. However, few basic science or prospective data are available to determine the nature of the relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)/lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and sexual dysfunction. METHODS AND DISCUSSION: A critical evaluation of the nature of the relationship between LUTS and erectile dysfunction (ED) must include a look at the nature of the data establishing the relationship, precise definitions of the disease states being evaluated, and adherence to established normative relationships. Criteria for causality will be utilized to best determine the relationship between LUTS and ED. This article will attempt to take a critical and provocative look at where we are presently in establishing a relationship between voiding dysfunction and sexual dysfunction in order to better direct research efforts through evidence-based studies. CONCLUSION: At present, the epidemiological data do not support a causal relationship based on Hill's criteria for causality between LUTS and ED but suggest a less rigorous association. Additional research is needed to better characterize this relationship.

Causality↗
PubMed1999

The human-horse relationship: how much do we know?

Human relationships or interactions with horses have varied throughout history depending on human needs, but it is horses' ability to carry a human individual that has had perhaps the greatest impact on their relationship with man. Despite our long association with the horse, there have been few studies on human-horse relationships. There is little historical evidence on individual relationships with horses but indications of strong human-horse relationships have been noted in mounted societies, such as North American Plains Indians. Riding a horse has traditionally been associated with power, and was reserved for the ruling elite in many areas. Demographic data suggest that human relationships with horses may have changed in recent times. Although the lack of land and the relatively high cost of horse care may reduce the possibility of ownership for many people, the availability of riding establishments and increases in leisure time mean that riding is no longer restricted to the upper classes. There is a wide range in type and intensity of potential interactions with horses, indicating that human-horse relationships are likely to vary considerably. Some people appear to sacrifice a great deal in order to own a horse. However, the motivation behind these activities and the process by which an individual assesses personal costs of ownership versus their perceived benefits remains to be studied. Future research should focus on characterising the human-horse relationship, and the degree of individual and cultural variation. A greater understanding of horse owner perceptions of 'costs' versus 'benefits' may also increase our understanding of the relationship and the economic importance of horses in society.

Animal Husbandry↗