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PubMedDate not supplied

Dredged Illinois River sediments: plant growth and metal uptake.

Sedimentation of the Illinois River in central Illinois has greatly diminished the utility and ecological value of the Peoria Lakes reach of the river. Consequently, a large dredging project has been proposed to improve its wildlife habitat and recreation potential, but disposal of the dredged sediment presents a challenge. Land placement is an attractive option. Previous work in Illinois has demonstrated that sediments are potentially capable of supporting agronomic crops due to their high natural fertility and water holding capacity. However, Illinois River sediments have elevated levels of heavy metals, which may be important if they are used as garden or agricultural soil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine if these sediments could serve as a plant growth medium. A secondary objective was to determine if plants grown on sediments accumulated significant heavy metal concentrations. Our results indicated that lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L.), and snap bean (Phaseolus vulagaris L. var. humillis) grown in sediment and a reference topsoil did not show significant or consistent differences in germination or yields. In addition, there was not a consistent statistically significant difference in metal content among tomatoes grown in sediments, topsoil, or grown locally in gardens. In the other plants grown on sediments, while Cd and Cu in all cases and As in lettuce and snap bean were elevated, levels were below those considered excessive. Results indicate that properly managed, these relatively uncontaminated calcareous sediments can make productive soils and that metal uptake of plants grown in these sediments is generally not a concern.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Origin of insulin receptor-like tyrosine kinases in marine sponges.

One autapomorphic character restricted to all Metazoa including Porifera [sponges] is the existence of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). In this study we screened for molecules from one subfamily within the superfamily of the insulin receptors. The subfamily includes the insulin receptors (InsR), the insulin-like growth factor I receptors, and the InsR-related receptors--all found in vertebrates--as well as the InsR-homolog from Drosophila melanogaster. cDNAs encoding putative InsRs were isolated from the hexactinellid sponge Aphrocallistes vastus, the demosponge Suberites domuncula, and the calcareous sponge Sycon raphanus. Phylogenetic analyses of the catalytic domains of the putative RTKs showed that the sponge polypeptides must be grouped with the InsRs. The relationships revealed that all sponge sequences fall into one branch of this group, whereas related sequences from mammals (human, mouse, and rat), insects and molluscs, and polypeptides from one cephalochordate, fall together into a second branch. We have concluded that (i) the InsR-like molecules evolved in sponges prior to the "Cambrian Explosion" and contributed to the rapid appearance of the higher metazoan phyla; (ii) the sponges constitute a monophyletic taxon, and (iii) epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains are present in sponges, which allows the insertion of this domain into potential receptor and matrix molecules.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Natural plant toxicants in milk: a review.

Elimination of plant toxicants via milk by lactating animals is considered a minor route of excretion; however, it may be important when the health of the neonate or food safety in humans is considered. Among plant toxicants excreted in milk is tremetol or tremetone, the toxin in white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum) and rayless goldenrod (Haplopappus heterophyllus). These plants have been responsible for intoxication of cows and their suckling calves and for many human poisonings. Other plant toxins excreted through the milk that pose a toxicity hazard include pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Senecio, Crotalaria, Heliotropium, Echium, Amsinckia, Symphytum (comfrey), Cynoglossum (hounds tongue) and Festuca (tall fescue); piperidine alkaloids in Conium, tobacco and others; quinolizidine alkaloids in Lupinus; sesquiterpene lactones of bitterweed and rubber weed; and glucosinolates in Amoracia (horseradish), Brassica (cabbage, broccoli, etc.), Limnanthes (meadowfoam), Nasturtium (watercress), Raphanus (radish) and Thlaspi (stinkweed). Many plants such as Astragalus, Oonopsis, Stanleya, Xylorrhiza, Aster, Atriplex, Sideranthus and Machaeranthera accumulate selenium and may cause intoxication when grazed. Selenium is found in the milk at concentrations relative to the amounts ingested by the lactating animal. Excretion of selenium via the milk is important in the deficiency state, but when in excess it may cause toxicity to offspring.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Incidence of parasites found on vegetables collected from markets and vegetable gardens in Taegu area.

A parasitic survey on vegetables collected from markets and vegetable gardens in Taegu area was conducted for the discovery of human parasitic eggs and larvae. Three species of vegetable, lettuce (Lactuca sativa), young radish(Raphanus sapivus) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) were selected. All vegetable leaves were washed with a hard brush, and then species of parasites and the approximate mean number of parasitic eggs per 200 grams of vegetable leaves were investigated. When vegetables collected from markets were examined, 5 species of parasite eggs (ascarid, trichurid, Trichostrongylus, Clonorchis and hookworms) and 2 larvae (filariform and rhabditoid ) were found. Furthermore, a number of eggs and larvae of undetermined species were also observed. Of the parasites studied, ascarid egg was found to be highest (49.0%), followed Trichostrongylus egg(18.0%) as well as filariform larva of hookworms (19.7%), and the least often observed was rhabditoid larva of hookworms(0.7%). The recovery rate of parasites among lettuce, young radish and Chinese cabbage collected from markets ranged from 23.2 to 91.9 percent and was similar to that from vegetable gardens, where Chinese cabbage showed the highest (91.1%) and lettuce being next(49.0%) in positivity of ascarid eggs. In the case of filariform larva, the rate of Chinese cabbage was twice as high as that of lettuce and young radish. There was a significant reduction in the rate of filariform larva, suggesting that a single washing of vegetables at the vegetable washing stand would reduce the number of parasites attached to vegetable leaves, when young radish washed at the stand was compared with that unwashed. In the monthly rate of parasites recovered from young radish, there was significant fluctuations between the eggs and filariform larva of hookworms. The mean number of ascarid egg per 200 grams of vegetable was 7.5 in young radishes, 3.1 in lettuces, and 0.5 in Chinese cabbages, in decreasing order. It is noteworthy that young radish contained more than 10 times more than Chinese cabbage. These results would seem to indicate that one of the important routes of infection is due to consumption of pickled young radishes in summer than pickled Chinese cabbages in winter.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

[Change In Incidence Of Parasite Eggs And Larvae From Vegetable In The Markets Of Taegu]

A survey on vegetables, which consisted of lettuce (Lactuca sativa), young radish (Raphanus sapivus), and chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) collected from 6 markets in the Taegu city, was conducted for the discovery of helminth eggs and larvae, from July 1982 to June 1983. The results were compared with the data obtained from vegetables collected at the same markets by Lee (1969) and Choi and Lee (1972). Both sides of vegetable leaves were washed carefully with a hard brush, and the species of parasites and the mean number of parasites per 200 g of vegetable were determined. When vegetable were examined, 4 species of parasite eggs (ascarid, Trichostrongylus, liver fluke, and hookworms) and 2 larvae (filariform and rhabditoid larvae) were found. Of the parasite discovered, ascarid egg was found to be highest (4.2 %), followed by hookworm egg (3.6 %). The mean number of ascarid egg per 200 grams of vegetable was 0.6 in young radishes, and 0.3 in both lettuces and chinese cabbages. Similarly, the number of filariform larva of hookworm was 0.4 in young radishes, 0.3 in lettuces, and 0.l in chinese cabbages, and the number of rhabditoid larva was 0.2 in young radishes, 0.1 in lettuces, and 0.05 in chinese cabbages. In the results obtained by Lee (1969) and Choi and Lee (1972), the mean number of ascarid egg per 200 grams of vegetable was 7.5 in young radishes, 3.l in lettuces, and 0.5 in chinese cabbages. By contrast, in the present study it was 0.6 in young radishes and 0.3 in both lettuces and chinese cabbages. These results suggest that there has been significant reduction in the incidence of parasite egg and larva on vegetable leaves during the past 10 years.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

[Cloning and Evolutionary Analysis of Homologous Sequences of CYP86MF Gene in Cruciferae.].

In order to direct the construction of plant germplasms by elucidating the relatives among plants at the level of gene, CYP86MF gene analogues from 11 species of 6 genera in Cuciferae were respectively obtained by PCR strategy using gene specific primers designed from conserved regions of CYP86MF gene reported. Sequence comparisonindicated that the similarities among the genes at nucleotide level were over 80%, and the similarities at amino acid level remained above 70%. The differences between the genes at nucleotide and amino acid level between species were 1.0% ~ 5.7% and 2.6% ~ 7.3% respectively, while those between genera 5.6% ~ 22.5% and 7.3% ~ 31.2%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Brassica was closely related to Raphanus, followed by Rorippa Scop, Arabidopsis Heynh, Capsella Medic orderly, most distantly related to Orychophrogmus. It was concluded that CYP86MF gene was not applicable to specie and subspecie taxon but genus taxon because the differences of sequences in nucleotides and amino acids were lower between species than genera.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

[Allelopathic effects of cultured Cucurbita moschata root exudates].

By using the techniques of tissue culture, bio-assay and laboratory analysis, this paper studied the effects of the allelopathic chemicals from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) roots on the seed germination and seedling growth of pumpkin, wheat (Triticum aestivum), and radish (Raphanus sativus). The pumpkin root was cultured on a sterile B5 media, and the concentrations of macro- and microelements, organic supplements and hormones in the media were adjusted by using an orthogonal design. After culturing, the culture media was filtered and used in a bioassay to test the autotoxicity and allelopathic effects. The results showed that the pumpkin had both autotoxic and allelopathic effects, and the media having been used to culture the pumpkin roots contained the chemicals that significantly inhibited the seedling growth of wheat and radish. The allelopathic effect decreased when the culture media was diluted. The production of allelochemicals seemed to be related to the growth rate of the pumpkin roots. When the root growth was rapid, the concentration of allelochemicals was high. The allelopathic effect was stronger on radish than on wheat. The optimum concentrations of macro- and microelements, vitamins and hormones for culturing pumpkin root were determined, and the effect of pumpkin root nutrition on the production of allelochemicals was tested. The results indicated that pumpkin root nutrition had a significant effect on the production of allelochemicals.

Cucurbita↗
PubMed2005

[Ecological toxicity of aluminum-based coagulant on representative corps in neutral environment].

By the terrestrial ecotoxicological methods of seed germination and root elongation, and with aluminum-based coagulant AlCl3 which was widely used in wastewater- and water treatment as an example, this work studied the toxicological effects of aluminum-based coagulants on representative crops, including radish Raphanus sativus, cabbage Brassica chinensis and wheat Triticum aestivum, over a range of exposure concentrations under the neutral condition (pH= 7.0), with contrast to an acid condition (pH= 4.00). The results indicated that there was a significantly positive correlation between the concentration of AlCl3 and the inhibitory rate of root elongation and seed germination either under pH 7.0 or 4.0 (P < 0.01). Cabbage and wheat was more susceptive to AlCl3 toxicity under acid than under neutral condition, while radish was in adverse. The minimum inhibitory concentration of AlCl3 (< 2.0 mg x L(-1)) was lower under neutral than under acid condition.

Aluminum Chloride↗
PubMed2006

[Feeding preference of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larva to its hosts].

The feeding experiment with different sorts of Brassica vegetable crops showed that Plutella xylostella larva preferred the seedlings of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and caixin (Brassica campestris L.) to those of rape (Brassica napus L.) and cabbage (Brassica olereacea L.), with a selection proportion of 93.33% and 6.67% between Chinese cabbage and rape, and of 16.67% and 83.33% between cabbage and caixin. On the whole, the feeding preference of P. xylostella larva was less related to the contents of soluble glucide and starch in the vegetables, but had a definite negative correlation to the content ratio of these compounds. The P. xylostella larva fed with Chinese cabbage and caixin grew better than that fed with rape and cabbage, and the feeding amount and body weight of per larva were 0.583 - 0.637 cm2 and 2.07 - 2.18 mg, respectively. The larva preferred damaged vegetable seedlings, too.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

[Potential allelopathic effects of Piper nigrum, Mangifera indica and Clausena lansium].

With Piper nigrum, Mangifera indica and Clausena lansium as the donators, this paper studied their potential allelopathic effects on the germination and growth of Zea mays, Glycine max, Cucurbita moschata, Arachis hypogaea, Raphanus sativus, Echinochloa crusgalli, Digitaria sanguinalis and Stylosanthes guianensis. The results showed that the aqueous extracts of these donators could inhibit the germination and growth of Z. mays, G. max, C. moschata, E. crus-galli and D. sanguinalis at high concentration, but stimulate them at low concentration. In rhizosphere soil of P. nigrum and M. indica, the germination and growth of Z. mays L was stimulated, while A. hypogaea was inhibited. The aqueous extracts of the donators were extracted by ethyl acetate and n-butanol, respectively, and the inhibitory activity of both aqueous and n-butanol fractions from P. nigrum and M. indica on Z. mays, R. sativus and S. guianensis was stronger than that of ethyl acetate fraction, indicating that P. nigrum and M. indica contained the allelochemicals with high polarity.

Clausena↗
PubMed1978

Isolation of monomeric cytochrome f from Japanese radish and a mechanism of autoreduction.

Monomeric cytochrome f from Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L. var acanthiformis Makino) leaves was isolated in a homogeneous state with an A420.5/A277 of 7.6. Radish cytochrome f is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 33,000. The midpoint potential is 350 mV. The amino acid analysis indicates the existence of 3 residues of half-cystine. Radish cytochrome f contains one thiol group which reacts with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) only after denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Ferricytochrome f is reduced by the superoxide radical at the rate of 6 X 10(6) M-1 s-1 at pH 7.8. Radish ferricytochrome f is also reduced slowly without an exogenous electron donor. A kinetic study and the effect of the thiol reagent indicate that the autoreduction is an intramolecular reaction and that the thiol group is an electron donor.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1978

[Stimulatory action of Brassica oleracea var. sabauda (Savoy) on mycobacteria and mycobacterial infection (author's transl)].

Eleven vegetable species were investigated for the presence of growth-stimulating activity on mycobacteria. It was found that savoy juice (Brassica oleracea var. sabauda), given orally, posessed a pronounced stimulating effect on M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. kansasii, M. avium and M. intracellulare serotype Davis in the serum of experimental animals when tested in auxanograms (Table 1). Another 2 species, paprica (Capsicum frutescens) and radish (Raphanus sativus var. albus) showed only insignificant stimulating activity. Oral application of savoy juice in addition to ordinary diet had an aggravating effect on guinea pigs infected peritoneally with M. kansasii. Tuberculosis of the spleen was found only in the groups treated with savoy juice (in 28.57% after administration of 1 mg and 47.36% after that of 10 mg of mycobacteria). The counts for animals with tuberculous lesions of the lung and liver were significantly higher in the groups treated with savoy juice (Table 2, Fig. 1) as compared with those for infected, but untreated guinea pigs. The possible influence of stimulating substances in vegetables on mycobacterial infection, especially during malnutrition, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Seasonality of parasites and intestinal bacteria in vegetables that are consumed raw in Costa Rica].

In Costa Rica, a total of 640 samples from eight different vegetables used for raw consumption, were analyzed for the presence of intestinal parasites and fecal coliforms. Eighty samples of each vegetable were analyzed, forty during the dry season and forty in the rainy. A greater, but unsignificant (p > 0.05) level of fecal coliforms was found during the dry season. Levels of Escherichia coli, were higher (p < 0.05) during the dry season in lettuce (Latuca sativa) and cilantro (Coleandrum sativum) leaves. Cysts of Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium sp. were found in all vegetables. The greater percentage of positive samples was found during the dry season, although these relation was only corroborated (p < 0.05) in radish (Raphanus sativus) and cilantro leaves. Only lettuce and cilantro levels showed a positive linear correlation (p < 0.05) between occurrences of intestinal parasites and fecal coliforms.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Expressed sequence tags of radish flower buds and characterization of a CONSTANS LIKE 1 gene.

Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis was conducted for young flower buds of radish plants. Among a total of 66 ESTs examined, 40 showed a significant similarity to previously identified genes. Twenty-eight ESTs were similar to proteins identified in other plants, 11 were similar to eukaryotic proteins other than plants, and one was similar to a prokaryotic protein. Four clones were selected for further studies. EST clone 81, which showed a homology to germin-like proteins was expressed more abundantly in leaves and roots as compared to flower buds. Clone 105 was highly homologous to the translation inhibitor protein and was expressed in all three organs, but the expression level was higher in flower buds and roots. Another EST clone, 133, which shared a significant similarity with the Ran-binding protein, hybridized to two different size transcripts that were detectable only in flower buds. Clone 39 was a homolog of CONSTANS, which is a gene involved in controlling the flowering time in Arabidopsis. The cDNA clone of EST clone 39 containing the entire open reading frame was obtained and designated as RsCOL1 (Raphanus sativus CONSTANS LIKE 1). It was 1049 bp long and contained an open reading frame of 307 amino acid residues (calculated molecular mass = 33.1 kDa). The RsCOL1 protein contained two putative zinc finger motifs in the amino terminal region which were 59% identical to the corresponding region of the Arabidopsis CO protein. The radish protein also contained a predicted nuclear localization domain in the carboxyl terminal region which was 87% identical to the corresponding region of CO. DNA blot analysis revealed that the radish genome contained several genes similar to RsCOL1. RNA blot analysis showed that RsCOL1 was strongly expressed in flower buds at the early bolting stage, and the expression level declined as the flower bud matured. The transcript was also detectable in leaves and roots. In mature flowers, the RsCOL1 transcript was present primarily in carpels.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Chemistry and antioxidative activity of hot water extract of Japanese radish (daikon).

The comparison of antioxidative activity between the hot water extract and ambient water extract of Japanese radish (daikon) was carried out. The activity of the hot water extract was higher than that of the ambient water extract. One of the antioxidants was isolated as L-tryptophan that should no change in its amount that was determined between the hot water extract and ambient water extract. Moreover, tryptophan changed to 5-hydroxy tryptophan in the rat liver microsome model. This phenomenon may show that tryptophan is changed to another antioxidant in the body.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗