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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Factors associated with failure of thoroughbred horses to train and race.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The low productivity associated with training and racing of young Thoroughbreds (TBs) in the UK due to athletic inability, injury and disease requires further study. OBJECTIVES: To identify the time points and causes of losses during growth and training phases of a cohort of 1022 TB foals born in 1999 up to the end of their third year. METHODS: Movement and fate of 1022 Thoroughbred foals conceived in 1998 and born live in 1999 were monitored from birth to age 3 years. Those (n = 562) that entered training age 2 and/or 3 years with one of 161 registered trainers in Britain or Ireland in 2001/2 were analysed as to their subsequent performance and the incidence of 9 common injuries or infective or metabolic illnesses. RESULTS: Of the 1022 foals identified, 537 (52%) entered training at age 2 years, 289 (28%) were exported, 60 (6%) were kept as 'stores' for National Hunt (NH) racing, 58 (6%) died or were destroyed, 25 (2%) were waiting to enter training at age 3 years, 17 (2%) were never intended for racing and 36 (4%) were untraceable. Race records showed that 327 (61%) of the 2-year-olds in training competed one or more times, 95 (18%) won and 165 (31%) were placed. Only 28 (5%) earned enough prize money to cover their training fees. Sore shins and inflammatory airway disease (IAD) were the 2 ailments most commonly encountered. In 2002, 431 (80%) of the previous year's 2-year-olds remained in training aged 3 years and 25 entered training having not raced previously. Of the 456 3-year-olds in training, 347 (76%) raced one or more times 138 (30%) won, 218 (48%) were placed and 78 (17%) recouped their training fees. Joint problems and sore shins were the ailments most commonly suffered and, with the exception of rhabdomyolysis ('tying up'), colts and geldings suffered a higher rate of muscloskeletal injuries than fillies. CONCLUSION: Previous reports of high nonrun and nonplaced rates, high incidence of injury and cost-ineffectiveness of 2-year-olds in flat-race training were confirmed. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: This study lays the basis for further studies of the facets involved in wastage.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2007

Impact of race on the professional lives of physicians of African descent.

BACKGROUND: Increasing the racial and ethnic diversity of the physician workforce is a national priority. However, insight into the professional experiences of minority physicians is limited. This knowledge is fundamental to developing effective strategies to recruit, retain, and support a diverse physician workforce. OBJECTIVE: To characterize how physicians of African descent experience race in the workplace. DESIGN: Qualitative study based on in-person and in-depth racially concordant interviews using a standard discussion guide. SETTING: The 6 New England states in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: 25 practicing physicians of African descent representing a diverse range of primary practice settings, specialties, and ages. MEASUREMENTS: Professional experiences of physicians of African descent. RESULTS: 1) Awareness of race permeates the experience of physicians of African descent in the health care workplace; 2) race-related experiences shape interpersonal interactions and define the institutional climate; 3) responses to perceived racism at work vary along a spectrum from minimization to confrontation; 4) the health care workplace is often silent on issues of race; and 5) collective race-related experiences can result in "racial fatigue," with personal and professional consequences for physicians. LIMITATIONS: The study was restricted to New England and may not reflect the experiences of physicians in other geographic regions. The findings are meant to be hypothesis-generating and require additional follow-up studies. CONCLUSIONS: The issue of race remains a pervasive influence in the work lives of physicians of African descent. Without sufficient attention to the specific ways in which race shapes physicians' work experiences, health care organizations are unlikely to create environments that successfully foster and sustain a diverse physician workforce.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Variation of fetal humeral length in second-trimester fetuses according to race and ethnicity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of race and ethnicity on the expected humeral length based on biparietal diameter measured in second-trimester fetuses. METHODS: We searched our ultrasound, obstetric, and cytogenetic databases from 1995 through 2001 for all fetuses who underwent an anatomic survey between 15 and 22 weeks' gestation. Fetuses with Down syndrome were identified and removed for separate analysis. Linear regression curves were generated for humeral length by biparietal diameter according to race and ethnicity. Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean variation of observed from expected humeral length by biparietal diameter according to race and ethnicity. RESULTS: There were 11,278 humeral length-by-biparietal diameter pairs that were available for analysis in our population, including 4202 African American, 2269 Hispanic, 639 Asian, and 4168 white fetuses. Humeral length was highly correlated with biparietal diameter for each race (R2 = 0.8). There were no differences in mean variances according to race or ethnicity (P = .75). CONCLUSIONS: Race and ethnicity do not affect the mean regression line of expected humeral length by biparietal diameter among fetuses in the second trimester. Genetic sonographic norms, therefore, do not require race- or ethnic-specific formulas for humeral length.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Variation of fetal nasal bone length in second-trimester fetuses according to race and ethnicity.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of race and ethnicity on the expected nasal bone length (NBL) based on biparietal diameter (BPD) measured in second-trimester fetuses. METHODS: We searched our ultrasound, obstetric, and cytogenetic databases for all second-trimester fetuses with measured NBLs. Fetuses with Down syndrome were identified and excluded from the analysis. Linear regression curves were generated for NBL by BPD according to race and ethnicity. Categories used were African American, Hispanic, Asian, and white. Analysis of variance was used to compare mean variation of observed from expected NBL by BPD according to race and ethnicity. RESULTS: There were 717 fetuses with NBL-by-BPD pairs who were available for analysis in our population, including 139 African American, 58 Hispanic, 22 Asian, and 498 white fetuses. Nasal bone length was highly correlated with BPD for each race (P < .001). Mean variances of observed from expected NBL by BPD were statistically different according to race or ethnicity (P = .0092). CONCLUSIONS: Race and ethnicity significantly affect the mean regression line of expected NBL by BPD among fetuses in the second trimester. Genetic sonographic norms, therefore, appear to require race- and ethnicity-specific formulas for NBL.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2000

A new chromosome race of Calycadenia pauciflora (Asteraceae: Heliantheae-Madiinae) from Butte County, California.

We initiated a biosystematic study of a recently discovered population of Calycadenia pauciflora in order to evaluate its cytogenetic relationship to previously characterized chromosome races of that species. Cytogenetic analyses of six or more artificially produced individuals of each of the five possible interracial hybrid combinations indicated that the new race (designated Wurlitzer) is differentiated from the other races (Elegans, Healdsburg, Pauciflora, Ramulosa, and Tehama) by the equivalent of 2-4 reciprocal chromosome translocations and in one instance apparently a pericentric inversion. Mean pollen stainability in the hybrids ranged from 13 to 26%. The floral and vegetative features of the new race are very similar to those of races Pauciflora, Ramulosa, and Tehama of C. pauciflora. We ascribe the apparent lack of single-step cytogenetic events in the evolution of the races of C. pauciflora to one or more of the following: (1) (in some cases) the occurrence of saltational chromosome reorganization; (2) extinction of or failure to detect intermediate populations in C. pauciflora; and (3) an insufficient consideration of the possibility of the existence of intermediate races in the closely related species, C. fremontii. We conclude that the C. fremontii-C. pauciflora alliance is one of the most complex and potentially instructive examples of diploid chromosome evolution in plants.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physical capacity and race performance of handcycle users.

The purpose of this study was to determine physical capacity, gross efficiency (GE), and physical strain (PS) of 16 male handcycle users during a 10K race, and to relate these to race performance. All subjects used a handcycle system attached to their own wheelchair and were classified into a group with (A1/A2; N=10) and without (A3; N=6) upper-limb impairments. The PS was defined as the mean heart rate during the race, expressed relative to the heart rate reserve (%HRR). Race performance was defined as the mean race velocity (Vrace). Maximal power output (POmax), VO2peak, and GE (at 28 W) were determined in a graded treadmill exercise test. POmax (55+/-25 versus 129+/-26 W), VO2peak (1.11+/-0.4 versus 2.12+/-0.4 L x min(-1)) and Vrace (13.6+/-3 versus 19.9+/-3 km x hr(-1)) were different between A1/A2 and A3 (p<0.001), whereas PS (80+/-9 versus 88+/-9 %HRR; p=0.12) and GE (10.9+/-1.4 versus 9.7+/-0.9%; p=0.09) were not. POmax, VO2peak, and PS were associated (p<0.05) with Vrace (R=0.91, 0.90, and 0.66). Regression analysis showed that after VO2peak, GE added another 9 percent to the explanation of the variance of Vrace (R2=0.89). In conclusion, attainable handcycling POmax is markedly high and strongly related to race performance. The high PS during the race suggests that handcycling is well suited for aerobic training for most groups of wheelchair users.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The role of race in the clinical presentation.

What role, if any, should race play in clinical presentations? While race is widely used as a way of identifying patients, this practice has been challenged as conceptually flawed, potentially misleading, and possibly prejudicial to the patient. There are, however; important reasons for not excluding information about race. This article includes a set of guidelines for the inclusion of racial data in presentations: (1) Race is a social construct and, if used, should be recorded in the social history, not the opening sentence of the presentation. (2) Patients should self-identity their race or races. (3) Race should not be used as a proxy for genetic variation, social class, or other elements of the social history. (4) Clinicians should be mindful of the potential influence of racism in the clinical encounter.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trends in births to parents of two different races in the United States: 1971-1995.

PURPOSE: In 1997, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) introduced revised standards for classification of federal data on race. The new standards include the option to report more than one race. Reasons for the new standards include a change over time in childbearing patterns by race. OBJECTIVE: To better understand how the new standards could impact different racial groups, we examined trends in interracial births in the United States from 1971-1995. DESIGN: Birth certificate data were used to analyze over 36,000,000 US births from 1971-1995. Race of mother and race of father were divided into four categories (Black, White, American Indian, and Asian or Pacific-Islander), and four Asian or Pacific-Islander subcategories (Chinese, Japanese, Hawaiian, Filipino). The national percent of interracial births was calculated by race of parents for five-year intervals. RESULTS: The percent of interracial births in the United States more than tripled from the 1971-1975 period to the 1991-1995 period, but remained relatively small overall (3.9% in 1991-95). The percent of interracial births increased most dramatically among Black (from 0.8% to 4.0%) and White (0.8% to 2.6%) mothers, but these births were much more common among American Indian and Asian or Pacific-Islander (47% and 22% in 1991-1995, respectively) mothers. Nearly half (45%) of all interracial births occurred to White-Black parents, followed by White-Asian or Pacific-Islander parents (33%). CONCLUSION: Future statistical reporting of demographic and health characteristics by race of American Indian and Asian or Pacific-Islander populations could be impacted the most by the new OMB standards. For Whites and Blacks, the impact of multiracial reporting will be smaller, but is likely to increase.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Is doctor-patient race concordance associated with greater satisfaction with care?

We examined a national sample of African American, white, Hispanic, and Asian American respondents to test the hypothesis that doctor-patient race concordance is predictive of patient satisfaction. Our analysis examined racial/ethnic differences in patient satisfaction among patients in multiple combinations of doctor-patient race/ethnicity pairs. Additionally, we outline the determinants of doctor-patient race concordance. The analysis used the 1994 Commonwealth Fund Minority Health Survey to construct a series of multivariate models. We found that for respondents in each race/ethnic group, patients who had a choice in the selection of their physician were more likely to be race concordant. Whites were more likely to be race concordant with their physician compared to African American, Hispanic, and Asian American respondents. Among each race/ethnic group, respondents who were race concordant reported greater satisfaction with their physician compared with respondents who were not race concordant. These findings suggest support for the continuation of efforts to increase the number of minority physicians, while placing greater emphasis on improving the ability of physicians to interact with patients who are not of their own race.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Geographical race typing of the causative agent of tularemia using antibiotics].

Reaction of the strains of the tularemia causative agent to erythromycin (100 gamma/ml) or oleandomycin (400 gamma/ml) is one of the taxonomic tests. The study of 82 strains of the holarctic race and 63 strains of the Central Asiatic race according to this test showed that the strains of the holarctic race were divided with respect to these macrolides into sensitive (biotype I) and resistant (biotype II). The strains of the both races were isolated at the territory of the Kazakh SSR. Such a reaction of the strains of the holarctic race is a stable feature and is not connected with virulence, the isolation source and the biochemical properties of the strains. Division of the holarctic race into the biotypes (I and II) with respect to erythromycin and oleandomycin may be of definite significance in epidemiological and epizootological examination for tularemia with a purpose of determining the source of the infection, as well as in defining the borders of the infection focus area with circulation of this or that biotype of the holarctic race of the tularemia causative agent.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1994

Medical considerations and planning for short distance road races.

Short distance road races are popular in most communities, and athletic trainers are often asked to coordinate the medical coverage for such events. The medical support needed to successfully cover marathons, triathlons, and other endurance events has been well documented. However, little information has been presented regarding medical considerations for shorter distance races. Heat illness is often seen in short distance races, especially when the environmental conditions are extreme. Successful coverage of races of any length includes thorough planning and preparation, adequate supplies, and competent personnel. Medical coverage includes organizing the medical tent at the finish line, selecting appropriate protocols for treatment, and identifying a physician who will act as the race's medical director. It may also be necessary to provide medical coverage on the race course, at other areas, and at the finish line. The purpose of this paper is to inform the medical community, and athletic trainers in particular, of some of the details that should be considered when planning race coverage. The information detailed within may also be applied to other sports-related medical coverage provided by athletic trainers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Relationship between salivary IgA secretion and upper respiratory tract infection following a 160-km race.

AIM: The relationship between salivary IgA secretion rate and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was studied in 155 ultramarathoners (126 males, 29 females, mean age 46.5+/-0.7 y) who had qualified to run the 160-km 2003 Western States Endurance Run. METHODS: Subjects provided saliva samples during registration, held the morning before the race, and within 5-10 minutes postrace (mean race time, 26.2+/-0.3 h). Unstimulated saliva was collected by expectoration for 4 minutes into 15-mL plastic, sterilized vials. Runners finishing the race and providing pre- and postrace saliva samples (n=106) turned in a health log specifying URTI episodes and severity of symptoms for the 2-week period following the race. RESULTS: The total volume of saliva that the runners was able to expectorate during sample collection decreased 51% postrace compared to prerace values (P<0.001). Saliva protein concentration increased 20% (P<0.001) while the saliva protein IgA concentration decreased 10% (P<0.05). Salivary IgA secretion rate decreased 46% when comparing pre- to postrace values (P<0.001). Twenty-four percent of the runners finishing the race and providing salivary samples reported an URTI episode lasting 2 days or longer during the 2-week period following the race (mean number of days with symptoms was 5.4+/-0.6 days). The decrease in salivary IgA secretion rate (pre- to postrace) was 53% greater in the 25 runners reporting URTI (-355+/-45 microg/min) compared to the 81 runners not reporting URTI (-232+/-37 microg/min), (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, nearly 1 in 4 runners reported an URTI episode during the 2-week period following a 160-km race, and the decrease in salivary IgA secretion rate was significantly greater in these runners compared to those not reporting URTI.

Female↗
PubMed1988

Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. VII. Detection of acepromazine in equine urine and blood by ELISA and PCFIA.

We have developed and evaluated a one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test and a particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA) test for acepromazine as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for illegal medications in racing horses. These tests are rapid, sensitive and economical and development of the tests occurred in less than seven months. The ELISA test detects acepromazine with an I-50 of about 150 pg/ml. In vivo, it readily detects the presence of acepromazine or its metabolites in equine blood and urine from 8 to 72 hours or longer, respectively, after administration of sub-therapeutic doses. In vitro, the ELISA test cross-reacts with analogs of acepromazine, suggesting that it will also detect the use of other phenothiazine tranquilizers. The PCFIA test detects acepromazine with an I-50 of about 10 ng/ml. When applied to pre-race screening of serum samples as part of the pre-race testing program at a midwestern racetrack, the PCFIA test detected a number of cases of acepromazine abuse. Screening of stored post-race urine samples from associated horses by the ELISA test 'flagged' numerous samples for acepromazine, suggesting a pattern of acepromazine abuse. To date about twenty of these acepromazine flagged samples have been confirmed positive on mass spectrometry. As such the ELISA and PCFIA tests described in this communication are capable of substantially improving the quality of pre- and post-race testing programs for phenothiazine tranquilizers in racing horses.

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1988

Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. III. Detection of morphine in equine blood and urine by a one step ELISA assay.

A one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for morphine was evaluated as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for narcotic analgesics in racing horses. This ELISA test is very sensitive to morphine with an I-50 for morphine of about 400 pg/ml. The test is also rapid, and ten samples, a normal pre-race complement, can be analyzed in about thirty minutes. The test can be read with an inexpensive spectrophotometer, or even by eye. The test readily detects the presence of morphine or its metabolites in equine blood for up to six hours after administration of sub-therapeutic doses. The antibody also cross-reacts with hydromorphone, orymorphone, nalorphine, levorphanol, and codeine, and the test either can detect or is likely to detect these drugs in blood or urine shortly after their administration to horses. As such this test is capable of dramatically improving the speed and efficacy of both pre-race and post-race testing for morphine and its congeners in racing horses. On initial introduction into post-race urine screening this test flagged 18 of 166 samples positive for opiates, and 13 of these samples were confirmed positive for opiates by mass spectrometry.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Career profile of the Canadian Standardbred. III. Influence of temporary absence from racing and season.

The objective of the study was to examine the career profile of the average racehorse in order to establish normal values for performance. Records of race performance for a population of 762 horses randomly selected from the 1972 registrations of the Canadian Standardbred Horse Society were summarized and the pattern of racing by year and month from 1974 to 1983 inclusive recorded. Results were analyzed to determine the influence of sex, gait, age, and year of first race (starting year). The transformation log (1 + X) was used to achieve normality where necessary. Of the 762 horses, 507 raced, 56 (11.0%) of which took one or more complete seasons (years) off. No age predisposition was detected, and no significant difference in mean career performance between the group taking a season off and the remaining horses were found, with the exception of career length, which was longer for those temporarily absent from racing (p less than 0.001). No influence upon career pattern for horses off early in their career was observed but those off late showed indications of a subsequent fall in number of races per year and in times for the mile. Mean career duration was 25.66 to 28.38 months (95% confidence limits for the mean, n = 507). Absence from racing of at least one months duration was taken by 437 horses, mean percentage of career off 42.36 +/- 0.94% (mean +/- SEM), mean duration of periods off 4.43 to 4.71 months. Career duration in months and percentage off were only weakly related (r = -0.16).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Effect of gender, race, and parental education on immunogenicity and reported reactogenicity of acellular and whole-cell pertussis vaccines.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether gender, race (black or white), or level of parental education influenced serologic responses or reporting of clinical reactions after immunization with acellular (DTaP) or whole-cell (DTP) pertussis vaccine with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined. METHODS: Healthy infants were prospectively randomized to receive one of 13 DTaP, Lederle DTP, or another DTP. Parents recorded the occurrence of adverse reactions for 2 weeks after each inoculation. Sera obtained before the first immunization and 1 month after the third immunization were analyzed for antibody to pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae, and pertactin (PRN). Chinese hamster ovary cell pertussis toxin neutralization assays were performed, and levels of agglutinating antibodies determined. RESULTS: Prevaccination antibody levels did not differ by race, gender, or parental education. Postimmunization geometric mean titers (GMTs) were strongly and consistently associated with race. For both DTaP and DTP and for every included antigen, postimmunization GMTs were about twice as high for black as for white infants. Among DTaP recipients, these differences were significant for pertussis toxin, Chinese hamster ovary cell pertussis toxin neutralization assay, filamentous hemagglutinin, PRN, and agglutinins; among the much smaller sample of WCL recipients, the differences achieved or approached statistical significance for agglutinins, PRN, and fimbriae. These findings were confirmed by regression analyses that controlled for gender, parental education, study site, and preimmunization antibody level. Reported reactions were not correlated with parental education level and showed no material correlation with gender. Black infants were reported to have had more pain than white infants after receiving WCL and DTaP and were reported to be more fussy after receiving WCL. CONCLUSIONS: The consistently higher postimmunization GMTs among black infants seems to be a real finding for which we have no explanation; the infants did not significantly differ by race in vaccine assignment, preimmunization antibody levels, age at immunization, or interval from immunization to phlebotomy. These observations should be confirmed and further evaluated in future pertussis vaccine trials. Reported differences by race in pain and fussiness after receiving WCL might reflect chance, differences by race in the occurrence of reactions, or differences by race in the reporting of reactions.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1993

Design of a composite monocoque frame racing wheelchair.

Design of present-day racing wheelchairs developed out of necessity and common sense. The chairs first used in racing were everyday chairs; through years of trial and modification the racing chairs of today evolved. Very little advanced engineering has been applied to the design of racing chairs. The Finite Element Analysis model executed on a computer provided insight into structural problem areas in the design of unibody frame racing chairs. Slight modifications to the model can be used to investigate new shapes, loads, or materials without investing large amounts of time and money. Wind tunnel testing with scale models provided perspectives on different improvements to reduce drag. Shape improvements may play an important role in reducing the racer's time during competition. Shape may help to decrease drag for the user in either the upright or down position. Considering that the frontal area increases around 30% in the up position with current strut and chassis frames, monocoque shapes should excel. Finite element analysis and air drag analysis are important to the design of a composite racing wheelchair. Composite materials may promote more efficient and ergonomic racing wheelchairs.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Race and ethnicity in public health surveillance: criteria for the scientific use of social categories.

Public health surveillance is the cornerstone of public health practice. The uses of surveillance include the identification of patterns of health among population subgroups. The assessment of race and ethnicity in public health surveillance is fundamental to the reduction of preventable excesses in poor health among racial and ethnic populations. We review the use of race and ethnic variables in national public health surveillance systems in the United States. One barrier to the use of race and ethnicity in public health surveillance is the lack of scientific consensus on the nature of race and ethnicity and the measurement of these variables. Differences in terminology, data collection procedures, perceptions of group identity, and changing demographics of the U.S. population present particular challenges for surveillance. We propose criteria for any useful variables collected through surveillance. Application of these criteria to race and ethnicity suggests that race as assessed in surveillance is not primarily associated with biological characteristics, but it is more like ethnicity--a matter of self-perceived membership in population groups. Regular evaluation of surveillance systems will contribute to the usefulness of information on race and ethnicity in the improvement of the health of minority populations.

Data Collection↗