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PubMed1996

Interpersonal deficits and time spent in exercise or active recreation.

This study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that people with interpersonal deficits would spend less time in exercise or active recreation. Participants completed a questionnaire about the time spent per week in exercise or active recreation as well as in other activities such as reading and watching television. They also completed a questionnaire designed to measure both interpersonal and cognitive-perceptual deficits. Interpersonal deficits measured were social anxiety, constricted affect, and lack of close friends. Cognitive-perceptual deficits measured were perceptual aberration, magical ideation, and ideas of reference. Analysis showed that interpersonal deficits were related to reduced time spent in exercise or active recreation. Cognitive-perceptual deficits were not associated with time spent in exercise or active recreation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Psychosexual aspects of vulvar vestibulitis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the psychological, interpersonal and sexual correlates of vulvar vestibulitis via qualitative and quantitative analysis. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty-nine women diagnosed with vestibulitis were recruited from a vulvar/vaginal disease clinic to complete a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative questionnaire designed to assess general health concerns, mental health, sexual functioning and interpersonal relationships. RESULTS: The majority of participants reported drastic changes in sexuality associated with the onset of vestibulitis. Upon developing vestibulitis, 88% reported decreased interest in sexual activity, 87% indicated that they were less willing to participate in sexual activity, and 94% maintained that they were less able to participate in sexual activity. High levels of frustration and symptoms of depression also were frequently reported. CONCLUSION: Vulvar vestibulitis is associated with significant changes in sexuality, intimate relationships and psychological well-being. When treating women with vestibulitis, medical professionals should consider the psychological and sexual aspects of the disease in addition to physical concerns.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Family practice physicians' perceptions of the usefulness of drug therapy recommendations from clinical pharmacists.

Family practice physicians' perceptions of the usefulness and clinical outcome of drug therapy recommendations made by clinical pharmacists in a family medicine clinic were determined. For 15 weeks, pharmacists in the clinic recorded all consultations in which they made recommendations about the drug therapy of specific patients. At the time of each consultation, the pharmacists gave the physician a questionnaire designed to gauge the physician's opinion of the usefulness of the consultation. Physicians who implemented the recommendations were sent a second questionnaire and asked to indicate the extent to which the clinical pharmacist influenced their decision to implement the recommendation, the effect the recommendation had on the patient's clinical status, and the usefulness of the recommendation to the patient in ways unrelated to clinical status (such as greater patient acceptance, safety, or lower cost). Five clinical pharmacists provided 59 consultations to 33 physicians. The physicians rated 51 (88%) of the consultations as very useful, and they implemented 78 (98%) of the 80 recommended actions. Of the 56 physicians who attributed their decision to implement the recommendation to their consultation with the clinical pharmacist, 43 believed that the recommendations had improved the clinical status of the patient, and 38 believed that the recommendations were useful to patients in ways unrelated to clinical status. Physicians in a family medicine residency training program had positive perceptions of the usefulness of drug therapy recommendations made by clinical pharmacists. A majority of the physicians believed that the recommendations had a positive effect on patients' clinical status.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1994

Agreement between interview data and a self-administered questionnaire on dietary supplement use.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relative validity of an open-ended question on the consumption of dietary supplements in the preceding five-year period, incorporated in a self-administered questionnaire used in the NLCS, The Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer (120,852 men and women aged 55-69 years). DESIGN: Questionnaire data were compared with reference information from three personal interviews carried out within a period of 10 months. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: A randomly selected subgroup (59 men and 50 women) of the cohort living in 12 municipalities in the eastern and western regions of The Netherlands. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The overall sensitivity of the questionnaire concerning the use of any dietary supplement was 65.9%, the specificity was 98.5%; kappa as measure of agreement was estimated at 0.69. A high percentage recall was observed among women, users of at least three types of dietary supplements, long-term supplement users and those in the oldest age group. Recall of intake of specific supplements ranged from 77.8% for garlic preparations to 11.8% for 'other' supplements. Estimates of consumption of specific supplements (garlic and vitamin preparations) may provide enough precision to correctly classify individuals as users or non-users of those supplements.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

Dimensions of medical students' perceptions of instruction.

Factor analysis of medical student ratings of basic science instruction yielded three dimensions of student perception of instruction: faculty-student rapport, outside work, and aspects of student comprehension. While these factors are similar to those identified in other studies, they differ in respects probably reflecting differences between medical students and other students and differences in questionnaire design.

Education, Medical↗

PubMed2005

Influenza immunization of medical residents: knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.

BACKGROUND: There have been few studies of barriers to acceptance of influenza immunization among medical residents. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of residents at the Western Pennsylvania Hospital during the 2003-2004 influenza season. An anonymous questionnaire designed specifically for this study was used to collect demographic, health beliefs and attitudes, and medical knowledge data related to the influenza vaccine. RESULTS: 43 residents were surveyed from January to February 2004. 58% of the respondents reported receiving the vaccine. Immunization rates were significantly associated with postgraduate level, prior vaccination, media influence, whether they knew co-residents who were vaccinated, medical knowledge scores, and plan to be vaccinated next year. Immunization rates by age, sex, type of medical school, department, whether they had children younger than 16, whether they would recommend the vaccine to patients, and the respondents' health status did not differ significantly. Residents who had higher medical knowledge scores were significantly more likely to be immunized and recommend the vaccine to patients. CONCLUSIONS: Resident influenza immunization rate in this sample was higher than the national average for healthcare workers. The rate of immunization was associated with demographic, knowledge, and behavioral factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in women from 18 to 65 and its influence on their quality of life].

OBJECTIVE: To find the prevalence of urinary incontinence (IU) in women of working age and its impact on their quality of life (QL). DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Urban health district in Ourense. PARTICIPANTS: 1000 women between 18 and 65 were selected at random from a total of 8443. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The prevalence of UI was evaluated by means of a questionnaire designed for the study and sent by mail. In addition, the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire translated into Spanish was used. This was to assess QL in women with UI. RESULTS: The reply rate was 43.6%, with 20% prevalence of UI. Mean age of the women studied was 43.4 (95% CI, 42.1-44.6); and for those with UI, 50.3 (95% CI, 48.4-52.4). 56.8% of women with UI had not been to the doctor. Mean score of impact on QL (from 0 to 90) was 12.7 points. 87.7% of those affected scored less than 30 points; and 1.5% were above 60 points. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of UI was found in women of working age, with low rate of medical consultation, probably because for most women it only lightly affected their QL.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Data management of a case-control study with a large number of variables.

The description is presented of the system design and implementation experience obtained while providing the data management for a case-control study involving a large number of variables. Topics concerning questionnaire design, data collection, data coding, data entry, data edit, and data storage and retrieval are discussed. Designing and implementing the data-processing system for such a study provides diversified data management experience. This experience results in the investigation of existing and the development of new procedures and documents that can be applied to other studies in medical research. Emphasis is placed on the presentation of system details that can be tailored to specifications for a variety of studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Clinimetric evaluation of shoulder disability questionnaires: a systematic review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To identify all available shoulder disability questionnaires designed to measure physical functioning and to evaluate evidence for the clinimetric quality of these instruments. METHODS: Systematic literature searches were performed to identify self administered shoulder disability questionnaires. A checklist was developed to evaluate and compare the clinimetric quality of the instruments. RESULTS: Two reviewers identified and evaluated 16 questionnaires by our checklist. Most studies were found for the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scale (DASH), the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardised Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES). None of the questionnaires demonstrated satisfactory results for all properties. Most questionnaires claim to measure several domains (for example, pain, physical, emotional, and social functioning), yet dimensionality was studied in only three instruments. The internal consistency was calculated for seven questionnaires and only one received an adequate rating. Twelve questionnaires received positive ratings for construct validity, although depending on the population studied, four of these questionnaires received poor ratings too. Seven questionnaires were shown to have adequate test-retest reliability (ICC >0.70), but five questionnaires were tested inadequately. In most clinimetric studies only small sample sizes (n<43) were used. Nearly all publications lacked information on the interpretation of scores. CONCLUSION: The DASH, SPADI, and ASES have been studied most extensively, and yet even published validation studies of these instruments have limitations in study design, sample sizes, or evidence for dimensionality. Overall, the DASH received the best ratings for its clinimetric properties.

Disability Evaluation↗

PubMed1995

Is the General Health Questionnaire (12 item) a culturally biased measure of psychiatric disorder?

There have been suggestions that some self-administered questionnaires designed to assess psychiatric disorder tend to overestimate prevalence in samples from Latin America. This phenomenon may be obscured when the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is used, as it is recommended that researchers determine the threshold in each setting by comparing the GHQ with a standardised interview. Reports in the literature suggest that Latin American samples have a higher threshold for case definition using the GHQ than that found in British samples. The present study confirmed this finding when comparing the 12-item GHQ in a Chilean primary care sample with a sample of primary care attenders from the United Kingdom. The increase in GHQ scores in the Chilean sample persisted after adjustment for age, sex, marital status and the score on the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). The increase in scores seen in the Chilean sample was only found in that half of the GHQ that asks about negative aspects of mental health.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

An evaluation of study habits of third-year medical students in a surgical clerkship.

BACKGROUND: This study was developed to assess study habits of medical students in a third-year surgical clerkship and to determine the relationship of these study habits to performance outcomes. METHODS: A questionnaire designed to assess medical student study habits was administered at the end of five consecutive 10-week multidisciplinary surgical clerkships. The results of questionnaires from 81 students were analyzed in respect to results on the National Board of Medical Education (NBME) surgical subtest and the multiple stations clinical examination (MSCE) given at the end of each clerkship. RESULTS: Although only 18 of the total 81 students reported studying in formal but self-directed groups, students who reported studying in a group on average scored 4 points higher on the MSCE than those who did not study in a group (P = 0.001). However, no significant differences or correlations were discovered between any of the study habits and the individual results on the NBME. CONCLUSION: Students may benefit from collaborative studying when it comes to clinical experience as demonstrated by improved performance on the MSCE.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Informational needs of women with a recent diagnosis of breast cancer: development and initial testing of a tool.

This study developed and tested the Toronto Informational Needs Questionnaire-Breast Cancer (TINQ-BC), a questionnaire designed to identify the information which women with a recent diagnosis of breast cancer need to deal with their illness. The 73-item questionnaire had content validity based on findings in the literature and opinions of expert oncology nurses. It was administered to 114 women with a recent diagnosis of breast cancer during chemotherapy (n = 39), radiation therapy (n = 40) or surgery (n = 35). Item analysis determined that 51 items in five subscales should be retained in the questionnaire. The subscales, labelled Disease, Investigative Tests, Treatments, Physical, and Psychosocial had good internal consistency reliabilities with Cronbach's alphas of 0.81 to 0.93. Informational needs of women were high with mean scores over 200 in a possible range of 51-255. Informational needs were greatest in either the Disease or Treatments subscales. Marital status, level of education, and level of income were not related to level of informational need. Younger women had a greater need for information than older women (r = -0.35, P = 0.003). The results suggest that information is important to help women with breast cancer manage their illness. Nurses should give women an opportunity to ask questions and be prepared to give accurate information.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The effectiveness of a modified version of the Wilkinson questionnaire in screening for TIA and minor stroke in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND: Transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) and minor strokes are important to diagnose as there are effective secondary preventive interventions. Significant under-reporting by patients occurs, but general practitioners tend to over-diagnose the condition, contributing in part to long clinic waiting lists. An accurate screening test could address both these problems. METHODS: A modified version of a questionnaire designed to detect TIA was tested against the gold standard of specialist diagnosis in two vascular outpatient clinics in Leicester, UK. RESULTS: The questionnaire was sent by post with the clinic appointment and completed by 136 participants. In 99 cases the same questionnaire was administered by a clinic nurse. Overall levels of agreement (kappa, 95% CI) with specialist diagnosis of TIA, stroke or neither were 0.32 (0.15, 0.48) and 0.31 (0.12, 0.50) for postal and administered questionnaires, respectively. When the diagnoses of TIA and stroke were combined, agreement rose to 0.38 (0.23, 0.53) for postal and 0.38 (0.20, 0.57) for administered versions. For this outcome, the postal version had a sensitivity of 0.56 (0.43, 0.68) and specificity of 0.81 (0.71, 0.90). Equivalent figures for administered questionnaires were 0.61 (0.46, 0.76) and 0.76 (0.63, 0.87). CONCLUSION: The questionnaire has potential in prioritising outpatient referrals but is not sufficiently specific to be used for research or population screening.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Perceived quality of health care in macular disease: a survey of members of the Macular Disease Society.

AIM: To investigate the experiences of people with macular disease within the British healthcare system. METHOD: The Macular Disease Society Questionnaire, a self completion questionnaire designed to survey the experiences of people with macular disease, was sent to 2000 randomly selected members of the Macular Disease Society. The questionnaire incorporated items about people's experiences with health professionals and the information and support provided by them at the time of diagnosis and thereafter. RESULTS: Over 50% thought their consultant eye specialist was not interested in them as a person and 40% were dissatisfied with their diagnostic consultation. 185 people thought their general practitioner (GP) was well informed about macular disease but twice as many people thought their GP was not well informed. About an equal number of people thought their GP was supportive as those who thought their GP was not supportive. A total of 1247 people were told "nothing can be done to help with your macular disease." A number of negative emotional reactions were experienced by those people as a result, with 61% of them reporting feeling anxious or depressed. Of 282 people experiencing visual hallucinations after diagnosis with macular disease, only 20.9% were offered explanations for them. CONCLUSIONS: Many people with macular disease have unsatisfactory experiences of the healthcare system. Many of the reasons for dissatisfaction could be resolved by healthcare professionals if they were better informed about macular disease and had a better understanding of and empathy with patients' experiences.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Which pharmacists contribute to high-level pharmacotherapy audit meetings with general practitioners?

BACKGROUND: In the Netherlands, community pharmacists and general practitioners (GPs) collaborate in pharmacotherapy audit meetings (PTAMs) to optimize pharmacotherapy. OBJECTIVE: To identify associations between the quality level of PTAMs and characteristics of pharmacists. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional questionnaire design in a Dutch general practice and community pharmacy setting to estimate the contribution of pharmacists to the quality level of PTAMs. The questionnaire was sent to 123 community pharmacies working closely with 104 GP practices. The outcome variable was the quality level of PTAMs. The questionnaire provided information on 4 topics that were used as independent variables: characteristics of the PTAMs, provision of pharmacotherapy activities, characteristics of the pharmacists, and characteristics of the pharmacies. RESULTS: In total, 109 (88.6%) pharmacists completed the questionnaire, with 103 participating in 62 different PTAMs. Seventeen pharmacists participated in level 1 PTAMs (lowest level), 57 in level 2, 21 in level 3, and 8 in PTAMs at the highest level. The multinomial logistic regression identified only one significant association: pharmacists who participated in the highest quality level reported that they undertake initiatives in PTAMs (OR 2.98; 95% CI 1.07 to 8.26) more frequently compared with pharmacists participating on the lowest level. CONCLUSIONS: In light of existing evidence, the role of pharmacists in PTAMs seems to be important. Pharmacists should create a distinct profile of their expertise, allowing them to professionalize PTAMs by undertaking more initiatives. PTAMs offer pharmacists a great opportunity to become integral members of the prescribing process.

Community Pharmacy Services↗

PubMed1997

Blood lead levels in a continuity clinic population.

INTRODUCTION: Lead toxicity is well recognized as a significant cause of morbidity in children, especially those under the age of six years. While lead toxicity has not been recognized as a public health problem in Houston, it is possible that children in the area suffer from low-level lead effects on the central nervous system. OBJECTIVES: To detect asymptomatic cases of lead toxicity in one population of Houston children and to assess the effectiveness of the lead risk questionnaire. DESIGN: Venous blood samples for quantitative lead were analyzed utilizing the Anodic Stripping Voltameter. The Centers for Disease Control's lead risk assessment questionnaire was administered to each patient. SETTING: Baylor College of Medicine Continuity Clinic at Texas Children's Hospital. SUBJECTS: All patients, ages 9-72 months, seen for routine care between December 1992 and June 1994 were screened once. RESULTS: Blood lead levels were obtained on 801 children; all but 47 completed lead risk questionnaires. The mean age of the study group was 2.37 years (SD 1.84) and they were 54% male. They were 39% Hispanic, 39% Black, and 18% White. Eighty-eight percent reported an annual income of < $20,000. They lived in 127 separate zip codes. Twenty-five (3.1%) patients had elevated blood lead, 21 between 10-14 micrograms/dL and 4 between 15-19 micrograms/dL. No patients had blood lead levels of > or = 20 micrograms/dL. No statistically significant differences were found between patients with blood lead < 10 micrograms/dL and those with > or = 10 micrograms/dL when comparing for age, sex, ethnicity, income, and zip code. Only those children living in or regularly visiting a pre-1960 home with peeling or chipping paint were significantly more likely to have elevated blood lead (p = .045). CONCLUSION: Although the majority of children in our setting were poor and urban, the prevalence of blood lead > or = 10 micrograms/dL was 3.1%, well below the estimated 17% quoted by the Centers for Disease Control in recommending stringent screening guidelines. The lead risk assessment questionnaire failed to identify 32% of children with elevated blood lead levels. Since this questionnaire is critical to screening populations at low risk for lead toxicity, it is important to determine whether a revised questionnaire or a more careful elicitation of parental responses will improve identification of those children at risk.

Child↗

PubMed1999

Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after total hip or knee arthroplasty: a survey of Canadian orthopedic surgeons.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacologic and physical modalities used by orthopedic surgeons in Canada to prevent venous thromboembolism (deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) after total hip or knee arthroplasty. DESIGN: Mail survey sent to all members of the Canadian Orthopaedic Association. SETTING: A nation-wide study. METHODS: A total of 828 questionnaires, designed to identify the type and frequency of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism that were used after hip and knee arthroplasty were mailed to orthopedic surgeons. OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic data and the frequency and type of thromboprophylaxis. RESULTS: Of the 828 surveys mailed 445 (54%) were returned, and 397 were included in this analysis. Of the respondents, 97% used prophylaxis routinely for patients who undergo total hip or knee arthroplasty. Three of the 397 (0.8%) did not use any method ofprophylaxis. Warfarin was the most common agent used (46%), followed by low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) (36%). Combination therapy with both mechanical and pharmacologic methods were used in 39% of patients. Objective screening tests were not frequently performed before discharge. Extended prophylaxis beyond the duration of hospitalization was used by 36% of physicians. CONCLUSION: Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism with warfarin or LMWH has become standard care after total hip or knee arthroplasty in Canada.

Anticoagulants↗

PubMed1987

Screening for psychosocial problems among primary care patients: a pilot study.

The symptoms that a patient presents to the doctor are often not the underlying concern that prompted the consultation. The success of consultations involving a hidden diagnosis depends on how well the patient can express his or her concerns to the doctor and on how skilfully the doctor can encourage this. This study tested the feasibility and acceptability of having patients complete a brief health index questionnaire designed to help them describe their underlying concerns to the doctor. In two family medicine centres 996 patients were asked to complete a questionnaire while waiting to see the doctor; 724 (73%) did so. An evaluation of their responses showed the method to be acceptable to most. The doctors judged that it added valuable information in 41% of all consultations and in 73% of consultations in which the patient presented with psychologic complaints. There was, nevertheless, considerable variation among the physicians in their acceptance of the approach. This variability is discussed in the light of alternative models of how, in practical terms, to treat the psychosocial dimensions of a patient's complaint.

Adult↗