[Damage to psychoanalysis in Anglo-Saxon emigration and its return to Europe].
Parin outlines the development of psychoanalysis since the 1930s; the history of its achievements is at the same time the history of its decline.
Europe↗
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Psychoanalysis: the common ground.
This paper carries further the theme I developed in my presidential address in Montreal, 'One psychoanalysis or many?' where I discussed the issue of what holds us together as psychoanalysts sharing a common discipline and science despite our increasing theoretical diversity. My response was that our common ground rested in our shared clinical enterprise in our consulting rooms where we relate comparably to the immediacy of the transference-countertransference interplay with our patients. In this paper I reconsider these perspectives in the light of the specific responses to them, including in the six pre-published statements for the Rome Congress which was dedicated to this theme of exploring our common ground; and I then apply these conceptions in my own comparative assessment of the three plenary clinical presentations of the Rome Congress, drawn from the three major world regions of psychoanalytic activity and presented by adherents of three of the major metapsychological perspectives in our field, the ego psychological, the Kleinian, and the object relational.
Adult↗
Freud, Fliess, and the parenthood of psychoanalysis.
This paper focuses upon the roles of procreation, fatherhood, and identification with the fertile mother in Freud's creation of psychoanalysis. Fatherhood and motherhood, pregnancy and birth, children and siblings, figure prominently in Freud's self-analysis and in his relationship with his prototransference object, Wilhelm Fliess. Although Freud attributed his self-analytic interest and revived oedipal conflict to the death of his father, becoming a parent himself was also a significant determinant. Birth as well as death reactivated his childhood and stimulated his creative ferment.
Europe↗
[Politics and psychoanalysis in Vienna before 1938].
On the basis of personal reminiscences the author describes the political climate of Vienna between the end of the Monarchy and Anschluss of Austria. At the same time she clarifies the extent to which politics impinged on psychoanalysis.
Austria↗
[Psychoanalysis and suggestion].
In the history of psychoanalysis the problem of suggestion has been a central one. At first it involved the necessity to establish the psychoanalytic technique as independent scientific paradigm in contrast to persuasion and hypnosis. However, it was not only the symptom-oriented suggestion that had to be given up for scientific reasons and reasons of treatment technique. Since professional and human factors as well could have influenced the psychoanalytic situation to revert to the traditional "suggestion", Freud has given some technical considerations (e.g. the mirror-analogy), that were meant to counteract the confusion of the psychoanalytic technique with the persuasive one that had to come up to late. The discovery of the transference phenomena has further complicated the problem. It became obvious that the capacity of the analyst to exert an influence and to have impact, originated in very basic human categories and their specific psychogenetic developments and distortions. This understanding contributed to the development of psychoanalytic theories of suggestibility. Until the present day the discovery of the transference phenomena has determined the discussions of psychoanalytic technique in term of the relationship between the special and general therapeutic factors (i.e. interpretation versus relationship). The departure from the therapeutic mode of persuasive suggestion and the introduction of psychoanalytic technique signaled the revolutionary paradigm of Sigmund Freud, i.e. the active participation of the patient and the process of observation. Often scientific problems related to this pradigm and suggestion are discussed concurrently.
Humans↗
The psychoanalysis of a patient with ulcerative colitis. The impact of fantasy, affect, and the intensity of drives on the outcome of treatment.
In this paper the clinical case of a patient with ulcerative colitis is described, to illustrate how the vicissitudes of affects and fantasies, and the intensity of drives can set limits to the capacity for change in psychoanalysis. Drive intensity at all zonal levels is discussed. The author describes two unconscious fantasies which fuelled the resistance to progress, because of their inevitable links with traumatic and disavowed affects, and with libidinal and aggressive drives. The first fantasy described is that of the narcissistic impasse, in which the patient could not orchestrate an optimal distance with the object, who always seemed too perilously near or far. The second fantasy, giving rise to the first, is that of the Faustian bargain, according to which the patient repeated an infantile disposition to effect a trade-off with a needed but elusive ideal object, resulting in pathological splitting, a loss of a sense of ownership of the Psyche and the Soma, and eventual somatic vulnerability.
Adult↗
Notes on the uses of psychoanalysis for biography.
It is the dual aim of this presentation to explore the scope and to define the limits of what psychoanalysis can offer to the field of biography. In pursuit of these goals emphasis is placed upon the influence of the writer's emotional attachment to his subject, which, despite intensive psychoanalytic training and experience, may compromise his objectivity and contaminate his narrative. In addition, attention is drawn to psychological issues in the life of the creative artist which may play a decisive role both in determining the quality of his work and in stimulating its production.
Biographies as Topic↗
Psychoanalysis as a science: a response to the new challenges.
Few theoretical issues in psychoanalysis have been more constantly argued than the status of our discipline as a science. For long the attack has been from the logical positivists and the extensions of their argument by Karl Popper. Over recent decades the debate about the place of our metapsychology has intensified the concerns about our scientific status. In this paper I respond briefly to the logical positivist, the Popperian, and the information-processing systems theory arguments and then develop at greater length a response to the two current, most widespread philosophy-of-science assaults upon our credibility as science, that of the hermeneuticists (Ricoeur, Habermas, Gadamer, and others), and the newest, that of the philosopher, Adolf Grünbaum.
Humans↗
Speaking in tongues: some linguistic approaches to psychoanalysis.
Four innovative theorists--among others--have applied a variety of linguistic concepts to psychoanalytic theory and practice: Victor Rosen, Marshall Edelson, Roy Schafer, and Jacques Lacan. While their interests have been different, there are points of convergence, and in some ways they complement one another. Beyond the similarities and differences they point the way to the reconsideration of some fundamental positions of psychoanalysis.
Humans↗
Kuhn's "paradigm" and psychoanalysis.
This paper traces the development of T. S. Kuhn's use of the technical term, "paradigm." It questions its loose usage by psychoanalysts. However, Kuhn's developed and more explicitly defined sense of paradigm can be used by psychoanalysis to gain a perspective from which to examine its own disciplinary structure and function.
Psychoanalysis↗
Freud's Irma dream and the origins of psychoanalysis.
This paper investigates Freud's Irma dream as a response, in part, to the publication of Studies on Hysteria (Breuer & Freud, 1893-1895). As such, Freud's dream and associations reveal a great deal regarding the origins of psychoanalysis. The preamble to the dream reflects Freud's concern with the ground rules and boundaries of the psychotherapeutic technique that he was in the process of developing. This paper cites evidence for Freud's concerns regarding the consequences of alterations in these basic tenets. The Irma dream and Freud's associations also convey a deep and apparently unconscious concern within Freud in respect to the concept of transference, which he may have realized on some level had been used to defensively deny disturbing inputs by the therapist into the treatment situation and patient. The dream may be understood also as reflecting a deep sense of concern regarding unrecognized harmful effects of psychoanalytic psychotherapy and Freud's concern that the treatment process might be more destructive than helpful. The curative aspects of psychotherapy are viewed in terms of action-discharge rather than insight. In all, this reanalysis of the Irma dream focuses on Freud's unconscious conflicts, fantasies, and anxieties at a time when he, along with Breuer, presented a burgeoning psychoanalytic treatment modality to the professional world.
Austria↗
The role of the analyst's facial expressions in psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic therapy.
This paper, while acknowledging implicitly the importance of transference-distortions in the patient's perceptions of the analyst's countenance, focuses primarily upon the real changes in the latter's facial expressions. The analyst's face has a central role in the phase of therapeutic symbiosis, as well as in subsequent individuation. It is in the realm of the analyst's facial expressions that the borderline patient, for example, can best find a bridge out of autism and into therapeutically symbiotic relatedness with the analyst. During this latter phase, then, each participant's facial expressions "belong" as much to the other as to oneself; that is, the expressions of each person are in the realm of transitional phenomena for both of them. The analyst's facial expressions are a highly, and often centrally, significant dimension of both psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic therapy. Illustrative clinical vignettes are presented from work with both patients who use the couch and those who do not.
Adult↗
War, revolution, and psychoanalysis: Freudian thought begins to grapple with social reality.
Psychoanalytic theory and practice have been affected by external events as well as by internal development. Specifically, the period of the Great War and its aftermath was a turning point in the history of psychoanalysis. These experiences emphasized the inadequacy of the libido theory alone, accelerated Freud's impetus toward metapsychology, and encouraged the articulation of theories of innate destructive urges, of ego instincts, of the superego, and of social interaction. Discussions of war neuroses, of aggression and the death instinct, of the reality principle, and of the mechanisms of social psychology undermined Freud's original biologism in favor of a social-scientific approach. Psychoanalytic theory began to take more account of social experience and was profoundly changed in the process.
Austria↗
'Vienna in the wheat fields': psychoanalysis in Topeka.
From its beginning, the Topeka Institute for Psychoanalysis has had a unique relationship with The Menninger Clinic. The author sketches some highlights of this mutually enhancing connection, and then introduces the papers in this issue celebrating the Institute's 50th anniversary.
Academies and Institutes↗
[The dispute between searching and healing in psychoanalysis].
In the age-old dispute as to whether psychoanalysis is a science or belongs rather to the humanities, the author favours a scientific stance. He sees interpretation in the analytic situation as providing scope for reasoned hypotheses which can be validated by empirical examination. In terms of interpretive technique this implies that interpretations must not only be framed in brief and simple terms but also in such a way as to lend themselves less to the verification of theoretical psychoanalytic truths than to the clarification of the truth specific to the given dyadic constellation. Etchegoyen claims that it is then possible for the analysand to confirm or refute an interpretation by the analyst. A successful interpretation, where the analysand finds the hypothesis convincing, is both a scientific discovery and a healing factor.
Humans↗
[Schottlaender's heritage and psychoanalysis today].
Felix Schottlaender (1892-1958), one of the founders of the Stuttgart Institute for Psychotherapy, developed an original conception of psychic illness and cure. This conception is presented and its relevance for the actual psychoanalytic discussion is valued in five points: (1) The role of the mother, (2) ego psychology, (3) "blinding by images", (4) personal encounter in psychotherapy, (5) basic philosophical questions of psychoanalysis.
Germany↗
[Adolf-Ernst Meyer as researcher and teacher. Psychoanalysis and empirical research 8 December 1995 symposium on the 70th birthday of Adolf-Ernst Meyer].
This speech, delivered to celebrate the seventieth birthday of Adolf-Ernst Meyer, fifteen days before he died, pays tribute to his achievements as a researcher and teacher. His most important scientific projects included investigations into hirsutism, anorexia nervosa, brief psychotherapy, the way psychoanalysis functions and a pychoanalytic questionnaire on personality trait. He was influential in amongst other things founding a new field of research for the German Research Association and publishing expertises for it, and as dean of his faculty, chairman of the German College for Psychosomatic Medicine and co-editor of the extensive survey behind the new law on psychotherapy commissioned by the Federal Ministry of Youth, Family, Women and Health. In recent years he received several international honours. The textbook, "jores: Practical Psychosomatics" which he coauthored appeared only after this death.
Germany↗
Experiencing language: some thoughts on poetry and psychoanalysis.
The author uses her experiences as a poet and as a psychoanalyst to compare the two. She discusses poems by James Merrill, Philip Larkin, and Theodore Roethke in order to consider how the analyst listens, how the poet writes, how each listens to what is unsaid in the music of language. Rhythm, meter, and the sounds of words constitute this music. Sound and image are means by which language bypasses logic and touches us. Considering how a poem has an impact can teach us something about how words affect us in psychoanalysis.
Emotions↗