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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Stereotactic radiosurgery for fractionated radiation: a proposal applicable to linear accelerator and proton beam programs.

A stereotactic radiosurgery technique is described which allows stereotactic radiation therapy to be easily fractionated on a daily or weekly basis. This permits adequate and safe radiation therapy to lesions larger than 2.5 cm, such as large arteriovenous malformations, and possibly safer radiation to smaller lesions near crucial intracranial structures. The technique utilizes external scalp landmarks and avoids the need for standard stereotactic head devices.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1989

Dynamics of Drosophila eye development and temporal requirements of sevenless expression.

The development of the compound eye of Drosophila consists of a linear, stereotyped program starting at the posterior end of the eye imaginal disc and progressing towards the anterior border. The determination of the R7 photoreceptor cells is part of this process and is dependent on the sevenless gene. In this study, we used a heat-shock-inducible sevenless gene as a conditional allele to determine the exact temporal requirements of sevenless gene expression and to reveal the stages of ommatidial development during which the presumptive R7 cell can respond to the presence of sevenless protein. Our results indicate that sevenless gene function is only required during a brief, defined period for the initiation of R7 development; subsequently sevenless is dispensable for both differentiation and function of the R7 photoreceptors. Furthermore, using rescue of R7 cells as an internal marker to monitor the progression of eye development we could examine when and at what rate ommatidial columns form.

Alleles↗
PubMed1980

Comparison of four different algorithms for the calculation of radioimmunoassay standard curves.

Standard curves from 150 determinations of 10 different hormone radioimmunoassays have been evaluated using the following four procedures: logit transformation as performed by Rodbard, Healy's 4-component-logit, spline approximation and a linear interpolation program. The results, calculated by computer, have been compared with manual analysis as the refernce method. The influece of various correction factors has been studied by artificial insertion of outliers. Approximately two thirds of all investigated curves could be calculated with almost equal success using all 4 methods. In calculating the remaining third of the standard curves, each method showed characteristic errors which depended upon the reliability of the assay data and the kind of outliers. The results suggest that the smoothing by spine function is the most flexible method in approximating a radioimmunoassay standard curve. In comparison with the other methods it is less influenced by random errors and fits the characteristic and symmetry of the ideal curve most exactly. The 4-component logit which has been extended by data screening is an improvement of the original logit transformation. Certain reservations exist, however, in elimination of outliers because of the dispersion of the data points, and also because of the arbitrarily set thresholds.

Mathematics↗
PubMed1992

Characterization of opioid binding sites in rat spinal cord.

Binding sites were characterized in rat whole spinal cord crude membrane preparations using selective labelling techniques with multiple methods of mathematical analysis of experimental curves. Mathematical analysis of single [3H]-[D-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly-ol5] enkephalin (DAGO) saturation curves suggested binding of the [3H]-ligand at one site, while displacement curves of low concentrations of [3H]-DAGO with selective mu-ligands indicated the presence of high- and low-affinity sites. All the [3H]-DAGO curves processed simultaneously by LIGAND analysis showed the presence of high (27%) and low (73%) affinity components, with a total Bmax of 3.19 pmol/g tissue. Eighty percent of [3H]-[D-Ala2,D-Leu5] enkephalin (DADLE) binding was displaced by DAGO with high affinity, indicating that a high percentage of [3H]-DADLE binding was at mu-sites. Saturation curves of [3H]-DADLE after inhibition of mu-sites by unlabelled DAGO (delta-sites) were monophasic with non-linear fitting analysis and the Bmax was 0.90 pmol/g tissue. Most mathematical analysis of single saturation curves of [3H]-(-)-bremazocine indicated binding at more than one site. DAGO, DADLE, U-69,593 and PD 117302 displaced 0.15 nM of [3H]-(-)-bremazocine biphasically: the percentages of displacement calculated with the non-linear fitting program were respectively 50 (mu-sites), 64 ((mu + delta)-sites), 18 and 25 (kappa-sites). Haloperidol displaced [3H]-(-)-bremazocine only at microM concentrations. suggesting no binding at sigma-sites. In the presence of 225 nM of DAGO, DADLE displaced only 21% of [3H]-(-)-bremazocine 0.15 nM binding (delta-sites). Most mathematical analysis of saturation curves of [3H]-(-)-bremazocine, after inhibition of binding at mu- and delta-sites by DAGO and DADLE, still indicated binding at more than one site and the selective kappa-ligands U-69,593 and PD 117302 displaced [3H]-(-)-bremazocine in these experimental conditions. LIGAND analysis of saturation and inhibition curves of [3H]-(-)-bremazocine by U-69,593 and PD 117302 showed the presence of high (43%) and low (57%) affinity components, with a total Bmax of 2,73 pmol/g tissue. Thus in rat spinal cord there are at least two mu-sites bound by [3H]-DAGO which amount together to approximately 47% of total opioid sites, delta-sites bound by [3H]-DADLE amounting to approximately 13%, kappa-sites and other unknown sites (possibly a kappa-subtype) bound by [3H]-(-)-bremazocine, which together are approximately 40% of total opioid sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Relationships between linear type scores, objective type measures, and indicators of mastitis.

Objectives were to examine the usefulness of objective measures of conformation and linear scores for type for predicting indicators of mastitis. Approximately 300 cows in five herds were scored in the experimental linear classification program of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America, measured objectively for numerous components of conformation, and evaluated for four indicators of mastitis. Indicators of mastitis were average natural logarithm of somatic cell counts during the lactation, percent of samples (taken approximately every 3 mo) infected during a lactation, percent of samples infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and percent of samples with signs of mastitic milk. Relationships between conformation and mastitis often were inconsistent because of moderate or low correlations between indicators of mastitis. Indicators of mastitis were predicted from results of multiple regression analyses with subjective scores and objective measures of type as independent variables. Largest differences of predicted indicators of mastitis from variation in any single type trait were sufficient to be important economically, but average differences were much smaller. Selection to reduce frequencies of cows with deep udders, especially low rear udders, widely placed teats, rear teats too far back, and teats that are short and wide, may augment, modestly, efforts to reduce incidence of mastitis through improved sanitation, antibiotic treatment, and proper milking procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Ownership and organizational performance. A comparison of technical efficiency across hospital types.

Using a national data base of urban hospitals, the effect of ownership (government, nonprofit, and for-profit) on the technical efficiency of hospitals was examined. Efficiency scores were computed using a method called data envelopment analysis. Controlling for environmental and hospital characteristics, for-profit hospitals were found somewhat less frequently and government hospitals consistently more frequently in the efficient category. When examining highly inefficient hospitals as a percentage of those receiving inefficient scores, for-profit hospitals appeared to be highly inefficient relative to the other ownership forms. Government and nonprofit hospitals were somewhat indistinguishable from one another regarding their percentages of highly inefficient scores. For-profit hospitals also tended to use supply and capital asset (hospital size) inputs less efficiently, and service and labor inputs more efficiently than hospitals in the other ownership categories.

Efficiency↗
PubMed1992

[SCAN program for structural analysis of linear polysaccharides based on 13C-NMR spectral data using personal computers].

A programme SCAN was elaborated for the 13C NMR--based structural analysis of regular polysaccharides, which represents our earlier programme (Lipkind G.M. et al. Carbohydr. Res. 1988. V. 175. No 1. P. 59-75) modified for IBM-PC-compatible personal computers. SCAN was successfully applied for the structural elucidation of 24 polysaccharides of bacterial origin. Optimal combinations of the computer-assisted method with other approaches for analysis of carbohydrates and scopes of application of the programme are discussed.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗
PubMed1991

Metabolism of carbamazepine: evidence of autoinduction in Chinese.

To investigate the autoinduction of carbamazepine (CBZ) metabolism in Chinese, eleven healthy male volunteers joined in this study. There were two phases of drug administration with a wash-out interval of one month, 400 mg CBZ was taken orally in single-dose phase, and 200 mg three times per day were given for seven days in multiple-dose phase. Plasma samples were obtained in series of time after the last dose of drug in each phase. CBZ concentrations were determined by a high pressure liquid chromatography method. A non-linear regression program was applied in a personal computer to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters. The average CBZ half-lives in single- and multiple-dose phases were 50.1 +/- 12.1 (mean +/- SD) hours and 26.1 +/- 4.2 hours and the clearances were 16.4 +/- 3.3 ml/kg/h and 45.3 +/- 23.4 ml/kg/h respectively, both with significant differences (p less than 0.005). There is evidence to support the presumption of autoinduction in Chinese.

Adult↗