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PubMed1984

Ia-restricted interaction of normal lymphoid cells and SJL lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma) leading to lymphokine production. III. Relative roles of reticulum cell sarcoma and normal lymphoid cells in lymphokine production.

Production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) in mixed lymphocyte cultures of SJL/J lymph node (LN) and gamma-irradiated, syngeneic lymphoma cells of transplantable reticulum cell sarcoma (gamma-RCS) was abolished by pactamycin pretreatment of gamma-RCS. LN cells needed for this interaction were Lyt-2 T-cells, not adherent to Sephadex G-10. The effect of separation of T-cells and gamma-RCS after the first 24 hours of culture suggested that both components contributed to the IL-2 production. Exogenous IL-2, but not interleukin 1 (IL-1), restored the ability of pactamycin-treated gamma-RCS to induce syngeneic T-cell proliferation. The inability of T-cells from "nonresponder" F1 hybrids of SJL to proliferate to gamma-RCS was not corrected by addition of IL-1 or IL-2. Interferon (IFN) production also required the presence of untreated gamma-RCS and LN cells, but it was dependent on a Sephadex G-10 and plastic adherent cell in LN. IFN-free supernatant of LN cells plus gamma-RCS induced IFN production in fresh normal lymphoid cells, suggesting a possible indirect induction of this lymphokine. In addition, unirradiated RCS cells (la+ cells) produced immune IFN over a period of 3 weeks in vitro, after which the cells lost their viability. Prolonged IL-2 production was not observed in these cultures. The possible biological importance of the lymphokine production during the exaggerated syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions induced by RCS cells is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Experimental production of pulmonary granulomas; II. Age dependency and immune modulation of granuloma production.

Endobronchial instillation of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) induced epithelioid cell granulomas in the lungs of juvenile rabbits which had been kept free from contamination with the microbiol antigens. The granulomas were named "juvenile granulomas", because, unlike FCA granulomas in adult animals, prior immunization was unnecessary for their induction. The granulomas developed in several weeks with a peak at 14 weeks of age, after which the production decreased gradually. The rate of granuloma production seemed to vary with the acquisition of skin hypersensitivity to tuberculin (OT), suggesting that granuloma production, as well as skin hypersensitivity, is in the category of T-dependent immune reactions. In fact, T-generating lymphoid organs developed in parallel with the dermal and pulmonary reactions. Thus, juvenile rabbits at about 14 weeks of age are most susceptible to the microbial antigens. This susceptibility results in the unexpected production of immune granulomas in response to depot antigens at the site of instillation. The treatment of foetal or neonatal rabbits with FCA markedly suppressed granuloma production in juveniles but not in adults and did suppress but gradually enhanced the tuberculin skin reaction. It is suggested that generation of suppressor T cells is the cause of suppression of juvenile granuloma production.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

[Influence of physical parameters on the production of streptococcal extracellular proteins in cultures with stabilized pH. I. Communication: pH-dependence of extracellular protein production (author's transl)].

The influence of the pH of the medium on growth and production of extracellular proteins was examined in a group C streptococcus (SA. equisimilis strain H 46 A). The pH values employed ranged from 5.0 to 8.5 and the analytical methods used included the determination of enzyme activities, isoelectric focusing, crossed-immunoelectrophoresis, and SDS electrophoresis. The strain is able to grow in the entire pH range used, with maximum growth occurring at pH 6.5. The amount of extracellular proteins elaborated depended on both the pH of the medium and the biomass produced. A specific pH range was defined for optimum production of all enzymes examined. With the exception of streptodornase and NAD-glycohydrolase, the pH optimum for product formation was generally in the neutral and weakly alkaline range. Active proteinase was formed only a pH 6.0, leading to gross degradation of most of the other proteins in the culture medium. At pH values ranging from 6.5 to 7.5, isoelectric focusing revealed the production of 28 different extracellular proteins, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated 30 to 32 antigens. The number of extracellular products produced greatly declined at pH values above and below this range. Under optimum conditions, the main extracellular product at H 46 A was streptokinase, followed by deoxyribonuclease A.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1996

Acute phase levels of C-reactive protein enhance IL-1 beta and IL-1ra production by human blood monocytes but inhibit IL-1 beta and IL-1ra production by alveolar macrophages.

C-reactive protein (CRP), the major acute phase protein in humans, was purified free of endotoxin (LPS) (< 10 pg of LPS/mg of purified CRP) and evaluated for its ability to modulate LPS-induced production of IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) from human PBMC and lung macrophages. PBMC (5 x 10(6)/ml) released low levels of IL-1 beta in response to either CRP (250 micrograms/ml) or LPS (100 ng/ml) for 18 h (0.3 +/- 0.1 and 1.5 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, respectively). However, when CRP (250 micrograms/ml) and LPS (100 ng/ml) were combined, PBMC released 9.7 +/- 2.9 ng/ml (p < 0.001 vs LPS alone). This synergy was removed by immunodepletion of CRP before stimulation. With respect to IL-1ra, although CRP induced IL-1ra production from PBMC (0.8 +/- 0.3 ng/ml control, 2.6 +/- 1.3 ng/ml with CRP), CRP did not synergize with LPS for IL-1ra production (15.0 +/- 0.7 ng/ml LPS alone vs 15.4 +/- 1.4 ng/ml LPS and CRP). In contrast, lung macrophages responded to CRP quite differently than PBMC. Macrophages (10(6)/ml) were not stimulated to produce IL-1 beta or IL-1ra by CRP alone. When combined with LPS, CRP inhibited IL-1 beta and IL-1ra release induced by LPS (for IL-1 beta release, LPS induced 3.0 +/- 1.7 ng/ml vs 1.1 +/- 0.4 for combined LPS and CRP; for IL-1ra release, LPS induced 12.9 +/- 2.3 ng/ml vs 7.6 +/- 2.3 ng/ml for combined LPS and CRP). These data suggest that acute phase levels of CRP may have divergent effects depending on the target population. CRP may be largely proinflammatory to blood monocytes responding to LPS since IL-1 beta production is augmented over IL-1ra production. However, in tissue compartments the effects of CRP may be largely immunosuppressive to LPS-induced tissue macrophage IL-1 beta production.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMed1996

Human IL-13 production is negatively influenced by CD3 engagement. Enhancement of IL-13 production by cyclosporin A.

IL-13, a T cell-derived cytokine, shares many of its biologic activities with the Th2 cytokine IL-4, including induction of a class switch to IgE and anti-inflammatory properties. Its potential impact on development of Th2 responses makes it interesting to determine how the production of IL-13 is regulated and which cell types produce IL-13. In this work, we show that IL-13 is produced optimally by T cells when stimulated with a combination of anti-CD28 and PMA. Unexpectedly, additional ligation of the TCR complex with Abs to CD3 caused an approximately fivefold inhibition of IL-13 production. Moreover, this inhibition could be reversed by cyclosporin A (CsA). The effect of CsA did not depend on the presence of PMA; upon CD3 and CD28 stimulation, CsA equally enhanced IL-13 production. Both naive and memory CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells produced IL-13, and production in all cell types could be enhanced by CsA. In contrast to IL-13, IL-4 production was observed mainly in CD4+ memory cells, required costimulation through CD3, and was inhibited by CsA. The unusual regulation and relative abundance of IL-13 make it an important candidate to be controlled tightly by dose and type of TCR ligands. CsA is used widely to inhibit T cell function. The finding that IL-13 production is enhanced instead of diminished in the presence of CsA may explain the Th2-inducing effects of CsA in vivo.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1996

Inhibition of TC-1 cytokine production, effector cytotoxic T lymphocyte development and alloantibody production by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a widespread environmental contaminant and prototypic ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, is a potent immunotoxicant. To understand the underlying mechanisms of TCDD immunotoxicity, we have characterized the time course of changes in CTL, alloantibody, and cytokine responses to the P815 tumor allograft in C57B1/6 mice treated with 0 or 15 microg TCDD/kg. Suppression of CTL activity by TCDD directly correlated with reduced numbers of splenic CTL effector cells identified by their CD8+CD44 high CD45RB low phenotype, while suppression of the alloantibody response correlated with a lack of expansion of the B220+ splenocyte population. Cytokine production was differentially modulated following TCDD treatment. Although type 1 cytokine production (IFN-gamma, IL-2, and TNF) was initially induced in TCDD-treated mice, production failed to increase normally after day 5. In contrast, the production of IL-1 beta, IL-4, and IL-6 was mostly unaffected by TCDD exposure. This differential effect of TCDD on cytokine production was reflected in the degree of suppression of specific alloantibody isotypes. TCDD abrogated the production of IgG2a (promoted by IFN-gamma), but had much less effect on the level of IgG1 (promoted by IL-4). IgM Ab titers were also highly suppressed. CD8+ cells were the exclusive producers of IFN-gamma and IL-2 when spleen cells from P815-injected mice were cultured in vitro on days 4 to 7 after P815 injection. However, CD4+ cells were shown to play a crucial role in the generation of both CTL and alloantibody responses, since their depletion in vivo abolished both responses. Based on similar temporal effects produced by TCDD and anti-CD4 Ab on alloimmune responses, we postulate that TCDD interferes with the initial activation of CD4+ T cells, which leads to downstream inhibition of the activation and/or differentiation of CD8+ T cells and B cells. In addition, since delayed treatment with either anti-CD4 Ab or TCDD suppressed the alloantibody but not the CTL response, TCDD may also affect later CD4+ T helper-B cell interactions.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Important points concerning quality control of blood products under the product liability law].

Two years have passed since the product liability(PL) law took effect in our country on July 1, 1995. At the start, we were uneasy about such things as an increase in lawsuits, the rise of medical care costs and the concealment of medical information. However, no-one has brought an action concerning blood products so far under the PL law. In terms of quality control of blood products, regular inspection of various instruments, reagents and manuals is the fundamental rule. Moreover, in order to ensure blood products of good quality, it is very important to select blood donors on the basis of physical examination and questionnaires on their medical condition, not to mention a range of screening tests to detect viral and bacterial infection. Since the first HIV infection through blood derived from an HIV-seronegative donor was reported in our country, it is especially desirable to improve measures for detecting HIV in window period blood for HIV antibody. There is also a problem concerning the irradiation of blood products to prevent PT-GVHD. We expect the PL law to provide a higher degree of safety of blood transfusion; however, it is also necessary to make proper use of blood products and to take the right measures in the event of adverse transfusion reaction, so as to raise the safety of blood transfusion.

Blood Component Transfusion↗
PubMed1996

Advanced glycation end product (AGE): characterization of the products from the reaction between D-glucose and serum albumin.

We incubated bovine serum albumin (BSA) with glucose in an attempt to study how the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed and what methods can be used for their identification and isolation. The reaction was monitored by boronated affinity gel, size exclusion and ion exchange chromatography, and chromatofocusing. Reaction products were also characterized by fluorescence measurement, fructosamine assay, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Based on the measurement of AGE-associated fluorescence (excitation, 370 nm; emission, 440 nm) we found that the AGEs could be detected as early as after 3 days incubation. The fluorescence was always associated with the larger molecules of cross-linking product resulting from the reaction between BSA and glucose. The overall fluorescence intensity increased with incubation time and fluorescence of the highest intensity was found with the AGE product largest in size. As with the Amadori product, AGEs also bind to the boronated gel column but with an even higher affinity. Compared to the original albumin monomer AGE molecules are not only larger in size but also have lower isoelectric points and carry more negative charges. Both the size and the negative charges of AGEs continue to increase over time during incubation. This results in a group of cross-linking molecules heterogeneous in size and charge. These results will aid in both the isolation and selection of appropriate AGE molecules for the preparation of anti-AGE antibodies, calibrator, and control in the development of an AGE immunoassay.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Diatom cultivation and biotechnologically relevant products. Part II: current and putative products.

While diatoms are widely present in terms of diversity and abundance in nature, few species are currently used for biotechnologically applications. Most studies have focussed on intracellularly synthesised eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) used for pharmaceutical applications. Applications for other intracellular molecules, such as total lipids for biodiesel, amino acids for cosmetic, antibiotics and antiproliferative agents, are at the early stage of development. In addition, the active principle component must be identified amongst the many compounds of biotechnological interest. Biomass from diatom culture may be applied to: (1). aquaculture diets, due to the lipid- and amino-acid-rich cell contents of these microorganisms, and (2). the treatment of water contaminated by phosphorus and nitrogen in aquaculture effluent, or heavy metal (bioremediation). The most original application of microalgal biomass, and specifically diatoms, is the use of silicon derived from frustules in nanotechnology. The competitiveness of biotechnologically relevant products from diatoms will depend on their cost of production. Apart from EPA, which is less expensive when obtained from Phaeodactylum tricornutum than from cod liver, comparative economic studies of other diatom-derived products as well as optimisation of culture conditions are needed. Extraction of intracellular metabolites should be also optimised to reduce production costs, as has already been shown for EPA. Using cell immobilisation techniques, benthic diatoms can be cultivated more efficiently allowing new, biotechnologically relevant products to be investigated.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1997

Inhibitory effect of albumin-derived advanced glycosylation products on PMA-induced superoxide anion production by rat macrophages.

Advanced glycosylation end products (AGE) are implicated in many of the complications of diabetes. In the same way, infectious diseases are frequently associated with this disease. An impaired respiratory burst in macrophages may be a cause of infectious complications in diabetic patients. To establish a possible mechanism of this altered cell function, we have analyzed the effect of AGE-modified proteins on PMA-dependent superoxide anion production (O2.-) from normal rat peritoneal macrophages. We have used AGE-modified bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) prepared by incubation with glucose. AGE-BSA partially inhibits the phorbol ester-dependent superoxide production by macrophages in vitro. The specificity of this inhibitory effect is demonstrated by the fact that aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of the formation of AGE products, fully prevents the effect of AGE-BSA in vitro. Macrophages from diabetic rats shown an inhibition on PMA dependent-O2.- production. However, the treatment in vivo with aminoguanidine produced a cancelation of the inhibitory effect observed in the diabetic state. These data suggest that AGE-modified proteins could be implicated in the impairment of macrophage respiratory burst in diabetes.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of sausage ingredients and additives on the production of enterocin A and B by Enterococcus faecium CTC492. Optimization of in vitro production and anti-listerial effect in dry fermented sausages.

Enterocin A and B in Enterococcus faecium CTC492 were co-induced by the different factors assayed in this study (r = 0.93) and followed primary metabolic kinetics. Enterocin production was significantly inhibited by sausage ingredients and additives, with the exception of nitrate. The addition of sodium chloride and pepper decreased production 16-fold. The temperature and pH influenced enterocin production, with optima between 25 and 35 degrees C, and from 6.0 to 7.5 of initial pH. The maximum activity was achieved, under favourable growth conditions, with MRS supplemented with sucrose (2%) plus glucose (0.25%) and Tween-80 (1%). MRS concentration, NaCl plus pepper addition, absence of Tween-80 in the growth medium, incubation at 45 degrees C and an initial pH under 5.5 were detrimental to bacteriocin production. Stress conditions did not favour enterocin production. Desadsorption was Tween-dependent. Enterocin A activity in the crude extracts stored at -80 degrees C was better preserved than enterocin B (when tested against their specific indicator strain), but anti-listerial activity remained intact. Applied as anti-listerial additives in dry fermented sausages, enterocins significantly diminished Listeria counts by 1. 13 log (P < 0.001), while Enterococcus faecium CTC492 added as starter culture did not significantly reduce Listeria counts (P > 0. 1) compared with the standard starter culture (Bac-). Enterocins A and B could be considered as extra biopreservative hurdles for listeria prevention in dry fermented sausages.

Bacteriocins↗
PubMed2005

Role of receptor for advanced glycation end-products and signalling events in advanced glycation end-product-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in differentiated mouse podocytes.

BACKGROUND: Upregulation of local monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production is involved in glomerular damage through macrophage recruitment and activation in diabetic nephropathy. Treatment of db/db mice with soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) prevented recruitment of macrophages to the glomeruli and reduced albuminuria, suggesting that binding of ligands and RAGE may be involved in MCP-1 expression. Therefore, we investigated the role of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in MCP-1 production by podocytes and signalling events after RAGE activation. METHODS: MCP-1 gene and protein expression were examined by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in differentiated mouse podocytes. Dichlorofluorescein-sensitive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured by confocal microscopy. RAGE, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, c-Jun and Sp1 were studied using western blotting and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: Both differentiated and undifferentiated podocytes expressed RAGE. MCP-1 was induced by AGEs and carboxymethyllysine (CML) in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner in differentiated podocytes. Neutralizing antibody for RAGE suppressed AGE- and CML-induced MCP-1 production. AGEs and CML rapidly generated intracellular ROS in podocytes. Blocking of ROS by using N-acetyl-l-cysteine abolished CML and H(2)O(2)-induced MCP-1 expression. Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was found in podocytes incubated with CML and was prevented by N-acetyl-l-cysteine or 7'-amino 4 [trifluoromethyl]. PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK, partially prevented CML-induced MCP-1 gene expression. NF-kappaB and Sp1 were translocated into the nucleus after podocytes were incubated with CML for 60 min. Parthenolide and mithramycin A, inhibitors of NF-kappaB and Sp1, respectively, abolished CML-induced MCP-1 gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that AGEs and CML induce MCP-1 expression in podocytes through activation of RAGE and generation of intracellular ROS. NF-kappaB and Sp1 regulate MCP-1 gene transcription.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Enhancement of interleukin-6 production by fibrinogen degradation product D in human peripheral monocytes and perfused murine liver.

The effect of fibrinogen degradation products D and E (FDP-D, FDP-E) on IL-6 production in perfused mouse livers and peripheral monocytes is studied. Similarly to bacterial endotoxin FDP-D is highly potent to augment the IL-6 production measured in perfused mouse livers, while FDP-E is not stimulatory. FDP-D but not FDP-E is able to stimulate the in vitro IL-6 production of human peripheral monocytes, as well. Plasmin alone is almost ineffective on IL-6 production both in perfused livers and monocytes. Our findings suggest a direct positive feedback circuit, among fibrinogen, FDP and IL-6.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Major advances in fresh milk and milk products: fluid milk products and frozen desserts.

Major technological advances in the fluid milk processing industry in the last 25 yr include significant improvements in all the unit operations of separation, standardization, pasteurization, homogenization, and packaging. Many advancements have been directed toward production capacity, automation, and hygienic operation. Extended shelf-life milks are produced by high heat treatment, sometimes coupled with microfiltration or centrifugation. Other nonthermal methods have also been investigated. Flavored milk beverages have increased in popularity, as have milk beverages packaged in single-service, closeable plastic containers. Likewise, the frozen dairy processing industry has seen the development of large-capacity, automated processing equipment for a wide range of products designed to gain market share. Significant advancements in product quality have been made, many of these arising from improved knowledge of the functional properties of ingredients and their impact on structure and texture. Incidents of foodborne disease associated with dairy products continue to occur, necessitating even greater diligence in the control of pathogen transmission. Analytical techniques for the rapid detection of specific types of microorganisms have been developed and greatly improved during this time. Despite tremendous technological advancements for processors and a greater diversity of products for consumers, per capita consumption of fluid milk has declined and consumption of frozen dairy desserts has been steady during this 25-yr period.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Modeling the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in cured ready-to-eat processed meat products by manipulation of sodium chloride, sodium diacetate, potassium lactate, and product moisture content.

A central composite second-order response surface design was employed to determine the influences of added sodium chloride (0.8 to 3.6%), sodium diacetate (0 to 0.2%), potassium lactate syrup (0.25 to 9.25%), and finished-product moisture (45.5 to 83.5%) on the predicted growth rate of Listeria monocytogenes in cured ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products. Increased amounts of both sodium diacetate (P < 0.11) and potassium lactate (P < 0.001) resulted in significant reductions in the growth rate constants of L monocytogenes. Increased finished-product moisture (P < 0.11) significantly increased growth rate constants. The nfluence of sodium chloride was not statistically significant. The second-order statistical factor for lactate was significant (P < 0.01), but all two-way interactions were not. In general, predicted growth rates exceeded actual growth rates obtained from inoculation studies of four cured RTE meat products (wieners, smoked-cooked ham, light bologna, and cotto salami). The final model will be useful to food technologists in determining formulations that will result in finished cured RTE meat products in which L. monocytogenes is not likely to grow.

Acetates↗
PubMed1998

Biological products regulated under Section 351 of the Public Health Services Act; implementation of biologics license; elimination of establishment license and product license--FDA. Proposed rule.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is proposing to amend the biologics regulations to eliminate references to establishment licenses and product licenses for all products regulated under the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act). In lieu of filing an establishment license application (ELA) and product license application (PLA) in order to market a biological product in interstate commerce, a manufacturer would file a single biologics license application (BLA) with the agency. Upon approval of the BLA, a manufacturer would receive a biologics license to market the product in interstate commerce. This action is part of FDA's continuing effort to achieve the objectives of the President's "Reinventing Government" initiatives and is intended to reduce unnecessary burdens for industry without diminishing public health protection. This action also proposes regulations to implement certain sections of the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA).

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Single exposure of mesothelial cells to glucose degradation products (GDPs) yields early advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and a proinflammatory response.

BACKGROUND: Fluids commonly used for peritoneal dialysis (PD) have a low pH and a high glucose content. Furthermore, heat sterilization of dialysis fluids degrades some of the glucose into glucose degradation products (GDPs), such as methylglyoxal (MGO) and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG). Mesothelial cells (MCs) form the first line in the peritoneal cavity and are constantly exposed to these nonphysiological conditions. Since MCs play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory responses in the peritoneal cavity, we studied the kinetics of MC uptake of highly purified GDP species, along with their effect on various cellular biological and immunological parameters. METHODS: Methylglyoxal and 3-DG were purified and added to MC cultures. Complexing to medium components or uptake by MCs was analyzed over time by HPLC of the culture supernatant and by immunocytochemistry of MCs for MGO-modified proteins. Furthermore, MCs were exposed to a single dose of MGO or 3-DG and analyzed for apoptosis, proliferation by MTT assay, and [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Incorporation of [35S]-methionine was determined in order to analyze de novo protein synthesis. Expression of the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), CD44, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was analyzed by cell-bound ELISA. Effects of MGO and 3-DG on cytokine production were also analyzed. RESULTS: Substitution of MGO and 3-DG in culture medium resulted in a spontaneous decrease in MGO over time, whereas 3-DG levels decreased minimally. The concentration of these GDPs was more reduced in the presence of MCs, indicating binding to and/or uptake by MCs of these GDPs. Mesothelial cells that had been cultured in the presence of MGO showed positive staining with a monoclonal that specifically recognizes MGO-modified proteins, demonstrating complexing to mesothelial cellular proteins. Cell-bound ELISA showed a two- to three-fold induction of expression of VCAM-1 by MGO and 3-DG; the expression of ICAM-1 and CD44 was not changed. Mesothelial cells showed a twofold increase in interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 production after exposure to 3-DG. Furthermore, incubation with MGO and 3-DG induced apoptosis and reduced the proliferation of cells, but did not influence protein synthesis. CONCLUSIONS: In the current report we demonstrate that MCs take up MGO and 3-DG and form early advanced glycation end-products. Upon short exposure to a single GDP, MCs react with enhanced cytotoxic damage and a proinflammatory response, evidenced by increased VCAM-1 expression and elevated production of IL-6 and IL-8.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1978

Mineral content of dairy products. I. Milk and milk products.

Sixteen kinds of dairy products were analyzed for five major minerals and four trace minerals. Commercial samples of fluid milk, cream, concentrated milks, cultured products, butter, and frozen desserts were also analyzed for fat, solids, protein, and minerals. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium were determined by atomic absorption, and phosphorus was determined colorimetrically. Flameless atomic absorption was used to determine iron, zinc, copper, and manganese. The data generally agreed with most recently published values. However, for the trace minerals, the data differed widely in some instances. Manufacturing practices and added ingredients produced considerable variations in mineral content of market samples. These variations, however, could be limited by selection of products, so that they would not preclude the use of dairy products in diets in which mineral composition must be controlled. The coefficients of variation, which indicate the variability that can be expected for each product, generally were high for sherbet and ice milk and low for low-fat milk and skim milk.

Animals↗