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PubMed2005

Portraits of a Y-family DNA polymerase.

Members of the Y-family of DNA polymerases catalyze template-dependent DNA synthesis but share no sequence homology with other known DNA polymerases. Y-family polymerases exhibit high error rates and low processivity when copying normal DNA but are able to synthesize DNA opposite damaged templates. In the past three years, much has been learned about this family of polymerases including determination of more than a dozen crystal structures with various substrates. In this short review, I will summarize the biochemical properties and structural features of Y-family DNA polymerases.

7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A portrait of HIV infection among men in the United States.

HIV/AIDS has been a major public health problem in the United States for over 25 years and has significantly contributed to morbidity and mortality among men. At the onset of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, White men were predominantly affected, representing 95% of the cases in 1982. Over time, the burden of disease shifted from White men to Black and Hispanic men. Currently, Blacks and Hispanics represent 64% of the men living with HIV. AIDS is the sixth leading cause of death for Black men and the tenth leading cause of death for Hispanic men. Because the transmission of HIV is predominantly behavior-driven, it is imperative that nurses have open, honest discussions with clients about their behaviors.

Black People↗
PubMed2006

Lipocalins - a family portrait.

Lipocalins are a widely distributed group of proteins whose common feature is the presence of six-or eight-stranded beta-barrel in their tertiary structure and highly conservative motifs short conserved region, (SCR) in their amino acid sequences. The presence of three SCRs is typical for kernel lipocalins, while outlier lipocalins have only one or two such regions. Owing to their ability to bind and transport small, hydrophobic molecules, lipocalins participate in the distribution of such substances. However, the physiological significance of lipocalins is not limited to transfer processes. They play an important role in the regulation of immunological and developmental processes, and are also involved in the reactions of organisms to various stress factors and in the pathways of signal transduction. Of special interest is the enzymatic activity found in a few members of the lipocalin family, as well as the interaction with natural membranes, both directly with lipids and through membrane-localized protein receptors.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Deconstructing the molecular portrait of basal-like breast cancer.

Gene-expression profiling has revealed several molecular subtypes of breast cancer, which differ in their pathobiology and clinical outcomes. Basal-like tumors are a newly recognized subtype of breast cancer, which express genes that are characteristic of basal epithelial cells, such as the basal cytokeratins, and are associated with poor relapse-free and overall survival. However, the genetic and epigenetic alterations that are responsible for the biologically aggressive phenotype of these estrogen receptor-negative and HER2/ErbB2-negative tumors are not well understood, thereby hindering efforts to develop targeted therapies. Here, we focus on new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of basal-like breast cancer and explore how these discoveries might impact the treatment of these poor-prognosis tumors.

BRCA1 Protein↗
PubMed2005

Genetic portrait of mild and severe lingual dysplasia.

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent malignant tumor of the oral cavity and often arises from premalignant lesions. Traditional methods used by the pathologist are subjective and lack the sensitivity to predict accurately which precancers may progress with time. Therefore, it is important to search for markers that may identify progression of premalignant lesions. Microarray technology can be use with this aim. Here, we define the genetic expression profile of lingual dysplasia (DS) progression. By using cDNA microarray containing 19.2K clones and a baseline of 11 normal tissues, we compared 5 mild and 4 severe DS. We identified 270 genes differentially expressed in normal tissue vs. mild DS (i.e. 161 up- and 109 down-regulated) and 181 genes differentially expressed in mild vs. severe DS (i.e. 63 up- and 118 down-regulated). The described genes cover a broad range of functional activities: (a) anti-oxidative, (b) DNA-repair, (c) inflammatory response, (d) cell-adhesion/mobility, (e) extracellular matrix depolymerization, and (f) cell-cycle regulation. The data reported better define DS progression and can help in classifying premalignant lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Portrait of the national veterinary service as a surveillance continuum.

National veterinary services emerged in response to the animal disease challenges of centuries past. Their often singular preoccupation with exogenous disease preclusion yielded, by the early 1900s, to parallel commitments to control a number of serious indigenous, zoonotic infections. Advances in clinical pathology and epidemiology opened the door in many countries to disease, if not agent, eradication initiatives by the latter part of that century. The attending interval witnessed the explosive growth of international trade and the emerging or re-emerging conditions that threaten to accompany it. Animal disease agents, their hosts and the environments within which they interact vary considerably from nation to nation. Depicted as a medieval metaphor, the exogenous cluster around the walls of the castle, awaiting entry upon the next uninspected, unsuspecting fomite or beast. Some of these threats reside comfortably within the structure's bedding and detritus, sapping the vitality of its residents until detected and exterminated. Others emerge from the least expected crevices, growing insidiously or explosively in tandem with changes wrought by humans or nature. In anticipation of, or in response to, these myriad challenges, national veterinary services mount surveillance campaigns. From the national survey that denies the presence of exogenous disease to the post-eradication assessment that confirms its demise, surveillance forms the sensory acumen of the service. From the passive assessments that detect the emerging to the active regimens that plot progress against the indigenous, they form a continuum that defines the very nature of the national veterinary service.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2005

The genetic portrait of an outbreak strain.

Unique events in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including deletions and IS6110 insertions, have been proposed to be responsible for the virulence phenotype of outbreak strains. Based on this premise, we determined ten IS6110 insertion sites in the genome of the M. tuberculosis CH strain, which was responsible for a large outbreak in Leicestershire, England. Together with previous data on genomic deletions, it was found that 16 genes were mutated either by IS6110 insertions or deletions. The likely impact of these genomic events on the phenotype of the CH strain is discussed.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1989

Portrait of the scientist as a frustrated writer.

The purpose of this report is to show that a number of scientists feel dissatisfied with the rigid structure of the scientific article as a pattern of communication. Through examples taken from specialized medical journals, we follow their way from sporadic literary quotations supporting their own texts to attempted literary creations on scientific and moral issues.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

A portrait of surgery. Surgery in America, 1875-1889.

Between the years 1875 and 1889, extraordinary changes occurred in the practice of medicine and surgery. This article reviews these changes and attempts to understand something of the science of surgery as well as its place in American medicine during these years. The essay uses the two paintings by Thomas Eakins, The Gross Clinic of 1875 and The Agnew Clinic of 1889, as endpoints to the period of discussion.

General Surgery↗
PubMed2002

A PUF family portrait: 3'UTR regulation as a way of life.

In eukaryotic cells, mRNAs are exquisitely controlled, often through regulatory elements in their 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs). Proteins that bind to those sites are key players in controlling mRNA stability, translation and localization. One family of regulatory proteins--the PUF proteins--are not only structurally related, but also bind to 3'UTRs and modulate mRNA expression in a wide variety of eukaryotic species. They do so either by enhancing turnover or repressing translation, and act combinatorially with other regulatory proteins. Here, we discuss the evolution, biological function and mechanisms of action of the PUF protein family, and suggest that a primordial function of PUF proteins is to sustain mitotic proliferation of stem cells.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2004

Bridges from hospitals to the laboratory: genetic portraits of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) emerged in the early 1960's after the acquisition of the methicillin resistance gene mecA, which is carried by the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). MRSA seemed to have arisen by multiple introductions of SCCmec into successful methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) lineages. MRSA is one of the most common agents of nosocomial infections worldwide increasing the cost and mortality compared to MSSA infections. Little by little, MRSA has acquired resistance to all antibiotics available in clinical practice, which complicates treatment. This situation was further aggravated by the recent reports of vanA-mediated vancomycin-resistant S. aureus. As a reaction to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant MRSA worldwide, international surveillance systems such as the CEM/NET initiative have been created. The characterization of over 3000 MRSA isolates from different regions of the world evidenced the existence of only a few epidemic clones spread worldwide, namely the Iberian, Brazilian, Hungarian, New York/Japan, Pediatric and EMRSA-16 clones. It was found that in surveillance or evolutionary studies strains should be characterized by a combination of different typing methods, namely pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multi-locus sequence typing and SCCmec typing. In recent years, community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) has become a growing public health concern. However, although many authors reported the emergence of CA-MRSA isolates, a standard definition has not been created and the prevalence of MRSA among persons without risk factors seems to remain very low. CA-MRSA has distinct properties compared to epidemic nosocomial clones and its origin is still unclear. Certain authors suggest there is MRSA transmission from the hospital setting to the community, namely transfer of nosocomial MRSA minor clones or sporadic isolates showing a high degree of similarity with CA-MRSA; others believe CA-MRSA strains represent new acquisitions of SCCmec DNA in susceptible backgrounds. Many questions concerning this extraordinarily versatile and threatening pathogen remain unanswered, needing future investigation

Community-Acquired Infections↗