Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Population Statistics”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Determinants of optic disc characteristics in a general population: The Rotterdam Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether age, gender, height, and refractive error are associated with optic disc morphology in a general elderly population. DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 5114 subjects 55 years of age or older participated in this study, representing 76% of a population-based sample of 6777 ophthalmologically examined white patients from a geographically well-defined suburb in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Disc area, neural rim area, cup area, vertical and horizontal cup-to-disc ratios, and parapapillary atrophy. METHODS: Disc characteristics were measured on stereoscopic simultaneous optic disc transparencies using an image analyzer. The presence and location of parapapillary atrophy, differentiated into zones alpha and beta, were assessed from disc transparencies of both eyes in a random sample of 894 persons. Subjects with open-angle glaucoma were excluded. RESULTS: The mean disc area was 2.42 mm2 (standard deviation [SD], 0.47), mean neural rim area was 1.85 mm2 (SD, 0.39), mean cup area was 0.57 mm2 (SD, 0.34), mean vertical cup-to-disc ratio was 0.49 (SD, 0.14), and mean horizontal cup-to-disc ratio was 0.40 (SD, 0.14). Age was not a determinant of any disc characteristic. Disc and rim areas were 3.2% (P < 0.0005; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7%-3.7%) and 4.3% (P < 0.0005; 95% CI, 3.5%-4.6%) larger in men than in women. For each diopter increase toward myopia, the disc area increased by 0.033 mm2 (P < 0.0005; 95% CI, 0.027-0.038) and neural rim area by 0.029 mm2 (P < 0.0005; 95% CI, 0.025-0.034). The disc area increased by 0.02 mm2 (P = 0.02; 95% CI, 0.005,0.05) for each 10-cm increase in height. The prevalence of zone alpha slightly decreased by 0.4% per 10 years of age (P = 0.035; 95% CI, 0.03%-0.8%), whereas the prevalence of zone beta increased by 1.3% (P = 0.0003; 95% CI, 0.57%-1.9%) for each diopter increase toward myopia. CONCLUSIONS: In a general population, statistically normal discs may vary twofold in disc area and threefold in rim area. Age is not associated with any disc characteristic, whereas disc area and neural rim area are slightly larger in men than in women. Refractive error is weakly related to disc area and neural rim area. Height is weakly related to disc area in persons of medium height. The prevalence of zone beta is higher in myopic eyes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Increase in cytokine production (IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha but not IFN-gamma, GM-CSF or LIF) by stimulated whole blood cells in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a progressive disorder characterized by a decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures. Several investigations have suggested that one of the mechanisms through which estrogen prevents bone loss was a modulation on secretion or release of various cytokines that are known to influence bone remodeling, even if some recent data have challenged this hypothesis. However, in established osteoporosis, the possibility that enhanced cytokines activity may account for the progression of this disease remains unclear and controversial. We sought here to determine whether production of IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF and LIF, after direct stimulation in whole blood, was different in healthy (n = 30) or osteoporotic postmenopausal women (n = 24) and whether lumbar bone density (1-BMD) correlated with the values of cytokine production observed in these conditions. A significant difference was observed between the osteoporotic and control subjects for IL-1 beta (p < 0.0001), IL-6 (p < 0.001) and TNF-alpha (p = 0.027) productions, the values being higher in the osteoporotic women. No significant differences between the groups were observed for IFN-gamma (p = 0.51), GM-CSF (p = 0.70) or LIF (p = 0.97). In the whole population, statistically significant negative correlations were observed between lumbar BMD and IL-1 beta (r = -0.46) (p < 0.0005), IL-6 (r = -0.50) (p < 0.0001) and TNF-alpha (r = -0.39) (p < 0.005) production while no such correlations were observed for IFN-gamma, GM-CSF or LIF. In conclusion, the study of cytokine production by immune cells cultured in autologous whole blood suggests that in women more than 10 years past the menopause and presenting a decrease in lumbar bone density corresponding to the new WHO definition of "osteoporosis', production of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha is still increased compared to controls matched for age and ovarian function, while no differences are reported for IFN-gamma, GM-CSF or LIF production.

Bone Density↗
PubMed2002

Geomagnetics and society interact in weekly and broader multiseptans underlying health and environmental integrity.

Evidence for the ubiquity and partial endogenicity of about-weekly (circaseptan) components and multiples and/or submultiples thereof (the multiseptans) accumulates as longer and denser records become available. Often attributed to a mere response to the social schedule, circaseptan components now have been documented to characterize environmental variables related to primarily non-photic solar effects. Plausibly, like circadians, circaseptans are anchored in genomes, from bacteria to humans, via both an internal and external evolution. If so, circaseptans, like circadians, may be found in the absence of a 7-day schedule, whereas the social schedule may play a synchronizing role and be responsible for the detection of prominent weekly variations in population statistics. The wobbliness of multiseptans and other components of some environmental time structures (chronomes) may correspond to the wobbliness of multiseptans found in cardiovascular morbidity statistics. Here, the latter stem primarily, but not exclusively, from an extensive database on the incidence of daily calls for an ambulance in Moscow, Russia from 1979-1981. A modulation of multiseptans and other chronome components of both environmental and biological variables by the about 11-year solar activity cycle (and of other low-frequency signals reviewed elsewhere) may account for prior controversies and scepticism about a variety of non-photic effects on biota. This is notably the case when relatively short series are analyzed without consideration of effects of unassessed long-term variations; this is the task of the new field of chronomics. In the spectral element of the chronomes of geophysical and biospherical variability, there are natural near weeks,apart from any precise 7-day periodicity.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Regeneration studies of an analog of ribonuclease A missing disulfide bonds 65-72 and 40-95.

Mutants of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) that contain four of the eight cysteine residues found in the wild-type protein were prepared. Cysteine residues 40, 65, 72, and 95 were replaced by serine to form [C40S,C65S,C72S,C95S] RNase A or by alanine to form [C40A,C65A,C72A,C95A] RNase A, which contain the following four cysteine residues: 26, 58, 84, and 110. The substitutions resulted in deletion of wild-type disulfide bonds, 65-72 and 40-95. These mutants were prepared to investigate interactions that may be important for the folding and unfolding of the wild-type protein. The mutant protein was expressed and purified in an unfolded sulfonated form. Upon regeneration of the native form from the reduced mutant with DTTox, all three of the possible two-disulfide pairings, including the native one, formed. One-dimensional 1H NMR spectra demonstrated that the conformations of these three species are similar and are predominantly disordered; however, there is evidence of local structure in the vicinity of one histidine residue. It was also shown that disulfide pairing is not completely random and that both entropic factors and enthalpic interactions contribute to the formation of the native-disulfide bonds. The presence of more than a statistical population of native-disulfide pairings indicates that specific local interactions present in the reduced protein direct the preferential formation of native-disulfide bonds in the two-disulfide mutant.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exploring chemical rings in a simple topological-descriptor space.

A new method for organizing chemical rings based on their topology is presented. It uses three simple descriptors that characterize separate aspects of ring topology. These descriptors are integers and can thus be interpreted as the coordinates of discrete cells in a three-dimensional space. The descriptor values of any ring topology correspond to the coordinates of some cell. A database of rings can be distributed in this descriptor space by assigning each of them to the corresponding cell. This approach is applied to a database of 40 182 different ring topologies, derived from a comprehensive collection of chemical rings extracted from the CAS Registry File. This database is distributed among 7387 cells, and the population statistics and spatial distribution of these cells are discussed. An examination of selected cells shows that ring topologies which are similar tend to be close together in descriptor space. Some results of using this space to study ring diversity are presented. It is found that the distribution of the ring-topology database is not highly compact but has many significant voids. It is also found that the distribution of medicinally relevant rings in this space shows the influence of certain structural constraints on drug molecules.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Assessing the integrity of designed homomeric parallel three-stranded coiled coils in the presence of metal ions.

De novo design of alpha-helical peptides that self-assemble to form helical coiled coils is a powerful tool for studying molecular recognition between peptides/proteins and determining the fundamental forces involved in their folding and structure. These amphipathic helices assemble in aqueous solution to generate the final coiled coil motif, with the hydrophobic residues in the interior and the polar/hydrophilic groups on the exterior. Considerable effort has been devoted to investigate the forces that determine the overall stability and final three-dimensional structure of the coiled coils. One of the major challenges in coiled coil design is the achievement of specificity in terms of the oligomeric state, with respect to number (two, three, four, or higher), nature (homomers vs heteromers), and strand orientation (parallel vs antiparallel). As seen in nature, metal ions play an important role in this self-organization process, and the overall structure of metalloproteins is primarily the result of two driving forces: the metal coordination preference and the fold of the polypeptide backbone. Previous work in our group has shown that metal ions such as As(III) and Hg(II) can be used to enforce different aggregation states in the Cys derivatives of the designed homotrimeric coiled-coil TRI family [Ac-G(LKALEEK)4G-CONH2]. We are now interested in studying the interplay between the metal ion and peptide preferences in controlling the specificity and relative orientation of the alpha-helices in coiled coils. For this objective, two derivatives of the TRI family, TRi L2WL9C and TRi L2WL23C, have been synthesized. Along with those two peptides, two derivatives of Coil-Ser, CSL9C and CSL19C (CS = Ac-EWEALEKKLAALESKLQALEKKLEALEHG-CONH2), a similar de novo designed three-stranded coiled coil that has the potential to form antiparallel coiled coils, have also been used. Circular dichroism, UV-vis, and 199Hg and 113Cd NMR spectroscopy results reveal that the addition of Hg(II) and Cd(II) to the different mixtures of these peptides forms preferentially homotrimeric coiled coils, over a statistical population of heterotrimeric parallel and antiparallel coiled coils.

Cations↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of the cytochrome bc1 complex with the anticipated structure of the cytochrome b6f complex: Le plus ça change le plus c'est la même chose.

Structural alignment of the integral cytochrome b6-SU IV subunits with the solved structure of the mitochondrial bc1 complex shows a pronounced asymmetry. There is a much higher homology on the p-side of the membrane, suggesting a similarity in the mechanisms of intramembrane and interfacial electron and proton transfer on the p-side, but not necessarily on the n-side. Structural differences between the bc1 and b6f complexes appear to be larger the farther the domain or subunit is removed from the membrane core, with extreme differences between cytochromes c1 and f. A special role for the dimer may involve electron sharing between the two hemes b(p), which is indicated as a probable event by calculations of relative rate constants for intramonomer heme b(p) --> heme b(n), or intermonomer heme b(p) --> heme b(p) electron transfer. The long-standing observation of flash-induced oxidation of only approximately 0.5 of the chemical content of cyt f may be partly a consequence of the statistical population of ISP bound to cytfon the dimer. It is proposed that the p-side domain of cyt f is positioned with its long axis parallel to the membrane surface in order to: (i) allow its large and small domains to carry out the functions of cyt c1 and suVIII, respectively, of the bc1 complex, and (ii) provide maximum dielectric continuity with the membrane. (iii) This position would also allow the internal water chain ("proton wire") of cyt f to serve as the p-side exit port for an intramembrane H+ transfer chain that would deprotonate the semiquinol located in the myxothiazol/MOA-stilbene pocket near heme b(p). A hypothesis is presented for the identity of the amino acid residues in this chain.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Partitioning linear trends in age-adjusted rates.

OBJECTIVE: Surveillance of chronic diseases includes monitoring trends in age-adjusted rates in the general population. Statistics that are calculated to describe and compare trends include the annual percent change and the percent change for a specified time period. However, it is also of interest to determine the contribution specific diseases make to an overall trend in order to better understand the impact of interventions and changes in the prevalence of risk factors. The objective here is to provide a method for partitioning a linear trend in age-adjusted rates into disease-specific components. METHODS: The method presented is based on linear regression. The decreasing trend in age-adjusted cancer mortality rates for the total United States during the period 1991-96 is analyzed to illustrate the method. RESULTS: Trends in mortality for cancers of the colon/rectum, breast, lung/bronchus, and prostate are found to be responsible for 75% of the decreasing trend in cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to partition an overall trend in age-adjusted rates under the assumption that it and the trends for all mutually exclusive and exhaustive subgroups of interest are linear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Modified Whittaker plots as an assessment and monitoring tool for vegetation in a lowland tropical rainforest.

Resource exploitation in lowland tropical forests is increasing and causing loss of biodiversity. Effective evaluation and management of the impacts of development on tropical forests requires appropriate assessment and monitoring tools. We propose the use of 0.1-ha multi-scale, modified Whittaker plots (MWPs) to assess and monitor vegetation in lowland tropical rainforests. We established MWPs at 4 sites to: (1) describe and compare composition and structure of the sites using MWPs, (2) compare these results to those of 1-ha permanent vegetation plots (BDPs), and (3) evaluate the ability of MWPs to detect changes in populations (statistical power). We recorded more than 400 species at each site. Species composition among the sites was distinctive, while mean abundance and basal area was similar. Comparisons between MWPs and BDPs show that they record similar species composition and abundance and that both perform equally well at detecting rare species. However, MWPs tend to record more species, and power analysis studies show that MWPs were more effective at detecting changes in the mean number of species of trees > or = 10 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) and in herbaceous plants. Ten MWPs were sufficient to detect a change of 11% in the mean number of herb species, and they were able to detect a 14% change in the mean number of species of trees > or =10 cm dbh. The value of MWPs for assessment and monitoring is discussed, along with recommendations for improving the sampling design to increase power.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2002

Demographic traits of Eotetranychus pruni from Belgian and Tunisian orchards, in comparison with Tetranychus urticae.

Eotetranychus pruni was recorded in Belgian and Tunisian apple orchards for the first time. The aim of this study was to compare a Belgian (Vieusart) and a Tunisian strain (Grombalia), with respect to their life history and demographic traits. Furthermore, a Tunisian strain of Tetranychus urticae (Sousse) was also added to the study, in order to evaluate the potential status of the Tunisian strain of E. pruni. Experiments were carried out in the laboratory (24 degrees C) on apple leaf discs. Significant differences were noticed between the two species, with respect to development time (males), fecundity and fertility (egg hatching), but no differences could be detected between the two strains of E. pruni. Life tables were set up to describe the population statistics. The calculated intrinsic rates of natural increase (rm) appear to be rather low per se and do not correspond to those of typical "r strategic pests". The Bootstrap procedure allows us to estimate the confidence interval for these rm values. By using this method, the two Tunisian strains (T. urticae and E. pruni) appear to be quite similar, and contrast with the Belgian strain (E. pruni). The potential pest status of the Tunisian strain of E. pruni is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Educational attainment among survivors of childhood cancer: a population-based cohort study in Denmark.

We identified 2384 patients in the Danish Cancer Register in whom cancer had been diagnosed in 1960-1996 before they reached the age of 20 and compared them with 53 143 sex- and age-matched controls identified from the Register of Population Statistics. Complete education records and demographic and socioeconomic information for the period 1980-2000 were obtained for both cohorts from Statistics Denmark. The rate ratio (RR) for educational attainment was estimated by discrete-time Cox regression analyses. An overall reduction in attaining basic education was found (RR, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-0.96). Female survivors of central nervous system (CNS) tumours showed the largest educational deficit (RR, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-0.82). Non-CNS tumour survivors attained education as controls at most levels. When the analyses were conditioned on completion of youth education, further educational attainment was not reduced for any group of survivors. These findings confirm that only survivors of CNS tumours in childhood experience significant educational deficits. The deficit was mainly seen among persons whose tumour was diagnosed before they reached the level of secondary education.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Mortality from all cancers and lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancer by country of birth in England and Wales, 2001-2003.

Mortality from all cancers combined and major cancers among men and women aged 20 years and over was compared by country of birth with that of the whole of England and Wales as the reference group. Population data from the 2001 Census and mortality data for 2001-2003 were used to estimate standardised mortality ratios. Data on approximately 399 000 cancer deaths were available, with at least 400 cancer deaths in each of the smaller populations. Statistically significant differences from the reference group included: higher mortality from all cancers combined, lung and colorectal cancer among people born in Scotland and Ireland, lower mortality for all cancers combined, lung, breast and prostate cancer among people born in Bangladesh (except for lung cancer in men), India, Pakistan or China/Hong Kong, lower lung cancer mortality among people born in West Africa or the West Indies, higher breast cancer mortality among women born in West Africa and higher prostate cancer mortality among men born in West Africa or the West Indies. These data may be relevant to causal hypotheses and in relation to health care and cancer prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Auditory brainstem responses from graduates of an intensive care nursery: normal patterns of response.

Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were obtained from graduates of an intensive care nursery (ICN) when those babies were in stable physiological states and ready for hospital discharge. Intensity ranged from ABR threshold to 80 dB nHL, and all recordings were made in a sound-isolated chamber. The data reviewed here are from 585 babies having presumably normal hearing, based upon bilateral ABR thresholds of 30 dB nHL or less. To insure that estimates of population statistics were not biased by high correlations between ears, only the data from the left ears were used in most analyses. Larger correlations were observed between conceptional age (CA) and ABR latencies than between either gestational age (GA) or chronological age (CHA) and the same latencies. Data were grouped into six CA groups for further analyses. Distributions of all response-component latencies were similar in shape and depended upon CA, showing orderly decreases in latency with increasing age. None of these distributions differed significantly from normal, and they were well fitted by normal ogives. Thus, accurate estimates of percentiles can be obtained from the means and standard deviations. The results indicate that it is important to take CA into account when evaluating ABR latencies.

Audiometry, Evoked Response↗
PubMed2000

Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis in the Songpa-Kangdong District, Seoul, Korea, 1986-1997.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is regarded as a rare disease in developing countries, but accurate data are generally lacking. We performed the present study to evaluate the incidence and prevalence of UC in Korea. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed from 1986 to 1997 in the Songpa-Kangdong district of Seoul, Korea. To recruit UC patients as completely as possible, multiple information sources including all medical facilities in the study area and three referral centres located nearby, but outside the study area were used. The incidence and prevalence rates were adjusted using the 1997 Korean population statistics. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 94 incident cases were identified, for an adjusted mean annual incidence rate of 0.68 per 100,000 inhabitants. On 31 December 1997, 91 patients with UC lived in the study area, giving an adjusted prevalence rate of 7.57 per 100,000 inhabitants. By using the Poisson regression analysis, the annual incidence rate increased significantly from 0.20 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1986-1988 to 1.23 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1995-1997 (P < 0.005). Patient age at diagnosis, the interval from onset of symptoms to diagnosis, and the disease extent at diagnosis were fairly constant throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and prevalence of UC in our study area are still low compared with those of Western countries, but the incidence rate is steadily increasing.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Assessing social inequality in microcensus data and German national health examination survey].

To analyse the impact of social inequality on health and illness public health officials in Germany request for more data on socio-demographic indicators in official population statistics at Federal and State level. The aim of the study was to examine whether the national sample census Microcensus is suitable for scaling social inequality. For this purpose, coding instructions for calculating social strata index by Winkler were applied to databases of the Microcensus. The results were compared with the German Health Survey, because social data of this survey are already scaled according to the coding instruction for social strata index by Winkler. Data analyses were based on subgroups of North Rhine-Westphalia originated from national samples of Microcensus and German Health Survey. For index indicators "education" and "income" coding structure was transferred to databases of Microcensus without any problems. For index indicator "occupational status" occupational groups were less comparable. This refers to the classification of the occupational status of formerly employed people. However this limitation applies also to employees because the model for "occupational status" is assessed only on a four-year basis. From a methodical point of view it seems to be a problem that "household" has a different meaning in the index by Winkler and Microcensus and is only partly transferable to Microcensus databases. Additionally, identification of the main income earner of the household proved extremely difficult. Therefore, at the present conceptional stage of Microcensus it seems appropriate to classify occupational status as an individual criterion.

Censuses↗
PubMed2006

Dynamics of OH radical generation in laser-induced photodissociation of tetrahydropyran at 193 nm.

Tetrahydropyran (THP) undergoes photodissociation on excitation with ArF laser at 193 nm, generating OH radical as one of the transient photoproducts. Laser-induced fluorescence technique is used to detect the nascent OH radical and measure its energy state distribution. The OH radical is formed mostly in the ground vibrational level (v"=0), with low rotational excitation. The rotational distribution of OH (v"=0,J) is characterized by a temperature of 433+/-31 K, corresponding to a rotational energy of 0.86+/-0.06 kcalmol. Two Lambda-doublet levels, 2Pi+(A') and 2Pi-(A"), and the two spin-orbit states, the 2Pi(3/2) and 2Pi(1/2), of OH are populated statistically for all rotational levels. The relative translational energy associated with the photoproducts in the OH channel is calculated to be 21.9+/-3.2 kcal mol(-1), from the Doppler-broadened linewidth, giving an ft value of approximately 43%, and most of the remaining 57% of the available energy is distributed in the internal modes of the other photofragment, C5H9. The observed distribution of the available energy is explained well, using a hybrid model of energy partitioning, with an exit barrier of 40 kcal mol(-1). The potential-energy surface of the reaction channel was mapped by ab initio molecular-orbital calculations. Based on experimental and theoretical results, a mechanism for OH formation is proposed. Electronically excited THP relaxes to the ground electronic state, and from there, a sequence of reactions takes place, generating OH. The proposed mechanism first involves C-O bond scission, followed by a 1,3 H atom migration to O atom, and finally, the C-OH bond cleavage giving OH.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

A model-based approach for assessing in vivo combination therapy interactions.

We present an approach for evaluating the efficacy of combination antitumor agent schedules that accounts for order and timing of drug administration. Our model-based approach compares in vivo tumor volume data over a time course and offers a quantitative definition for additivity of drug effects, relative to which synergism and antagonism are interpreted. We begin by fitting data from individual mice receiving at most one drug to a differential equation tumor growth/drug effect model and combine individual parameter estimates to obtain population statistics. Using two null hypotheses: (i) combination therapy is consistent with additivity or (ii) combination therapy is equivalent to treating with the more effective single agent alone, we compute predicted tumor growth trajectories and their distribution for combination treated animals. We illustrate this approach by comparing entire observed and expected tumor volume trajectories for a data set in which HER-2/neu-overexpressing MCF-7 human breast cancer xenografts are treated with a humanized, anti-HER-2 monoclonal antibody (rhuMAb HER-2), doxorubicin, or one of five proposed combination therapy schedules.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Disability pensions in relation to traumatic brain injury: a population study.

From a Danish national register of hospitalizations, all patients were identified who had a discharge diagnosis of traumatic brain injury between the years 1979-1993 inclusive, at ages 18-66 years inclusive. These were classified as having suffered either a concussion (n = 74,398), a cranial fracture (n = 4,452) or a cerebral contusion (n = 8,141). Patients in each of these groups were then checked in annual registers of disability pension awards between 1979-1995. Disability pensions had been awarded to 16% of the concussion group, 18% of the fracture group, and 33% of the contusion group. Date of application, grounds for the application, and the pension level awarded were noted. Analysis of the date of application for the disability pension revealed that in all groups a high proportion of the pension applications had been made prior to the injury. Among the concussion group, the pension award appeared to be independent of the injury itself. Rather, being awarded a disability pension appeared to be related to conditions which themselves are risk factors for a traumatic brain injury, e.g. chronic skeletomuscular disease and psychiatric disorders including alcoholism. Comparison with population statistics revealed that the relative risk of being assigned a low or intermediate disability pension is markedly elevated among the concussion group, especially at younger ages and among males. For the fracture and contusion groups, a clear post-injury elevation in rate was detectable, especially for highest level pensions.

Adolescent↗