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Results for “Plant engineering”

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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Chrysanthemum: advances in tissue culture, cryopreservation, postharvest technology, genetics and transgenic biotechnology.

Members of the Chrysanthemum-complex include important floricultural (cut-flower) and ornamental (pot and garden) crops, as well as plants of culinary, medicinal and (ethno)pharmacological interest. The last 35 years have seen a tremendous emphasis on their in vitro tissue culture and micropropagation, while the latter 10-15 years has seen a surge in transformation experiments, all aimed at ameliorating aesthetic and growth characteristics of the plants. This review highlights all available literature that exists on ornamental Chrysanthemum in vitro cell, tissue and organ culture, micropropagation and transformation.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

Zinc fingers and a green thumb: manipulating gene expression in plants.

Artificial transcription factors can be rapidly constructed from predefined zinc-finger modules to regulate virtually any gene. Stable, heritable up- and downregulation of endogenous genes has been demonstrated in transgenic plants. These advances promise new approaches for creating functional knockouts and conditional overexpression, and for other gene discovery and manipulation applications in plants.

Gene Expression Regulation, Plant↗
PubMed1999

Strategies for bioengineering the development and metabolism of glandular tissues in plants.

Glandular tissues in plants produce a wide variety of commercially important chemicals. We review specific model systems that can be exploited for bioengineering the development and metabolism of these specialized structures, and the economic considerations that must be satisfied to permit commercially viable bioengineering approaches to specific chemicals and that constrain the choice of production systems.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2006

New construct approaches for efficient gene silencing in plants.

An important component of conventional sense, antisense, and double-strand RNA-based gene silencing constructs is the transcriptional terminator. Here, we show that this regulatory element becomes obsolete when gene fragments are positioned between two oppositely oriented and functionally active promoters. The resulting convergent transcription triggers gene silencing that is at least as effective as unidirectional promoter-to-terminator transcription. In addition to short, variably sized, and nonpolyadenylated RNAs, terminator-free cassette produced rare, longer transcripts that reach into the flanking promoter. These read-through products did not influence the efficacy and expression levels of the neighboring hygromycin phosphotransferase gene. Replacement of gene fragments by promoter-derived sequences further increased the extent of gene silencing. This finding indicates that genomic DNA may be a more efficient target for gene silencing than gene transcripts.

Gene Silencing↗
PubMed2006

Transposition-based plant transformation.

Agrobacterium T-DNAs were used to deliver transposable Dissociation (Ds) elements into the nuclei of potato (Solanum tuberosum) cells. A double-selection system was applied to enrich for plants that only contained a transposed Ds element. This system consisted of a positive selection for the neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene positioned within Ds followed by a negative selection against stable integration of the cytosine deaminase (codA) gene-containing T-DNA. Sixteen of 29 transgenic plants were found to contain a transposed element while lacking any superfluous T-DNA sequences. The occurrence of this genotype indicates that Ds elements can transpose from relatively short extrachromosomal DNA molecules into the plant genome. The frequency of single-copy Ds transformation was determined at 0.3%, which is only about 2.5-fold lower than the potato transformation frequency for backbone-free and single-copy T-DNAs. Because of the generally high expression levels of genes positioned within transposed elements, the new transformation method may find broad applicability to crops that are accessible to Agrobacterium T-DNA transfer.

DNA Transposable Elements↗
PubMed1999

Gene discovery and product development for grain quality traits.

The composition of oils, proteins, and carbohydrates in seeds of corn, soybean, and other crops has been modified to produce grains with enhanced value. Both plant breeding and molecular technologies have been used to produce plants carrying the desired traits. Genomics-based strategies for gene discovery, coupled with high-throughput transformation processes and miniaturized, automated analytical and functionality assays, have accelerated the identification of product candidates. Molecular marker-based breeding strategies have been used to accelerate the process of moving trait genes into high-yielding germplasm for commercialization. These products are being tested for applications in food, feed, and industrial markets.

Biotechnology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Production of Brassica olereceae (+Arabidopsis thaliana) and Brassica napus cell lines resistant to spectinomycin/streptomycin as a result of plastome genetic transformation].

Plastid genetic transformation has been performed using both the PEG-treatment of protoplasts of somatic hybrids of B. oleracea carrying A. thaliana chloroplasts and the particle bombardment of regenerable calluses of B. napus sv. Westar. The chloroplast transformation vector pCB040 carried resistance (aadA) gene flanked by rapeseed plastid DNA sequences to target its insertion between the trnV-rps7 fragments. Selection of transplastomic cell lines has been performed according to their ability to grow on the medium supplied with spectinomycin and streptomycin in high concentrations. Antibiotic resistant cell lines have been obtained using the both transformation methods. The presence of the aadA gene in the A. thaliana and B. napus plastomes was confirmed by PCR analysis for two cell lines of B. oleracea (+ A. thaliana) and three lines of B. napus.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2000

Enslaved bacteria as new hope for plant biotechnologists.

The most distinguishing feature of the plant cell is a DNA-containing organelle that sets plants apart from all other organisms: the chloroplast. Compelling evidence supports an endosymbiotic origin for chloroplasts. According to this theory, chloroplasts are descendants of formerly free-living cyanobacterial ancestors which entered an endosymbiotic relationship with a pre-eukaryotic cell and were ultimately integrated into the metabolism of the host cell. Chloroplasts retain many prokaryotic features and their gene expression system still closely resembles that of their eubacterial ancestors. During the past decade, our knowledge about chloroplast biology has benefited immensely from a most remarkable methodological breakthrough: the development of transformation technologies for chloroplast genomes. Moreover, recent advances in the manipulation of higher plant chloroplast genomes have created unprecedented opportunities for the genetic engineering of plants and promise to overcome many of the problems associated with conventional transgenic technologies. This review describes the state of the art in genetic engineering of higher plant chloroplast genomes and highlights the tremendous potential of these technologies for the biotechnology of the future.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1993

Future prospects for genetic modification of the composition of edible oils from higher plants.

It is now routinely possible to introduce genes into many plant species of agronomic significance. This has created new opportunities to genetically engineer higher plants to produce edible fats and oils with predefined fatty acid composition. Because of the chemical diversity of plants, the genes required for synthesis of many different types of lipids exist in nondomesticated species. Thus, it should be possible to modify the storage-lipid composition of crop plants by transferring the relevant genes from the wild species into crop plants. However, although a coherent model now exists for plant-lipid metabolism, a substantial amount of the specific information required to undertake genetic engineering of plant-lipid metabolism is not yet available.

Dietary Fats, Unsaturated↗
PubMed2004

[Carotenoid biosynthesis in plants and application of its relative genes in gene engineering].

In recent years, the cloning and characterization of carotenogenic genes has provided new gene resources and molecular tools, which can be utilized to genetically alter carotenoid composition and enrich the carotenoid content in vivo by gene engineering technique for plants. Increasing evidences in the studies of biochemistry of carotenogenesis and its regulation in vivo make the genetically manipulating carotenoid biosynthesis pathway to be possible in plants. In this review, the carotenoid biosynthesis pathways and the some genes involved in this pathway in plants are summarized, and some progresses including author's work in the successful manipulation of carotenoid composition and content in plants using gene-transfer technology are also covered.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed1999

Construction of plant vectors with high level expression of B.t. toxin gene and studies on their expression behavior in transgenic tobaccos.

Breeding pest-resistant plants using plant genetic engineering technique is an effective strategy in integrated pest management (IPM). Increasing the expression level of foreign insecticidal protein by using a strong promoter is a useful method. In this work, a plant expression vector, pBinMoBc, was constructed. It contained the CryIA(c) gene under the control of a chimeric OM promoter and the omega factor. As a control, another vector, pBinoBc, was also constructed in this study. pBinoBc carrying CryIA(c) gene was under the control of a CaMV 35S promoter. The vectors were transferred into tobacco plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. ELISA assay showed that the average expression level of the CryIA(c) gene in pBinMoBc transgenic tobacco plants is 2.44-times that in pBinoBc transgenic tobacco plants. The expression of B.t. toxin in individual plant can be up to 0.255% of total soluble proteins. Bioassay showed that pBinMoBc transgenic tobacco plants had more notable insecticidal effects than pBinoBc transgenic tobacco plants. The above results showed that the chimeric OM promoter is a stronger promoter than the CaMV 35S promoter that was widely used in plant genetic engineering. This is very useful in pest-resistant plant genetic engineering.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Plant viruses: a tool-box for genetic engineering and crop protection.

Traditionally, plant viruses are viewed as harmful, undesirable pathogens. However, their genomes can provide several useful 'designer functions' or 'sequence modules' with which to tailor future gene vectors for plant or general biotechnology. The majority (77%) of known plant viruses have single-stranded RNA of the messenger (protein coding) sense as their genetic material. Over the past 4 years, improved in vitro transcription systems and the construction of partial or full-length DNA copies of several plant RNA viruses have enhanced our ability to manipulate and study their genomes, particularly in the context of their pathogenic interactions with host plants. Recently, two forms of genetically engineered protection against plant virus infections have been reported. In both, a virus-related 'interfering' molecule was stably introduced into plants via the DNA-transfer mechanism of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. To date, the choice of 'interfering' molecule has been guided by empirical field-observations and each is effective against only a narrow range of closely-related viruses. As yet, we do not fully understand the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the observed protection. The ability to manipulate the plant-pathogen relationship is a powerful tool to increase our knowledge and improve future strategies for unconventional cropprotection by genetic engineering techniques.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Biotechnology-a sustainable alternative for chemical industry.

This review outlines the current and emerging applications of biotechnology, particularly in the production and processing of chemicals, for sustainable development. Biotechnology is "the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents". Some of the defining technologies of modern biotechnology include genetic engineering; culture of recombinant microorganisms, cells of animals and plants; metabolic engineering; hybridoma technology; bioelectronics; nanobiotechnology; protein engineering; transgenic animals and plants; tissue and organ engineering; immunological assays; genomics and proteomics; bioseparations and bioreactor technologies. Environmental and economic benefits that biotechnology can offer in manufacturing, monitoring and waste management are highlighted. These benefits include the following: greatly reduced dependence on nonrenewable fuels and other resources; reduced potential for pollution of industrial processes and products; ability to safely destroy accumulated pollutants for remediation of the environment; improved economics of production; and sustainable production of existing and novel products.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2001

Genetic modification and plant food allergens: risks and benefits.

Plant genetic engineering has the potential to both introduce new allergenic proteins into foods and remove established allergens. A number of allergenic plant proteins have been characterized, showing that many are related to proteins which have potentially valuable properties for use in nutritional enhancement, food processing and crop protection. It is therefore important to monitor the allergenic potential of proteins used for plant genetic engineering and major biotechnology companies have established systems for this. Current technology allows gene expression to be down-regulated using antisense or co-suppression and future developments may allow targeted gene mutation or gene replacement. However, the application of this technology may be limited at least in the short term by the presence of multiple allergens and their contribution to food processing or other properties. Furthermore, the long-term stability of these systems needs to be established as reversion could have serious consequences.

Allergens↗