Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Pensions”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Migration and pension.

"Migration has important implications for the financial soundness of the pension system.... While it is common sense to expect that young migrants, even if low-skilled, can help society pay the benefits to the currently elderly, it may nevertheless be reasonable to argue that these migrants would adversely affect current young since, after all, the migrants are net beneficiaries of the welfare state. In contrast to the adverse effects of low skilled migration in a static model, [the authors] show that in a Samuelsonian overlapping generations model...migration is a Pareto-improving measure. All the existing income (low and high) and age (young and old) groups living at the time of the migrant's arrival would be better off."

Demography↗
PubMed2000

Improved outcomes of veterans' compensation and pension examinations using nurse practitioners.

A historic change to improve outcomes of a long-standing problem in completing veterans' compensation and pension examinations has resulted in increased access to care, higher client satisfaction, and increased system efficiencies. This article describes the change from medical care as the exclusive responsibility of physicians to an innovative use of nurse practitioners in a system that exists in a highly structured, centrally coordinated patient care practice.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The analysis of diagnoses and pharmacological treatment of patients on disability pension due to depression].

The aim of the study was to assess the diagnoses and pharmacological treatment in 80 patients with symptoms of depression in reference to the psychiatric examination due to disability pension proceedings. Diagnoses were often not in accordance with the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). Twenty two per cent of outpatients were treated using benzodiazepines only. In the group of antidepressants, mianserin, fluoxetine and doxepine were used most often (in 12%, 12% and 11% of outpatients respectively). Inpatients were usually treated with doxepine (24%) and mianserin (18%). As many as 15% of patients received benzodiazapines as the only drug during the hospitalisation. In contrast to the newer generation of drugs (moclobemide, fluoxetine), tricyclic antidepressants were usually used in low, not therapeutic doses. Further studies on the quality of treatment of depression in Poland, based on the more representative groups are necessary.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed2001

Becoming a disability pensioner with rheumatoid arthritis in Norway 1971-1990.

OBJECTIVE: Physically demanding occupations have been associated with becoming a disability pensioner with rheumatoid arthritis (DPRA), but not with the disease of RA. The association with becoming DPRA probably reflects that patients with RA have difficulties in maintaining employment in a physically demanding occupation. However, the attitudes of the employers concerning employment of persons with RA might vary. For example, the patient's age may influence the strength of the association between a physically demanding occupation and becoming DPRA. We assessed whether the association between the predictors and becoming DPRA was stronger for the youngest or the oldest age group. METHODS: The study was prospective with data on persons in Norway 30-56 years old either in the census of 1970 or 1980. All new cases of DPRA during the 2 followup periods 1971-80 and 1981-90 were identified and analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: For women the predictors employment, low level of education, and period ( 1981-90 compared to 1971-80) were more strongly associated with becoming DPRA for the youngest compared to the oldest persons, while manual work and part time work were not predictors of becoming DPRA. For men, all the predictors in the study were more strongly associated with becoming DPRA for the youngest compared to the oldest age group. CONCLUSION: The higher risk of becoming DPRA was associated with most predictors for persons aged 30-39 years than the group aged 50-56 years. Our results appear to indicate that the consequences of having RA in the labor market are greater for the youngest age group.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Comparison of principles for establishing disability pension eligibility for orthopedic cases used in Germany and in Poland. I. German rules for establishing eligibility in orthopedics].

The aim of the present paper is to compare the rules used in Germany and Poland to establish an individual's eligibility for a disability pension in cases of orthopedic disorders. Harmonizing these rules is one of the basic factors needed to create the proper platform for cooperation among health care systems in all the countries associated with the European Union. This first part of the work discusses the German rules for eligibility proceedings in orthopedic cases. The example of spinal disorders is used to explain the scheme of the examination conducted by the specialist to determine the disability group to which the person should belong. Attention is drawn to the rules governing the use of additional tests and eligibility proceedings.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed2000

[Comparison of principles used to establish eligibility for disability pensions for orthopedic cases in Germany and in Poland. II. Polish rules for establishing eligibility in orthopedics].

The goal of the present paper is to compare the rules used in Germany and Poland to establish an individual's eligibility for a disability pension in cases of orthopedic disorders. Harmonizing these rules is one of the basic factors needed to create the proper platform for cooperation among health care systems in all the countries associated with the European Union. This second part of the work will discuss the Polish rules for eligibility proceedings in orthopedic cases. The example of spinal disorders is used to explain the format for the examination conducted by an orthopedic specialist in the course of the process of determining the disability group to which the person belongs.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed1993

Aging, intergenerational distribution and public pension systems.

"This paper develops an intertemporal simulation model capable of addressing the macroeconomic and distributional effects of demographic shocks in a small open economy. Two sources of population aging are examined, viz. lower birth rates and prolonged expected lifetimes at retirement age. Due to strong expectational effects, both shocks are found to change average consumption in a downward direction, in the short run as well as in the long run. This effect is matched by a strong net acquisition of foreign assets. Furthermore, it turns out that the intergenerational distribution of the burden of adjusting to an aging population is strongly dependent on whether the benefit rate, the contribution rate, or the relative non-capital income of pensioners and workers is held fixed."

Demography↗
PubMed1993

Public pensions. The role of public choice and expectations.

"In this paper the public-choice approach to explaining the evolution of public pension schemes [in developed countries] is surveyed. Emphasis is laid on the relation between expectations on future political decisions and future demographic and economic developments, on the one hand, and current political and economic decisions, on the other hand."

Behavior↗
PubMed1991

Demographic trends and the pension system in Poland--a model approach.

This "article presents the results of projections of the population of Poland by age, sex and marital status till 2050 under different scenarios of fertility, mortality and nuptiality. These results are used for the analysis of future pension expenditures, the number of retirees, the labour force, and the relation between contributions and benefits. Past demographic trends and the development of social security in the post-war period in Poland are discussed as well."

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Canada Pension Plan's experience with investing its portfolio in equities.

For the past few years, the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) has been investing some of its assets in equities. Without changes, an imbalance between revenues and outlays would exhaust the CPP reserve fund by 2015. Creating an entity that was independent of government was one of several changes the federal and provincial governments enacted to achieve fuller funding. The governments created an independent Investment Board (the CPP Investment Board, or "CPPIB") to oversee the new investments. Because the plan already owned a large government bond portfolio, the CPPIB decided to invest new CPP funds in broad equity indices in March 1999. In 2000, the CPPIB began actively investing a portion of the CPP funds. Key features of that policy and some observations about its implementation include the following: In addition to investing CPP revenues in equities, reform also included contribution rate increases, benefit reductions, and a financing stabilizer. The new investment policy accounted for 25 percent of the total effect of all the reforms. It is premature to know if the investments will achieve their long-term performance objective. The new equity investments are projected by the Chief Actuary, in his most recent Actuarial Report, to earn a 4.5 percent real rate of return on Canadian equity and 5.0 percent real return on foreign equity for a blended real return of 4.65 percent based on an equity mix of 70 percent Canadian and 30 percent non-Canadian. However, it is too early to tell if the equity investments will achieve that goal over the long run. The Investment Board's mandate is to maximize returns. The Investment Board, which oversees the CPP's new investments, has broad discretion to pursue maximum returns on its assets without incurring undue risk of loss while keeping in mind the financial obligations and other assets of the CPP. Furthermore, it has developed into a professional investment organization staffed with private-sector experts in finance and investment. The board is designed to be independent of government. The federal and provincial governments designed the board to operate at arm's length from themselves. The process for selecting directors includes public- and private-sector participation, and the board is in compliance with several sets of governance guidelines for corporations. CPPIB management, with the support of its board of directors, has decided to implement a virtual corporation model involving a small team of senior executives setting strategies for implementation primarily by external professional firms. Consequently, as a virtual corporation, the board currently relies on external fund managers to make investments and vote proxies. Several measures are designed to ensure accountability to the public. The investment legislation subjects the board to overlapping layers of oversight to ensure accountability to the public. The features of this oversight include public meetings in each province as well as quarterly statements and annual reports to Parliament, the federal and provincial finance ministers, and the public. The 10 finance ministers review the CPPIB's mandate and regulations every 3 years, and the CPPIB is subject to a special examination every 6 years by an auditor appointed by the Federal Minister of Finance.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Remarks on operative regulations relating to decision making about inability to work in pension cases].

In years 1996 and 1997 both the Pension Act and the Social Insurance Act were changed in Poland and as a consequence of this, all the regulations relating to decision making about the inability to work. Having suppressed the so-called disability groups, such terms as permanent or temporary inability to work were introduced. Medical boards deciding on disability were replaced by predicative physicians working for the Social Insurance Department. Recently a rise in number of cases relative to the verification of the decisions passed by the SID and sent by either employer or Social Insurance Departments of district courts to the Department of Forensic Medicine Silesian Academy in Katowice has been observed. The authors have tried to analyse the cause of a rise in the number of appeals to a decision of the SID submitted by the insured.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed2005

[Occupational mortality in Italy during 1992, assessed through record-linkage between pension records and death certificates].

BACKGROUND: The creation of a surveillance system of occupational mortality in Italy is limited by the low quality of information on occupation in death certificates, since the information is often incomplete or lacking and because only the occupation at the time of death is registered. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible use of INPS (National Institute of Social Security) records for the purpose of surveillance of occupational mortality, in terms of feasibility of setting up a system and of validity of the results obtained. METHODS: Death records of 218,510 subjects aged 18-74, deceased in the 12 months following the 1991 census, were obtained from ISTAT (Central Statistics Institute). These were combined through record-linkage with the INPS social security archives, which contain the employment records by economic sector going back to 1974, in order to assign these deaths the sector in which they had worked the longest. Mortality by specific causes was evaluated by industry by means of a proportional mortality analysis stratified by sex and occupational status, and adjusted for age, education, marital status, geographical area of birth, drawing a disability pension, employment status at the time of death and work instability. RESULTS: Record-linkage allowed attribution of the longest held job to 70% of the deaths recorded. Results are presented and discussed only on mortality in men due to asbestosis and silicosis, and causes of death with a substantial proportion attributable to occupation: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); cancers of the bladder, nasal cavity, larynx, lung and pleura; leukaemia and lymphoma; accidental causes. Among the economic sectors with a significant excess mortality, the following are well documented in the literature: mortality due to COPD in the coal and peat-bog sectors; due to leukaemia among farmers; due to sino-nasal tumours in wood-working and furniture production; due to cancer of the larynx, lung, and pleura in occupations where there was probable exposure to asbestos (fishing and maritime transport, non-metal mining, building industry, and naval, train and aircraft construction); due to silicosis in industries with potential exposure to crystalline silica; due to accidental causes in the building industry and farming. Other mortality excesses and deficits, especially those due to bladder and lympho-haemopoietic cancers, appear to be only partly consistent with those described by other authors. DISCUSSION: The feasibility of developing a surveillance system of occupational mortality based on the INPS source was found to be good, and, at least among males, for 75% of the deceased subjects historical information existed concerning the economic sectors registered in the INPS records. The results obtained would appear to indicate that the system is capable of highlighting risk excesses due to widespread exposure in the industries examined, regarding diseases for which there is a strong association with exposure. On the other hand, due to the inherent limits of the study's design (lack of a complete work history and of precise information on the jobs held) its use is not recommended in the surveillance of diseases with a low proportion attributable to a risk factor, or with wide exposure variability in a given sector among the various jobs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Instability of the health care system and concomitant meaning of the notion of partial incapacity to work as an element determining dysfunctionality of the pension system].

Opinioning for the State Insurance Court, which is of fundamental interest to the authors of this paper, leads them to investigate certain factors contributing to the dysfunctionality of opinion within the pension system. We have attempted to find out to what degree changes in the functioning of the health care system, restricting access to specialist diagnosis are reflected in the construction of an opinion relating to incapability to work. On the basis of our analysis, it can be concluded that the basis of the majority of arguable opinions constitutes the legal notion of "partial incapability to work", which should be understood as "partial capability to work". In the case of the suggested change of view of this problem, the majority of controversial opinions lose their validity.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed2006

[The teachers health damage and pension related to occupational voice disease].

The current regulations allow in special cases for the acknowledgement of the occupational disease among teachers who suffer from voice disorders. The physician who acts as the adjudicator in ZUS (National Insurance System) usually consults a phoniatrician and determines the percent of the permanent or long-term health damage, which can vary between 10-40%. The aim of the paper was to analyze the evidence which is taken into consideration while determining the percent of health damage and granting the occupational disease pension. The authors present proposition in detail the rules which govern the process of health damage calculation due to advancement of voice disorders, which can be very useful to adjudicating physicians in government and commercial insurance companies.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed1990

[Demand for medical care by single rural pensioners].

It is noted that the frequency of visits to health institutions among lonely elderly people residing in rural areas depends on the distance to the hospital, regularity of communication, participation in the production process. By means of questionnaires it was found that after termination of working activity the proportion of people seeking care at physician's office was decreasing while visits to feldsher-midwifery units were increasing. Each fourth respondent was not applying for medical care at all. Self-treatment was prevalent among rural pensioners. The level of chronic diseases prevalence according to medical visits in 6.6 times higher among lonely people residing in rural areas where there are hospitals than in rural areas where there are no hospitals.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[The dental state of old-age pensioners resident in homes for the elderly and long-stay geriatric units in Reykjavík].

In 1984 the dental state was clinically investigated in a random sample of 400 old-age pensioners, 67 years or older, who were either inmates of old people's residential or nursing homes or long-term patients in geriatric departments of the hospitals in Reykjavík. Decayed, missing and filled teeth were recorded in accordance with criteria suggested by WHO. Of the participants 10% (27 males and 13 females) were dentulous with a mean number of 9.9 teeth. The mean number of remaining teeth in dentate subjects was higher in the mandible than in the maxilla. The mean number of remaining teeth per person decreased with increasing age and was higher in males than females in 4 out of 5 age groups. The teeth most commonly retained were the canines and lateral incisors in the mandible and central incisors and canines in the maxilla. Only 0.8% of the sample had greater than or equal to 10 teeth in each dental arch.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Occupational factors in disability pensions for gastric and duodenal ulcer.

Although a general decline in the prevalence of duodenal ulcer disease during the past 20 to 30 years has been noticed by many authors from different countries, it still lacks a clear explanation. In the present paper a relationship between occupational work load and prevalence of peptic ulcer disease was examined in order to test the hypothesis that ulcer prevalence might be related to occupational work load. The number of disability pensions granted to West German employees between 1979 and 1983 due to gastric and duodenal ulcers served as markers of peptic ulcer morbidity and were used to analyze the relationship between occupation and prevalence of peptic ulcer disease. In men, there was a linear correlation between the energy expenditure of different occupations and the occurrence of duodenal ulcer, but not gastric ulcer. It appears that in gastric ulcer, compared with duodenal ulcer, additional factors related to occupational energy expenditure are relevant for the development of peptic ulceration. The decline of duodenal ulcer in Europe and the United States might be related to the general decline in the work load due to automation during the past 20 to 30 years. The relationship between energy expenditure and duodenal ulcer may also help to explain why the disease affects men two to three times more often than women.

Duodenal Ulcer↗