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PubMed1981

Peer popularity and peer communication patterns: hyperactive versus active but normal boys.

Classroom peer perceptions of 18 teacher-nominated hyperactive and 18 teacher-nominated active but normal elementary school-age boys, as revealed in two sociometric measures (Bower's Class Play, like-dislike nomination), were compared. Results indicated that hyperactives were significantly different from actives on all sociometric measures in that they were perceived more negatively. Peer communication patterns also were assessed. The communicative content, communicative quality, and attention to task instructions of hyperactive boys were compared to those of comparison boys. Limited support was found for the earlier finding that hyperactive boys were less likely than comparison boys to modulate behavior in response to changing external cues and to respond to subtle social learning opportunities. The communication task was found to be highly engaging for both groups of boys, and results suggest that hyperactive children may not lack the interpersonal skills necessary for referential communication, although they may be unable to use them consistently in all settings. The need to continue the study of peer relations of hyperactive children in naturalistic settings is stressed.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1992

Social problem solving among popular and unpopular children.

The present study investigated two issues related to children's social status and problem solving: the content of problem-solving measures and judgments of the quality of responses to social problems. Three types of social problem situations were studied: peer entry/initiation, maintaining social interaction, and management of conflict. The quality of children's strategies for solving these problems was rated on two dimensions: effectiveness and social competence. Liked-most children obtained significantly more effective and socially competent ratings than liked-least children for only one of the social problem situations--management of conflict. Significant differences between liked-most and liked-least children were also found between the quality of their best effective and best socially competent solution and their worst socially competent solutions. Results are discussed in terms of the psychometric adequacy of social problem-solving measures and the resultant problems in interpretation.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1995

The fate of beta-carotene in processed leaves of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis hook. f.): a popular vegetable in Nigerian diet.

The effects of blanching, sun-oven-drying and storage conditions on beta-carotene content of the fresh leaves of fluted pumpkin were investigated. The beta-carotene (mg/100 g) of fresh leaves (unblanched) was 98.9 whereas on blanching the value was reduced to 86.3 for steam blanch and 83.8 for water blanch. After dehydration the losses in the beta-carotene were in the ranges of 37.6 to 48.8%, 40.5 to 51.3% and 68.8-72.0% for the steam-, water-blanched and unblanched leaves, respectively. The lower limit loss values were for the oven-dried leaves whereas the upper limit values were obtained from sundried ones. The ambient (30 +/- 2 degrees C) and refrigeration (7 +/- 1 degree C) storage conditions showed some slight changes in beta-carotene contents of the leaves. The losses were in the ranges of 2.0 to 25.7% (refrigeration) and 9.2 to 36.3% (ambient) conditions. Blancing and storage conditions affected the organoleptic characteristics of the leaves.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed1987

A novel fibrinolytic enzyme (nattokinase) in the vegetable cheese Natto; a typical and popular soybean food in the Japanese diet.

A strong fibrinolytic activity was demonstrated in the vegetable cheese Natto, which is a typical soybean food eaten in Japan. The average activity was calculated at about 40 CU (plasmin units)/g wet weight. This novel fibrinolytic enzyme, named nattokinase, was easily extracted with saline. The mol. wt and pI were about 20,000 and 8.6, respectively. Nattokinase not only digested fibrin but also the plasmin substrate H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA (S-2251), which was more sensitive to the enzyme than other substrates tried. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate and 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl-o,o-dimethylphosphate strongly inhibited this fibrinolytic enzyme.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed1978

[Health care for the population. Making prevention more popular].

In order to get the information about prevention issues to "go through" and to foster behavior modifications in the individuals, there is a need to disseminate in with the communication techniques used in the commercial sector in particular; in a way, the matter is to make prevention fashionable. At the institutional level, it is important to remove the obstacles which hinder or delay the availability and use to preventive services. This should be done in obtaining a real transparency of the health care system, especially as regards the type of care given, the equipment and the costs involved.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1995

Schizophrenia in popular periodicals.

To examine what the general public is learning about schizophrenia, all articles on schizophrenia listed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature for all even-numbered years between 1964 and 1992 were read and rated. Hallucinations and delusions were the most commonly mentioned symptoms in the articles reviewed, biochemical dysfunction and heredity the most noted causes, and drugs the most cited treatment. The average yearly number of articles was relatively small, however (9.1), and only a minority of those appeared in general circulation magazines. In addition, community support was seldom included in discussions of treatment and specific misconceptions about schizophrenia were rarely addressed.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of two popular statistical methods for estimating the time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) from a sample of DNA sequences.

We have compared two statistical methods of estimating the time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) from a sample of DNA sequences, which have been proposed by Templeton (1993) and Bandelt et al. (1995). Monte-Carlo simulations were used for generating DNA sequence data. Different evolutionary scenarios were simulated and the estimation procedures were evaluated. We have found that for both methods (i) the estimates are insensitive to demographic parameters and (ii) the standard deviations of the estimates are too high for these methods to be reliably used in practice.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

The popularization and application of cold storage red blood cells or whole blood at -80 degrees C of the Rh (D) negative patients in surgical operation.

The efficiency of cold storage red blood cells (CSRBC) or whole blood at -80 degrees C used in 27 Rh (D) negative patients during surgical operation was reported. The Rh (D) negative patients received the transfusion of CSRBC or whole blood stored at -80 degrees C for 180 to 360 days. The changes in the indexes, such as blood TB, DB, K+, Na+, BUN, Cr, urine protein (URPO), UOB, Hb, HCT, serum total protein, relative to hemolytic reaction and blood volume before and after transfusion were observed. The results showed that after transfusion of CSRBC or whole blood 27 cases were negative for urine protein and UOB, and the levels of BUN and Cr were normal (P > 0.05). Blood TB, DB, Hb, and HCT were increased, while pH, blood K+ and blood Na+ was normal with the difference being not significant before and after operation (P > 0.05). Plasma protein was decreased, but there was no significant difference before and after operation (P > 0.05). It was suggested that CSRBC or whole blood at -80 degrees C could be safely infused to the Rh(D) negative patients without side effects during the surgical operation.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Visualization between popularity and scientific practice: new perspectives for the history of medicine, science, and technology].

The paper investigates how visual resources can be fruitfully used to study the history of science, medicine, and technology from a practical point of view. Two new international and interdisciplinary trends within recent historiography are reviewed: the history of visualisation and the history of popularisation. The results of both trends need to be combined in order to understand the ways in which images of science have been used to communicate science from its place of production within the laboratory to its users within the wider society. From the proposed perspective, visual representations of science (i.e. portraits, images of scientific instruments, measurement results and abstractions) are discussed as a distinct medium in which knowledge producers have transmitted and transformed their findings to the acquirers of knowledge. The paper introduces the wider historiographical framework for a discussion of the following four papers published in this issue of NTM.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1998

Environmental Values and Popular Conflict over Environmental Management: A Comparative Analysis of Public Comments on the Clinton Forest Plan

/ Public participation in environmental management decisions has frequently led to conflict. This paper examines the role of environmental values in fueling these conflicts, based on a data base and sample content analysis of written public comments solicited in 1994 regarding the highly contentious Clinton Forest Plan (also known as Option 9) proposed for management of federal forests in the US Pacific Northwest. The analysis considered whether those respondents favoring more versus less environmental protection than was offered in Option 9 held entirely different values, identifying which antagonistic values appeared to be most fundamental and where (if at all) values consensus occurred. It also compared values emanating from respondents within and outside the affected region, although few major differences were detected in this regard. Results suggest that strong values differences did exist among those preferring greater versus less environmental protection, in particular as concerned the extent, form, and spatial and temporal scope of justification of their positions, their ideas of forests, and the appropriate role of people in forest management. Disagreement concerned far more than purely environmental values: a major point of difference involved human benefits and harms of the proposed forest plan. Indeed, both sides' positions were overridingly anthropocentric and consequentialist-a values orientation that almost inevitably spells conflict in light of the commonly differentiated social impacts of environmental management decisions. Although public involvement in environmental management thus cannot be expected to lead to a clear and consensual social directive, the Pacific Northwest case suggests that viable environmental management solutions that take this range of values into account can still be crafted.KEY WORDS: Environmental values; Public participation; Clinton Forest Plan; Pacific Northwest

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Decline in popularity of general surgery as a career choice in North America: review of postgraduate residency training selection in Canada, 1996-2001.

There has been a perception that fewer medical students are currently pursuing careers in general surgery. To investigate the validity of this premise we reviewed the Canadian Residency Matching Service (CaRMS) database from 1996 to 2001 and identified recent trends in graduates' selections. Three surgical specialties--general surgery, orthopedic surgery, obstetrics and gynecology--were chosen for analysis as "poor lifestyle" specialties. They were compared to anesthesia, diagnostic radiology, and ophthalmology, which were chosen as representative "good lifestyle" specialties. Linear regression and chi-square analyses were performed to identify significant changes in applications to each specialty. A negative trend in first-choice applications to all three "poor lifestyle" specialties was observed, whereas all three "good lifestyle" specialties experienced increased first-choice applicants. Potential factors influencing medical student residency selection are discussed, emphasizing the reduced number of first-choice applicants to general surgery.

Canada↗