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PubMed2004

Increased periosteal circumference remains present 12 months after an exercise intervention in preschool children.

We previously reported that calcium intake enhanced the leg bone response to physical activity of preschool children in a 12-month randomized trial of calcium supplementation and physical activity. To determine whether the intervention-induced changes in leg bone mineral content and size were maintained through the subsequent 12-month follow-up period, total body bone measurements by DXA and 20% distal tibia pQCT bone measurements were obtained at 24 months (12 months post-intervention). Children also were measured for height and weight, and accelerometer readings were obtained in a subset of children at 18 and 24 months (6 and 12 months post-intervention). Regression analyses were performed controlling for covariates and indicated that increases from 12 to 24 months were greater in the gross motor (GM) activity group (bone loading, large muscle exercises) vs. fine motor (FM) activity group (arts and crafts program) for arm bone area (BA) (P <0.01), total body (P=0.04) and arm (P <0.01) bone mineral content (BMC). There were no differences in BA or BMC changes from 12 to 24 months by calcium supplementation. Differences in tibia periosteal circumference by pQCT persisted at 24 months (GM 51.4 +/- 0.4 mm vs. FM 50.2 +/- 0.4 mm, P=0.03) with a trend for greater endosteal circumferences in the children in the GM vs. FM groups at both 12 and 24 months (both, P=0.08). There were no significant differences in cortical area or thickness by activity or supplement group at 24 months. Children in the GM group had greater accelerometer counts/day (P=0.04) and more time in vigorous activity (P=0.05) at 18 months compared to FM group. No differences in accelerometer readings were noted at 24 months. In conclusion, we found higher activity levels in children randomized to gross motor vs. fine motor activities 6 months after the intervention program ceased. Whether the greater periosteal circumference that was observed 12 months post-intervention was a persistent biological bone effect or due to persistently higher activity levels is not known.

Bone Density↗
PubMed2006

Periorbital and midfacial rejuvenation via blepharoplasty and sub-periosteal midface rhytidectomy.

The stigmata of midfacial ageing are the malar descent, lateral orbital festoon formation, tear-through deformity, deep melojugal sulcus, buccal fat pad and sub-orbicularis oculi fat (SOOF) prolapse, deep nasolabial folds and cutaneous and muscular descent. The signs of periorbital ageing include dermatochalasis, skin hooding of the upper eyelids, lacrimal gland prolapse, adipose prolapse, and lateral canthal descent and orbital septum diastasis. All of these deformities can be addressed through upper and lower blepharoplasties with arcus marginalis release, lateral canthopexy, sub-periosteal midface rhytidectomy with temporal suspension of the malar mound and SOOF repositioning. The same technique can be utilized for the restoration of facial symmetry after Bell's palsy. In the following report the technique and the authors' experience in the rejuvenation of the periorbital and midface region are presented. There were a total of 20 patients in this series. Sixteen were female and 4 were male. All the patients were followed-up on a monthly basis after surgery for the first 6 months. They were then seen at 1 year post-surgery. All of the patients were evaluated by the senior author. In the beginning of the study there was 1 Asian female patient with mild postoperative ectropion, which resolved and did not require operative intervention. The patients experienced prolonged postoperative oedema. The patients were satisfied with their postoperative outcomes. In all patients, the goals of periorbital and midfacial rejuvenation were achieved with the above technique. Simultaneous periorbital and midfacial rejuvenation can be achieved via upper and lower blepharoplasties, lateral canthopexies and sub-periosteal midface rhytidectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

An intact peripheral nerve preparation for monitoring the activity of single, periosteal afferent nerve fibres.

A preparation is described in which it is possible to selectively activate and monitor the activity of the individual periosteal afferent nerve fibres arising from the humerus bone of the cat. The nerve is a fine branch of the median nerve that accompanies the small artery and vein that enter the nutrient foramen of the humerus. By freeing this fine nerve from nearby tissue over a length of approximately 1-2 cm and placing it over a silver hook recording electrode, it becomes possible to identify and monitor electrophysiologically, the impulse activity of individual periosteal afferent fibres activated by focal mechanical stimulation of the periosteum. With this preparation it will be possible to examine the central actions and security of transmission at central synaptic targets for single, small-diameter afferent fibres arising from bone.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Strain rate influences periosteal adaptation in mature bone.

Mechanical forces influence bone form and function. Although the adaptive capabilities of bone are well known, the nuances of the mechanical stimuli regulating adaptation remain elusive. Recently, it was suggested that strain rate influences bone adaptation, and impact exercises with high strain rates during growth may be more osteogenic than low impact aerobic exercises. Building on those findings, we hypothesized that higher rates of mechanical loading would evoke greater adaptive responses than lower rates of loading in mature bone. To test that hypothesis, skeletally mature (16 weeks) female C57BL/6 mice underwent non-invasive exogenous cantilever bending of the right tibia with a 1 Hz trapezoidal waveform for 60 s, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. Loading was calibrated (strain gauge) to induce peak magnitudes of 1000 microepsilon on the lateral tibial middiaphysis. Mice were randomly assigned to three groups based on strain rate of the applied load: low (0.004 s(-1); n = 14), medium (0.020 s(-1); n = 15), and high (0.100 s(-1); n = 14). Calcein injections (i.p., 10 mg kg(-1)) permitted histomorphometric analyses of bone formation. Loading significantly enhanced periosteal mineral apposition rate (MAR), mineralizing surface (MS), and bone formation rate (BFR BS(-1)) in all three strain rate groups, relative to control tibiae. Furthermore, a graded dose-response relation was observed between the applied strain rate and periosteal BFR BS(-1). These increases in MAR, MS, and BFR BS(-1) were not seen on the endosteal surface. Endosteal adaptation was not statistically different between loaded and control tibiae in most endosteal indices of bone adaptation. Moreover, endosteal adaptation did not increase with strain rate. Understanding the nature of the stimuli to which bone cells respond to may underpin the development of non-pharmacological treatments devised to enhance bone mass.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Oxidant/antioxidant interactions of nicotine, Coenzyme Q10, Pycnogenol and phytoestrogens in oral periosteal fibroblasts and MG63 osteoblasts.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing awareness that oxidative stress may play a role in periodontal disease. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate potential oxidant/antioxidant interactions of nicotine with antioxidants (Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), Pycnogenol and phytoestrogens in a cell culture model. METHODS: Duplicate incubations of human periosteal fibroblasts and osteoblasts were performed with 14C-testosterone as substrate, in the presence or absence of CoQ (20 microg/ml), Pycnogenol (150 microg/ml), and phytoestrogens (10 and 40 microg/ml), alone and in combination with nicotine (250 microg/ml). At the end of a 24-h incubation period, the medium was solvent extracted and testosterone metabolites were separated by thin-layer chromatography and quantified using a radioisotope scanner. RESULTS: The incubations of osteoblasts and periosteal fibroblasts with CoQ, Pycnogenol or phytoestrogens stimulated the synthesis of the physiologically active androgen DHT, while the yields of DHT were significantly reduced in response to nicotine compared to control values (p<0.001 for phytoestrogens). The combination of nicotine with CoQ, Pycnogenol or phytoestrogens increased the yields of DHT compared with incubation with nicotine alone in both cell types. CONCLUSION: This investigation suggests that the catabolic effects of nicotine could be reversed by the addition of antioxidants such as CoQ or Pycnogenol and phytoestrogens.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1995

Case report: periosteal new bone formation in Takayasu arteritis.

Periosteal new bone formation is recognized as a rare feature of arteritis but has not previously been described in association with Takayasu arteritis. We report the first case of Takayasu arteritis complicated by multifocal periosteal new bone formation of both clavicles and one scapula.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

In vitro evaluation of the effect of freshly mixed amalgam and gallium-based alloy on the viability of primary periosteal and osteoblast cell cultures.

The effect of freshly mixed specimens of a gallium-based alloy Galloy and a high copper spherical amalgam Tytin on the viability of primary periosteal and osteoblast cells was investigated. The cells were grown from the parietal bones of 2-3 day old Albino Wistar rats and were seeded in multi-well plates and exposed to the test materials for 1 or 6 days. The number of viable cells in each test group was determined using the Trypan blue dye exclusion test and compared with the controls. The area of cell death around the test specimens was also measured. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, Tukey's pairwise comparisons) showed a significant effect of the test materials on cell viability (P < 0.01). The viability of cultures containing Tytin was significantly lower than cultures with Galloy and the controls (P < 0.05). The viability of cultures containing Galloy was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than controls except for periosteal cells after 1 day. The culture media was analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) for metal ion content. The results suggested that mercury (Hg) was the main element released from the dental amalgam followed by copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) whilst gallium (Ga) was the main element released from the gallium-based alloy followed by indium (In), Ag and Cu.

Alloys↗
PubMed1999

Periosteal and galeal adhesiveness after a forehead lift in a rodent model.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the strength of periosteal and galeal adhesiveness at particular intervals after subperiosteal and subperiosteal-subgaleal forehead lifting in a rodent model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty mice underwent a subperiosteal or subperiosteal-subgaleal coronal forehead lift procedure. Necropic and histologic examination of the periosteal, galeal, and bone interface was performed on postoperative days 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, and the strength of the elevated flap reattachment to underlying tissues was measured. RESULTS: Tension analysis in the early postoperative period showed a higher avulsive force was required to re-elevate subgaleal-subperiosteal flaps than subperiosteal flaps. However, subperiosteal flap adhesiveness appeared to increase rapidly between postoperative days 4 and 8. By day 10, the force required to re-elevate subperiosteal flaps was significantly higher than that required for subgaleal-subperiosteal flaps (P < or = .0001). Histologic analysis showed an inflammatory response at the periosteum-bone interface, which maximized at postoperative day 6. CONCLUSIONS: In the early postoperative period, subgaleal-subperiosteal flaps had higher adhesiveness than subperiosteal flaps. However, by postoperative day 10, subperiosteal forehead flaps were substantially more adherent in this rodent model.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1995

Periosteal osteosarcoma of the mandible.

A case of periosteal osteosarcoma of the mandibular premolar region in a 20-year-old woman is described. The tumor was excised, and 5 years later the patient shows no evidence of disease. This is probably the second documented case of periosteal osteosarcoma of the mandible reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Intraoral periosteal nodular fasciitis.

Intraoral periosteal nodular fasciitis is an extremely rare tumor with only 2 cases having been previously recorded in the literature. We report here the 3rd case and review the characteristic features, the differential diagnosis and the treatment of intraoral periosteal nodular fasciitis.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1989

The influence of periosteal elevation on mandibular growth in young rats.

The effect of periosteal elevation on the growth of the mandible was investigated in 142 3-week-old male rats. Surgery was performed at 3 weeks of age, and the animals were sacrificed at 6, 9, and 15 weeks of age. Measurements were carried out on dried halves of the mandibles. A bone defect was found at the 3rd week postoperatively but had filled in at the 6th week postoperatively. Histological and microangiographical studies were carried out up to the 6th week postoperatively. No significant differences were recorded in the size of the operated and unoperated halves of the mandibles. The growth pattern for the experimental group tended to be similar to that of the control group. It is therefore concluded that periosteal elevation alone does not induce growth impairment in the mandible of young rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Induction of periosteal callus formation by bone morphogenetic protein-2 employing adenovirus-mediated gene delivery.

Although the chondrogenic response of periosteum is well established in healing fractures, the mechanisms mediating the proliferation and differentiation of periosteal chondroprogenitor cells are poorly understood. In the present study we demonstrate that bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), introduced by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, alone is capable of inducing callus formation at the site of periosteal injection. Both immunohistochemistry and Northern analysis demonstrated activation of type II collagen production between days 4 and 7 after the injection, followed by activation of type X collagen expression. The activation of chondrogenesis was associated with increased expression of L-Sox5 and Sox9, suggesting that the BMP-2 effect is mediated via Sox proteins. This capacity of adenovirus-mediated overproduction of BMP-2 to induce chondrogenesis (and subsequent endochondral ossification) should be useful for tissue engineering of cartilage and bone.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1996

Radiographic comparison of osseous healing after maxillary sinusotomy performed with and without a periosteal pedicle.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the postoperative fate of bone trapdoors in patients with a trapdoor in the facial wall of the maxillary sinus that was replaced after removal of sinus disease. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty patients were studied. In 10 patients (group A) the trapdoor was made as a free bone graft; in the other 10 patients (group B), an osteoperiosteal trapdoor was made. The postoperative fate of bone trapdoors was studied by means of computed tomography. RESULTS: In group A there was poor bony consolidation at the trapdoors' junction with the surrounding bone and a significantly reduced density of the osteotomized bone. In two of the group A patients there was a partial loss of the trapdoor. In group B, however, bony consolidation took place in that all the trapdoors were completely connected again to the surrounding bone and there was no reduction of the bone density. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that a trapdoor with a periosteal pedicle appears to be more reliable than one without a periosteal pedicle.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Periosteal osteosarcoma of the cranium.

We report a case of periosteal osteosarcoma arising from the occiput in a 29-year-old woman. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of periosteal osteosarcoma involving the cranium.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Parathyroid hormone rapidly stimulates hyaluronan synthesis by periosteal osteoblasts in the tibial diaphysis of the growing rat.

Short term treatment (3-24 h) with parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulated the synthesis and accumulation of hyaluronan (HyA) in explant cultures of tibial diaphyses from young rats. PTH increased the overall HyA content of periosteum 5-fold, with the basal cambium layer exhibiting the greatest enhancement ( approximately 8-fold). PTH increased the HyA content of cortical bone by 2-fold while not affecting the HyA content of bone marrow. PTH treatment greatly enhanced HyA staining throughout all layers of the periosteum, although its most dramatic effect occurred in the basal cambium layer. Here, unlike in the control tissue sections, nearly all cambium-lining osteoblasts stained intensely positive for HyA. PTH treatment enhanced the HyA staining of osteocytes in cortical bone tissue sections to the extent that the lacunocanalicular system became visualized. Three significant findings were revealed in this study. First, mature periosteal osteoblasts, under natural conditions, do not contain much HyA in their surrounding extracellular matrix but dramatically enhance their matrix HyA content when treated with PTH. Second, pre-osteocytes and osteocytes contain more HyA in their natural matrix than mature lining osteoblasts, and they appear to have functional PTH receptors because they responded to PTH treatment with an enhancement of HyA content. Finally, it was observed that the lining cells along the endosteal surface of the diaphysis did not stain strongly positive for HyA either naturally or when exposed to PTH treatment. This indicates that periosteal and endosteal osteoblastic cell populations exhibit metabolic differences in their extracellular matrix responses to PTH.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Periosteal hyperostosis (exostosis) in DBA/1 male mice.

Periosteal hyperostosis (exostosis) was identified in 5.9% (11/188) of DBA/1 male mice 10-14 weeks old used for collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) efficacy testing of immunomodulatory biologics. Mice with and without CIA in the affected limb, and also control and treated groups, were involved, with bilateral lesions in one mouse. Hyperostosis was characterized by circumferential and raised masses of variable location, length, and laterality, generally external to but occasionally breaching the periosteum of the metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, femur, and humerus. Proportionally, the hyperostotic foci consisted of cancellous and woven bone, followed by osteoid, cartilage, and fibrous connective tissue and rarely inflammatory cells. A displaced, presumably pathological fracture with callus formation was a concurrent lesion in only one case. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells were frequent at bony interfaces, indicating an active resorptive process. Periosteal hyperostosis is an incidental and potentially common finding in DBA/1 mice. Underreporting may occur due to the male bias in disease expression of this CIA model, sampling bias (generally paws only), tissue obliteration in the presence of CIA, and lack of comprehensive historical data on the background and aging lesions in this strain of mouse. Identification of such confounding bony lesions is important to the interpretation of efficacy studies, and suggests the need to further examine the biology of bone development in this strain of mouse.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2002

Periosteal chondroma of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.

A 52-year-old man presented with a periosteal chondroma in the base of the proximal phalanx of the right thumb. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed invasion of the bone marrow, which suggested malignancy. Although the clinical and MRI findings indicated a malignant tumour, the histopathological examination showed a benign periosteal chondroma.

Chondroma↗