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PubMedDate not supplied

[Research and development. The value of patents].

The goal of innovative basic applied research is the award of patents for products and processes. Patents protect the exclusive use of these products and processes. Because of the high cost of research, it is important for governments to stimulate the creativity of researchers and provide economic incentives for them to develop patentable intellectual property. In the United States, an exchange program exists between the academic researchers and industry. This easy exchange of ideas is not adequately supported in Europe, especially in Italy. To further hinder researchers, the European Union has not yet passed legislation on patents.

Patents as Topic↗
PubMed2003

[Case report: 3D CT angiography in a patient with patent ductus arteriosus associated with Eisenmenger's syndrome].

Presentation of patent ductus arteriosus with Eisenmenger's syndrome can mimic primary pulmonary hypertension. The sensitivity of transthoracic echocardiography for the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus with Eisenmenger's syndrome has been estimated as low as 12%. Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography for the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus but has some severe complications. 3D CT angiography can be used to distinguish patent ductus arteriosus with Eisenmenger's syndrome from primary pulmonary hypertension.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1992

Patent protection for Aspergillus-related inventions.

Patents are important indicators of trends in biotechnological developments. Patents involving Aspergillus have stimulated growth in bioindustry, particularly in the fermentation and food industries. Patent specifications of Aspergillus-related inventions contain a voluminous amount of technical information and scientific data concerning Aspergillus biotechnology. A review of U.S. patents where Aspergillus cultures are cited in the disclosure demonstrates the value and versatility of the fungus. Identifying and evaluating these inventions is one measure of assessing the technical changes resulting from the use of Aspergillus cultures and of helping the industry maintain its innovative edge.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed2003

Patenting genes: a fast and furious primer.

Patents have been issued in the United States for genes and gene sequences since 1980. Patent protection has provided incentives to aggressively probe the genome of humans and non-humans alike in search of profitable applications. Yet it is not clear that patent protection should have been afforded to genes and gene sequences and it is increasingly clear that patent protection, as currently formulated, is not an appropriate means to realize the full benefits of genetic research. As we stand on the threshold of a genetically enhanced future, in which we shall have the power to consciously steer our evolution as a species, we need to carefully consider how to shape the benefits of genetic research and how to recognize and contain its detriments.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biotechnological invention patents: a legal-economic analysis].

Not without controversy, patents have traditionally been considered as elements which stimulate and protect inventive activity. In this article, we look at the economic advantages of a patent system and also at the possible critcisms. We then examine the application of patents in modern biotechnology. After concluding that current intellectual property laws do not come out clearly against the protection of biotechnology inventions, we then review the proposals for European Union regulation in the form of a directive which would clarify patenting possibilities.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2006

Intellectual property and patent in stem cell research era.

Stem cell therapy has obtained much attention, not only for its exceptional promise for curing many chronic disorders and degenerative conditions but also for its great economic potential. Apart from expenses in research laboratories and ongoing clinical trials, intellectual properties, patent of stem cell differentiation protocols, and stem cell-derived medical products for cell and tissue therapy are of very high cost. Intellectual properties and patents are inevitably important issues for stem cell researchers. Stem cell researchers in most countries have a chance to develop affordable stem cell therapy, scientific progression, and innovations for their patients. However, for this to be done, appropriate solutions for international patent barrier must be created so that the owner of the original stem cell protocols and techniques can be acknowledge, build his reputation and reap reasonable financial benefits. International patent barriers will be a crucial step to move the whole stem cell research community forward.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1990

Indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus closure. Application of serum concentrations and pharmacodynamics to improve response.

Indomethacin dosing for patent ductus arteriosus closure has been standardized despite wide interpatient variability in indomethacin pharmacokinetics. We compared a novel indomethacin dosing approach using individual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information (group A) with a control group from our institution (group B) and a level 3 university-based intensive care nursery (group C) who were dosed using current dosing guidelines. Permanent patent ductus arteriosus closure was achieved in 27 of 28 (96.4%) group A patients, 10 of 16 (62.5%) group B patients, and 7 of 13 (52.8%) group C patients. Success rates were significantly higher in group A than Groups B and C (P less than .02). Renal toxicity was the only toxicity reported in any group. The major manifestations of renal toxicity, ie, urine output below 1 mL/kg/h or increased serum creatinine by greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/dL, occurred in none of the group A patients but in seven (43.8%) group B and eight (61.5%) group C patients. Renal toxicity was significantly greater in groups B and C than group A (P less than .02). A pharmacodynamic concentration versus response curve was developed and proved predictive of patent ductus arteriosus closure rates in previous studies where indomethacin concentration versus response data were available. Serum concentration monitoring is a valuable adjunct to indomethacin therapy for patent ductus arteriosus closure, especially when a pharmacodynamic approach is used.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1981

Indomethacin treatment for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus: a double-blind control study.

A double-blind control study was designed to determine the efficacy and safety of indomethacin treatment of patients with symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus. Infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome and symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus were eligible for the prospective study if the ratio of left atrial/aortic root diameter remained greater than or equal to 1.3:1 following a 24-hour period of medical management. Thirty-nine eligible infants were randomly assigned to the control or indomethacin group and given 0.2 mg/kg of enteral indomethacin or placebo in a double-blind manner. Second and third doses were administered at 24-hour intervals in phase 1 (17 patients), and at eight-hour intervals in phase 2 (22 patients). The 75% patent ductus arteriosus closure rate with indomethacin treatment in phase 1 was not statistically significant due to a 44% spontaneous closure rate in the control group. In phase 2, however, 85% of the indomethacin group demonstrated patent ductus arteriosus closure vs only 11% in the matched control group (P less than .01). Although no indomethacin side effects occurred in phase 1, in phase 2 indomethacin administration was associated with minimal, but statistically significant, transient impaired renal function and, in three infants (23%), mild upper gastrointestinal bleeding. In summary, enteral administration of three 0.2 mg/kg indomethacin doses at eight-hour intervals thus appears to be a safe and effective alternative to surgical closure.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1980

Circulating prostaglandin E2 concentrations and incidence of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome.

In several species prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) appears to be the most important prostanoid to regulate patency of the ductus arteriosus. We measured the arterial plasma concentration of PGE2 in 29 premature infants (17 with respiratory distress syndrome alone and 12 with respiratory distress syndrome and patent ductus arteriosus) to determine if there was an association between circulating PGE2 and patent ductus arteriosus. The PGE2 concentrations during the first two days after birth were higher than PGE2 concentrations after the third postnatal day (17.1 +/- 3.1 pg/ml, mean +/- SEM, n = 23, vs 6.12 +/- 0.63 pg/ml, n = 19, P < .005). By the third postnatal day, arterial concentrations were similar to adult venous values. There was no significant difference between the plasma PGE2 concentrations in the 12 infants with patent ductus arteriosus and the concentrations in the 17 infants who had no signs of patent ductus arteriosus. These findings do not support the hypothesis that an increased concentration of circulating PGE2 is the primary cause for the persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome.

Ductus Arteriosus, Patent↗
PubMed1993

Biotechnological patents and ethical aspects.

Developments in the biotechnological fields have stimulated public research institutes to adopt a more enterprising policy that encourages the use of the patent and the commercialization of research results and products. The National Institute for Cancer Research of Genoa (IST) has dealt with a number of the principles and ethically related matters that arise from the acceptance of the patent system and policy. The problem of the patent in the biotechnological fields is particularly complicated given the subject--living matter--and the social alarm that it provokes in the general public. Careful consideration of ethical aspects demands the further evaluation of whether or not the patent is an adequate tool for regulating these matters.

Biotechnology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevention of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus with ethamsylate in babies treated with exogenous surfactant.

Some trials in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome have shown an increased incidence of patent ductus arteriosus after exogenous surfactant therapy. The effect of prophylactic ethamsylate on patent ductus arteriosus after intratracheal administration of a single dose of porcine surfactant preparation (Curosurf, 2.5 ml/kg) was studied in a group of 20 preterm infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. Gestational age of the patients was 29.2 +/- 2.5 weeks (mean +/- SD), and birth weight was 1158 +/- 319 gm. Ethamsylate (12.5 mg/kg) was given prophylactically within the first 4 hours of life followed by 6-hourly doses for 4 days. Hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus occurred more frequently in the untreated group (8 of 10) than in the ethamsylate group (2 of 10) (p < 0.02). No acute adverse effects were attributed to the therapy. This preliminary experience suggests that ethamsylate, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, could be useful in reducing the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight infants treated with exogenous surfactant.

Biological Products↗
PubMed2002

Towards harmonization: the European biotechnology patent directive.

Having first been proposed over a decade ago to harmonize European patent law for the benefit of Europe's fledgling biotechnology industry, the Biotechnology Patent Directive underwent a somewhat tortured introduction to adolescence when its adoption was challenged by a legal annulment action from the Governments of the Netherlands, Italy and Norway. This article explores the nature of the legal challenge to the Directive, which to an extent typify European concerns about biotechnological inventions, particularly the "patenting of life."

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Patent foramen ovale in patients with cerebral infarction. A transesophageal echocardiographic study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of patent foramen ovale (PFO) among various subtypes of cerebral infarction. To determine whether any historical or clinical characteristics predict the presence or absence of PFO in these patients. DESIGN: Comorbidity and infarct subtype study. SETTING: Referral-based study. PATIENTS: One hundred sixteen patients with cerebral infarction consecutively referred for transesophageal echocardiography during a 6-month period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Infarct subtype classification was made using a clinical and radiographic diagnostic rubric similar to that used by the Stroke Data Bank of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke. The frequency of various risk factors and clinical characteristics in patients with and in those without PFO and the frequency of PFO in patients with various infarct subtypes were compared (chi 2 or Fisher exact tests). RESULTS: Patent foramen ovale was detected in 37 patients (32%). Mean age was similar in those with (60 years) and those without (64 years) PFO. Patent foramen ovale was more frequent among men (39%) than women (20%, P = .03). Patients with PFO had a lower frequency of atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and peripheral vascular disease compared with those without PFO. There was no difference in frequency of the following characteristics in patients with PFO compared with those without PFO: pulmonary embolus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, peripheral embolism, prior cerebral infarction, nosocomial cerebral infarction, Valsalva maneuver at the same time of cerebral infarction, recent surgery, or hemorrhagic transformation of cerebral infarction. Patent foramen ovale was found in 22 (40%) of 55 patients with infarcts of uncertain cause and in 15 (25%) of 61 with infarcts of known cause (cardioembolic, 21%; large vessel atherostenosis, 25%; lacune, 40%) (P = .08). When the analysis was restricted to patients who underwent Valsalva maneuver, PFO with right to left or bidirectional shunt was found in 19 (50%) of 38 patients with infarcts of uncertain cause and in 6 (20%) of 30 with infarcts of known cause (P = .01). CONCLUSION: Although PFO was overrepresented in patients with infarcts of uncertain in our and other studies, it has a high frequency among patients with cerebral infarction of all types. The relation between PFO and stroke requires further study.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Transcranial Doppler with contrast injection for the detection of patent foramen ovale in stroke patients.

Right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale was searched for in 80 patients with acute ischemic stroke by simultaneously performing transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography and transcranial Doppler during agitated saline injection. A patent foramen ovale was detected by echocardiography in 14 patients (17.5%). Transcranial Doppler correctly identified all 14 patients, and 7 more patients in whom echocardiographic findings were indeterminate. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale by transcranial Doppler was therefore 26.3% (21 of 80 patients). Concordance between the two tests was 91.3% (73 of 80 patients). The delivery of contrast material to cerebral vessels is therefore demonstrable by transcranial Doppler in all patients diagnosed by contrast echocardiography, suggesting that paradoxical embolization through a patent foramen ovale may be more frequent than previously thought. Transcranial Doppler with contrast injection is a valid alternative in case of poor echocardiographic image quality.

Cerebral Arteries↗
PubMed1995

Patent ductus venosus associated with a hyperintense globus pallidum on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and pulmonary hypertension.

UNLABELLED: We report the case of a 13-year-old Japanese boy with a patent ductus venosus. He experienced mild disorientation and hallucination at age 8 years. Hyperammonaemia was discovered at age 12 years. Brain MRI demonstrated multiple intracranial hyperintense lesions, mainly in the globus pallidum, which suggested portosystemic encephalopathy. Patent ductus venosus was demonstrated by abdominal ultrasonography and angiography. Cardiopulmonary investigation revealed pulmonary hypertension. An intracranial hyperintense lesion observed on T1-weighted MRI may be an initial clue for discovering a patent ductus venosus in asymptomatic patients. CONCLUSION: When patent ductus venosus is disclosed, pulmonary hypertension should be sought, as in cases with other portosystemic shunts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Visualization of patent foramen ovale by biplanar transesophageal echocardiography.

It is difficult for conventional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), by which precise and accurate images of interatrial septum (IAS) can not be acquired, to diagnose patent foramen ovale (PFO) clearly. To evaluate the diagnostic value of biplanar transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for PFO, TTE and biplanar TEE were performed simultaneously in 270 patients. It was found that in 7 patients patent foramen ovale was detected only through longitudinal planes of biplanar TEE. IAS, which consists of primitive septum and membrane of fossa ovalis, can be directly visualized by two-dimensional images of TEE; in patients with PFO, a dull color flow, which shunts from the right atria to the left atria through the gap between primitive septum and fossa ovalis, can be detected by color Doppler flow images. Furthermore, some right-to-left shunting microbubbles through the valve of patent fossa ovalis can be discovered by cardiac acoustic contrast echocardiography. In conclusion, biplanar TEE combined with color Doppler image and cardiac acoustic contrast facilitates a definite diagnosis of patent foramen ovale as the excellent anatomic images of IAS can be obtained from multiple views under this kind of performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Left-to-right shunt through patent foramen ovale in adult patients with left-sided cardiac lesions: a transesophageal echocardiographic study.

To define the prevalence rate of left-to-right interatrial shunt through patent foramen ovale in adults with symptomatic left-sided cardiac lesions, 56 patients were examined with transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. By transesophageal echocardiography, 15 patients (group A) were found to have left-to-right interatrial shunt through patent foramen ovale, constituting a prevalence rate of 27%. In group A, transthoracic echocardiography detected the interatrial shunt in two patients, and catheterization detected it in only one. The remaining 41 patients (group B) had no shunt demonstrated by either echocardiographic or catheterization examinations. In another 44 patients (group C) with no significant left-sided cardiac lesions, no interatrial shunt could be found by transesophageal echocardiography even though some of them had a patent foramen ovale. All patients with such shunt had left atrial size > 34 mm (45.1 +/- 6.0 mm), left atrial pressure > 13 mm Hg (23.4 +/- 7.6 mm Hg), and pressure gradient between left and right atria > 10 mm Hg (19.3 +/- 5.2 mm Hg). These findings support the concept that in the presence of a patent foramen ovale any left-sided cardiac lesion increasing left atrial size and pressure may induce left-to-right interatrial shunt through this channel and that the prevalence rate is much higher than generally acknowledged.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Gastroepiploic artery minimally invasive grafting in reoperative patients with patent mammaries.

BACKGROUND: Patients with patent grafted bilateral internal thoracic arteries may require repeat myocardial revascularization because of either progression of disease in a nongrafted native vessel or failure of a saphenous vein graft. In order to avoid extensive dissection and possible damage of the internal thoracic arteries, we elected to proceed with an off-pump minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCABG) approach using the pedicled right gastroepiploic artery. This paper summarizes our midterm angiographic results. METHODS: From 1996 to 2003, 15 patients were reoperated on using this approach in our department. Internal thoracic artery grafts always revascularized the anterior and lateral territories and were angiographically patent. Indications for repeated surgery were: (1) coronary disease progression in 8 patients; (2) occlusion of the saphenous vein graft in 6 patients; and (3) anastomotic stenosis of a pedicled right gastroepiploic artery in 1 patient. Off-pump grafting of the pedicled right gastroepiploic artery was targeted at the posterior descending artery in 14 patients, and at the left anterior descending artery in 1 patient. RESULTS: Thirty-day mortality was 6.5% (1 of 15 patients). With a mean follow-up of 56 +/- 20 months, angina-free survival was 79%. At angiographic control (mean, 38 months), the pedicled right gastroepiploic artery was patent in 13 patients. One patient had an occluded right gastroepiploic artery graft at 23 months and another patient showed progression of disease distal to the right gastroepiploic artery anastomosis at 28 months. CONCLUSIONS: Off-pump MIDCABG repeat revascularization with a pedicled right gastroepiploic artery is an effective method of revascularization for patients with patent bilateral internal thoracic arteries.

Breast↗