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PubMed1985

[The Great Rift Valley. Parasitological results].

East Africa is separated from the continent by the Great Rift Valley which was created at the end of the secondary era limiting then the East Africa under-continent with peculiar fauna and flora features. A several million years long isolation, during the tertiary era, seems to explain that a certain number of protozoan and helminthic diseases present peculiar clinical, epidemiological, therapeutical and parasitological features. The occurrence of those peculiar strains tends to indicate that in this region, for example, the resistance of P. falciparum to amino-4-quinolines is a regional feature which should not largely expand to the rest of the African continent.

Africa, Eastern↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative parasitological analysis of White Sea herring fry (Clupea pallasi n. maris-albi) raised experimentally and caught at sea].

Dynamics of the infection with pathogen trematodes of Brachyphallus crenatus (Rud., 1802) and Lecithaster gibbosus (Rud., 1802) in larvae and juvenile herring reared in experimental conditions and in those which were caught in the sea has been observed. Simultaneous infection of juvenile herring in natural environments and in experimental conditions has been noted. The parasitological examination of the material suggests the degree of natural mortality of larvae in the sea. The total rate of the juvenile herring infection in nature ranges from 22 to 92%.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1979

Identification of fecal parasites in the Special Parasitology Survey of the College of American Pathologists.

Review of participant performance in the Special Parasitology Survey of the College of American Pathologists for the years 1973-1977 shows that laboratories are generally able to identify helminth eggs and larvae in formalin-fixed fecal material but have difficulty identifying protozoa in formalin-fixed fecal material and in permanently stained slides. Ability to identify some protozoa has improved during the period reviewed. Well-trained personnel and access to reference materials should lead to improved performance.

Feces↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Efficacy of UK 4271 (oxamniquine, Pfizer) in Schistosoma mansoni bilharziasis in western Africa (parasitological and serological study of 252 children)].

This study was conducted on 252 childrens afflicted with Schistosomiasis (S. mansoni and S. haematobium) living in endemic area and treated with doses of 15 mg/kg to 60 mg/kg of Oxamniquine. During eight months, parasitologic and serologic (Indirect fluorescent antibody test) controls were continued. A single per os dose of 15 mg/kg appears best and 87% cure rates were obtained with only 12% reinfestation. Antibody studies indicate, at this dosage, an antigenic stimulation that lasts at least 8 months, thus conferring a "vaccinating" action possible to be used with large population groups. Further studies show acceptable tolerance clinically of Oxamniquine and its ineffectiveness against S. haematobium. As mentioned by others, it appears that Oxamniquine has usefulness in treatment of schistosomiasis due to S. mansoni.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[Main parasitological problems of Italian fish farms].

The speaker commented on the chief problems of parasitology found in Italian fresh water fish farms (troutfarming) and warm water pond farms (eel-, catfish-, cyprinids-, lagoo-fishfarmings). He discussed the most common fish losses connected in Italy with the diseases due to protozoans, worms, and crustaceans. The not yet solved and serious uncertainities which need priority in the research are, according to the speaker, the control of the amebiasis of hatchery rainbow trout, the incysted icthyophtiriasis of various fresh water fishes, the rainbow trout myxosomiasis (Whirling disease), and the argulosis of eel reared in brackish water lagoons. He concluded by emphasizing the need of a larger interest by Italian scientists on parasitic diseases of farmed fish. Without knowing and controlling them, it will be hard to program viable acquaculture industries.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

[A copro-parasitological study on the wrestlers of the national team].

This copro-parasitological research was made on the 18 wrestlers of the national team in the Talas training camp in Kayseri, The majority of them came to our laboratory with gastro-intestinal complaint such as nausea colicky pains anorexia and dyspepsia and other complaints such as exhaustion and fatigue and 16 of them were found infested with one or more than one parasites. As a result of our coprologic examination finding parasites and their infection rate were: Entamoeba histolytica (50%), Entamoeba coli (16,6%), iodamoeba bütschlii (16,6%), Endolimax nana (11,1%), Giardia lamblia (11,1%), Enteromonas hominis (11,1%) Ascaris lumbricoides (5,5%) and Hymenolepis nana (5,5%). It has been indicated that, 11 of total wrestlers were found infected with one kind, 4 of them were found infected with two kinds and 1 was found infested with three kinds parasites.

Amoeba↗

PubMed1982

A comparative evaluation of the parasitological techniques currently available for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis in cattle.

The parasitological techniques currently in use for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis were compared in a series of experiments for their capacity to detect Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei in the blood of cattle. The darkground/phase contrast buffy coat method proved to be more sensitive than the haematocrit centrifugation technique, thick, thin and wet blood films in detecting T. congolense and T. vivax. On the other hand with T. brucei, mouse inoculation was the most sensitive method, followed by the haematocrit centrifugation technique. In a further series of experiments involving cattle infected with either T. congolense or T. vivax, the darkground/phase contrast buffy coat method was consistently more sensitive in detecting parasites than haematocrit centrifugation, capillary concentration using glycerol and miniature anion-exchange/centrifugation techniques. As well as showing superior sensitivity, the darkground/phase contrast buffy coat method allowed species identification, estimation of parasitaemia and simultaneous assessment of anaemia (packed red cell volume).

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Diagnostic clinical parasitology: I. Proper specimen collection and processing.

This article (first of a series of four papers on diagnostic clinical parasitology) presents various collection methods and diagnostic procedures which are available for laboratory diagnosis of human parasitic infections. The information presented includes the pros and cons of each method discussed. When a laboratory selects various procedures, this decision should be based on a thorough understanding of the value and limitations of each technique selected. The topics to be included in the next three presentations include: protozoa, helminths, and blood parasites.

Ether↗

PubMed1983

Experimental transmission of intestinal coccidiosis to piglets: clinical, parasitological and pathological findings.

Twenty-eight piglets coming from a "specific pathogen free" herd were inoculated at three days of age with 50 000 or 100 000 sporulated oocysts of Isospora suis. Fecal samples were examined for oocyst shedding daily and several clinical parameters were recorded. Ten piglets were used as normal controls. Groups of piglets were euthanized from three days to 12 days postinoculation and routine necropsies were performed. Bacteriological, virological, parasitological and histopathological examinations were made on the intestinal tracts. The incubation period was four to five days. Clinical signs and microscopic intestinal lesions observed in the experimentally infected animals were similar to those reported in spontaneous cases of porcine neonatal coccidiosis. Lesions of villous atrophy in the small intestine seemed to result from the destruction of villous epithelial cells mainly during the peak of asexual reproduction which occurred around four to five days postinoculation. Intracellular coccidial organisms were difficult to find during the late atrophic and villous regrowth stages of the intestinal lesions. The prepatent period varied from four to seven days and the most common was five days. Eighty percent of the piglets kept alive more than four days postinoculation have shed oocysts. Piglets dosed with old sporulated oocysts (ten months old) shed many more oocysts than those infected with a fresh inoculum (less than two months old). The patent period was not determined precisely with the design of the experiment but some of the infected piglets shed oocysts for at least five days.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Parasitological examinations and immunodiagnostic advances in fluke infections.

A reliable diagnosis of fluke infections should be based on the demonstration of parasite eggs in either faeces, duodenal liquid or sputum, depending on the type of infection. Such an examination permits the identification of the species, and counting eggs establishes the intensity of infection. Unfortunately this examination is useful only when intensity is rather high. The diagnosis of slight infections is uncertain and can vary considerably from one sample to another. In this area of parasitological diagnosis no significant progress has been made in the last few years. On the other hand, in serodiagnosis many recent studies have been published. It should be noted that there are cross reactions between various human fluke species and Schistosoma mansoni. The common antigen varies accordingly. There are 4 groups of parasites that are antigenically close: F. hepatica and F. gigantica; Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini; P. westermani; P. africanus, P. uterobilateralis, P. ecuadoriensis. The cross reactions between these groups are not very intense and forbid the use of heterologous antigens. On the other hand, among the Paragonimus spp., P. westermani is antigenically quite distinct from the others. Antigens extracted from these various species can be purified. The main progress in this area has been made with Fasciola hepatica. Certain authors have suggested the use of excreted-secreted antigens that seem to improve the specificity. For early serodiagnosis, IFI (indirect immunofluorescence) and the ELISA test (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) are probably the best (positive two weeks after experimental infection of mice with F. hepatica).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Antigens, Helminth↗

PubMed1983

The IgM antibody activities in relation to the parasitologic status of Toxocara canis in dogs.

In order to interpret the relation between the IgM antibody activities to Toxocara canis (T. canis) and the parasitologic status, sera from puppies and adult dogs were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At the same time, autopsy was performed on these dogs for counting the number of T. canis worms and stool examination was carried out for observing the fertilization of eggs. The rates of infection by T. canis in the dogs decreased with age. The number of worms in the intestines ranged one to 39. The IgM antibody activities gradually increased until 3 months of age. Thereafter the significant levels were maintained even at the adult age. However, the IgM antibody levels were not associated with the age and the number of worms (P greater than 0.05) when the correlation coefficients were calculated between them. In contrast to the IgG antibodies, the results of the present study indicated that the IgM antibody activities do not relate to the age, the number of worms and the fertilization of eggs.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

The IgA antibody activities in relation to the parasitologic status of Toxocara canis in dogs.

In this study, the relationship between the IgA antibody activities to Toxocara canis infection in dogs and their parasitologic status has been examined. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied to the sera of dogs for the detection of the specific IgA antibodies and at the same time, autopsy and stool examination were performed on these dogs. The most elevated IgA antibody levels were observed in the one-month age group of puppies. Thereafter, the levels gradually decreased until six and 10 months of age. These low levels were maintained in adult dogs. However, the IgA antibody activities were not related to the age and the number of worms when the correlation coefficients were calculated. It was suggested from the results obtained that the elevated IgA antibodies at one month of age may have been due to the locally stimulated immunity by the adult worms grown up in the intestines and as a result, could be detected in the circulation.

Aging↗

PubMed1980

Diagnostic clinical parasitology: II. Identification of the intestinal protozoa.

This article (the second in a series of four papers on clinical diagnostic parasitology) presents information on the diagnostic morphology of the protozoa which infect humans. The description of morphological characteristics includes information on atypical morphology as well as the classic descriptions. Because these organisms are the most difficult to identify, extensive detail is included to illustrate the morphological variability.

Amoeba↗

PubMed1982

[Intestinal bilharziasis in Quebec tourists: parasitologic and diagnostic aspects].

Intestinal bilharziasis (or schistosomiasis) is becoming more and more frequent among Canadian travellers who come in contact with natural soft waters in tropical countries. The clinical signs accompanying contamination, the prodrome and the chronic phase are inconstant, but eosinophilia is often the warning sign, and specific seroparasitologic findings suggest the diagnostic investigation, Five tourists from Quebec became infected while travelling in Martinique. The clinical, parasitologic and serologic features that led to the diagnosis are described. The prodome (a flu-like syndrome with eosinophilia) is underlined. Treatment with niridazole was effective, as confirmed by the absence of Schistosoma mansoni eggs (or the presence of dead eggs) in specimens from rectal biopsies performed subsequently.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Aspects of evolutionary parasitology.

Parasitic animals make up one fifth to one fourth of all known animal species. There are many correct definitions of the parasitism, but the determinations as a qualitatively specific form of existence of organisms are logically well-grounded only within the concepts of symbiosis. The parasitism opposes with the predatoriness which cannot be ascribed to symbiotic types of vital activity. The problems of the population and niche are discussed in the present paper. An analysis is given of the parasitological niche the parameters of which coincide with the phenomena characteristic for the specificity. A somewhat changed definition of parasitism is proposed. The applicability of some biological concepts (theory of r and K selection, theory of granular environment) to parasitic organisms is considered.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

[The large island--impressions of a medical parasitological trip to Madagascar].

The course of an investigation trip through Madagascar is sketched. It allowed to analyze the parasitological situation. It is explained with the sociological and economical facts and the unusual fauna of this island. The two biggest problems are Malaria tropica and schistosomatosis (bilharziasis). Further, Ancylostoma, Ascaris, taeniids, and Wuchereria occur. Plague is rare. Fasciola gigantica has been introduced since short time only. Introduction of other parasites must be feared. Sleeping illness and nagana are lacking, as well as rabies, yellow fever, Fasciola hepatica, Echinococcus granulosus, Hymenolepis nana, Trichinella spiralis and Dracunculus medinensis. Effective control measures may not be reasonable at present because of the socio-economic structure as a result of the former colonial status.

Alcoholism↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[An attempt to normalize the methodology of clinico parasitologic surveys of onchocerciasis in West-Africa (author's transl)].

In order to be able to compare in time and space the results of onchocerciasis surveys in West Africa, the authors suggest to standardize the methodology of these surveys. The following points are defined : criteria to choose the villages, selection of population specimen, registration of socio-demographic data, clinical examination, assessment of visual acuity, parasitological examination founded on two quantitative bloodless cutaneous biopsies, definition of epidemiologic indices, adjustement of these indices to a standard population, synthesis of results by age-group and sex on the one hand by the presentation of frequency distribution of cutaneous microfilarial densities, on the other hand by calculation of geometric means of these densities.

Africa, Western↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative value of parasitological and immunological investigations in the diagnosis of chronic schistosomiasis].

Two group of patients including 63 urinary schistosomiasis and 49 intestinal schistosomiasis were studied with the following investigations: microscopic examination of stools and urines, rectal mucosae biopsy, total IgE dosages, plasmatic proteins values and indirect immunofluorescence. The data obtained led to the following conclusions: --Recovery must be based on the microscopic observation of stools and/or urines and R. M. B. --I. F. I. and IgE dosages alone were not sufficient. --Protides evaluations (IgA, IgG, IgM, orosomucoid, haptoglobin) did not show any informative values and did not seem to be linked with the parasitologic disease.

Chronic Disease↗