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PubMed1965

PALEOGENESIS AND PALEO-EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PRIMATE MALARIA.

The Haemosporidia, which comprise the malaria parasites, have probably evolved from Coccidia of the intestinal epithelium of the vertebrate host by adaptation first to some tissues of the internal organs and then to life in the circulating cells of the blood.The present opinion is that, among the malaria parasites of primates, the genus Hepatocystis and the "quartan group" of plasmodia are the most ancestral, followed by the "tertian group"; from the evolutionary viewpoint the subgenus Laverania is probably the most recent.Studies recently completed and research in hand on malaria parasites of apes and monkeys, combined with the possibility of assessing the infectivity of new simian parasites to Anopheles and to man, will be of great importance for a better understanding of the probable evolution of primate malarias. The fact that several genera of the Anthropoidea evolved in an ecological area where the association with the existing insect vectors of various plasmodia was close is suggestive of Africa as the original home of primate malaria. It is probable that the disease spread up the Nile valley to the Mediterranean shores and Mesopotamia, to the Indian peninsula and to China. From these main centres malaria invaded a large part of the globe.It is also probable (though not proved) that malaria existed in the Americas before the Spanish conquest, and there is some likelihood that sea-going peoples brought it to the New World long before Columbus's voyages. Modern immunological methods applied to the study of the mummified remains of ancient inhabitants of America may help to solve this question.

Africa↗
PubMed1976

Histologic processing and examination of a 4,000-year-old human temporal bone.

We believe this is the first report of a mummy temporal bone successfully processed by decalcification and serial sectioning. The condition of the bone required modifications of standard processing technique. Examination of the sections revealed evidence of antemortem otitis media and mastoiditis. The technique described should prove useful in otopathological studies of other paleontological specimens.

Histological Techniques↗
PubMed1996

Regression equations for estimating stature from long bones of early holocene European samples.

Regression equations for estimating living stature from long bone lengths have been calibrated on a sample of European Neolithic skeletons (33 males and 27 females) by using both least-squares (model I) and major axis (model II) regression techniques. Stature estimates of the skeletal sample have been made by means of Fully's anatomical method, a procedure based on the sum of all osseous components of height, providing the best approximations to the actual stature. The calculated equations have been tested, along with those generally used to predict stature of earlier European remains, on a small, well-preserved sample including Late Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic skeletons. The results indicate that the model II equations are particularly useful when very short or very tall individuals are involved and, at the same time, are among the best predictors of stature in less extreme conditions.

Body Height↗
PubMed1996

Paleoepidemiology, healing, and possible treatment of trauma in the medieval cemetery population of St. Helen-on-the-Walls, York, England.

Traumatic lesions are commonly found in the archeological record and have potential to provide insight into the lives of past populations. This paper examines patterns of long bone fractures in the British medieval population of St. Helen-on-the-Walls from York (approximately 1100-1550) in an effort to determine patterns of healing and evidence for treatment. Long bones were macroscopically and radiologically examined. Clinical data were used to assess whether a fracture had successfully or unsuccessfully healed. The results indicate that fractures of the radius and ulna were most common. Males displayed more fractures than women. Most fractures were healed, well aligned, and without substantial deformity. Lack of evidence for deformity in bones likely to be severely affected by fracture implied that immobilization and possibly reduction was practiced on even the poorest residents of the medieval city.

England↗
PubMed1996

Transverse (Harris) lines in Irish archaeological remains.

Transverse lines were examined in 633 long bones from 73 individuals exhumed from two burial sites in the Republic of Ireland: Waterford City and Tintern Abbey. The burials cover four distinct periods between the 11th and 17th centuries. Lines were most numerous in the tibia, especially in the distal segment, and were not seen in the humerus nor the proximal part of the femur. The number of lines varied between the proximal and distal segments of each long bone, and though apparently equal in number across the midline, there were significant differences in the incidence of lines between corresponding pairs of bones. Thus, it is unwise to rely on the results of a single bone or one type of long bone alone either to indicate the health status of an individual, or as the basis for assessing the health status of a small population. Such results should be used only in association with other indicators.

Adult↗