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374 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Posturographic registration of body sway after odor stimulation].

The methods of "reflex olfactometry" are rarely able to detect simulated anosmia because of the lack of reproducible correlations between stimulus and intensity of reaction. Interactions between the olfactory and vestibulospinal systems have not yet been investigated. Thirty persons with normosmia and 21 patients with anosmia were studied using a posturographic platform. Only in subjects with normosmia were body sway increases statistically significant in an anterior-posterior direction after the application of an olfactory nerve stimulant. Stimulations of the trigeminal nerve cause both in subjects with normosmia, and anosmia an increase in body sway occurred in a sagittal and lateral direction. The recording of vestibulospinal reactions during platform posturography after application of an olfactory stimulations enables quantification of body sway. These responses can also be useful in differentiating real from stimulated anosmia.

Acetates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Disorders of olfactory function in penetrating head injuries sustained during war].

Olfactory function was estimated in the group of 37 patients with the penetrating war head injury. In 4 (10.8%) patients mutual anosmia was found. In comparison to healthy volunteers the injured showed worse performance on the level of the tested olfactory parameters. In 9 (24.3%) patients the offered smells were sensed as very unpleasant. The subgroup of patients from Glasgow Coma Scale (GSC) < or = 8 showed the highest degree of olfactive disfunction. The patients with complicated penetrating head injury were less successful at the level of all olfactive qualities comparing to those without injury complications. The localization of the focal penetrating wound, regardless of the kind of a weapon causing the brain injury, was not significantly correlated with the results of olfactometry in distinction from hemisphere lateralization of the lesion. The recovery of the retested was minimal.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[The power of odors--pathogenic or unpleasant].

Modern toxicological studies have prompted us to rethink the role of olfaction and odours in our world. Our sense of smell is able to discriminate between an almost unlimited number of compounds of different chemical composition at extremely low threshold levels. Olfaction is classified as a chemical sense because of the bimolecular excitation process between the stimulant and receptor molecule. Receptor molecules of the olfactory epithelium have a variable region of the molecule which can differentiate between an unlimited number of aromatics. The sense of smell--the oldest phylogenetic sense--is therefore in very intensive contact with the "chemical" environment. Virtually all of the aromatic products which we are exposed to are highly complex chemical mixtures of numerous individual components which have a toxic potential little investigated to date. The perception of odours can be interpreted as a warning--a protective mechanism necessary for survival. At the same time, however, the exaggerated use of perfumes is held to be indicative of a highly cultured status. Unlike any other sense, that of smell is directly connected to archaic areas of the paleocortex region of the cerebral hemisphere, so that an odour will fill us with joy or abhorrence outside of our control. Odours cannot, therefore, be analyzed rationally without eliciting instinctive reactions, positive or negative, which result in acceptance or rejection. The highly developed memory for odour types is believed to be coupled to the route of the olfactory tract. The use of olfactometry today enables odours to be reliably quantified and characterized in a reproducible manner.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

[Microscopic endonasal sinus surgery (MESS) in nasal polyposis: long term results].

The endonasal microscopic sinus surgery (EMSS) in polyposis nasi is a grateful and in most cases successful procedure with a relative low risk of complications. In 1988 and 1989 we operated on 302 patients with polyposis nasi following the "Heermann Concept of EMSS". In each case the total ethmoidectomy with maxillary, sphenoid and frontal sinus surgery was performed. After an average of 5.2 years we started a follow-up in 185 patients including a questionnaire and clinical examination with endoscopic control and olfactometry. We found recurrent polyposis in 17.3% and a reoperation was necessary only in 6.5%. The complaints in polyposis as nasal obstruction, frontal cephalgia and hyposmia could be improved in more than 80%. About 26.5% of our patients suffered from bronchial asthma. Every second of them (51%) saw an improvement of asthma complaints after the operation. It is remarkable, that the clinical and endoscopic findings do not correlate in all cases with the subjective judgement of the patients. We saw patients with manifest recurrent polyposis, who did not deplore any complaints and vice versa. At last 85.4% said, that they would undergo the operation again.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

[New methods for evaluation and analysis of organoleptic qualities of foods and for calculation of changes. 9. Dependence of irradiation flavor of apple juice and concentrate on the gamma radiation dose].

Various authors have defined organoleptically the concept "cooking flavour" for heat-treated apple juice and concentrate. In a similar way, the "irradiation flavour" caused by gamma radiation is defined in the present paper. It has been found that the irradiation flavour is attributable to low-boiling substances which appear already in the first fraction if the modified MICKO distillation is performed. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) has been identified as the key substance in irradiation flavour. As further evidence may be quoted the similarity of the intensity of off-flavour which was observed also by gas chromatography at the same times of retention, and the removal of the irradiation flavour by means of a THF-specific agent (mercury acetate). In connection with THF solutions added to non-irradiated apple juice, the authors employed the technique of "subjective olfactometry", using the "absolute value scale", to establish mathematical correlations between the intensity of irradiation flavour and the concentration of off-flavour products in apple juice or concentrate. The dependence of the intensity of irradiation flavour on the THF concentration and the gamma radiation dose, respectively, obeyed an exponential function. Thus, it has been possible to calculate the amounts of THF formed by radiation doses varying from 0.64 to 2.55 Mrad. Furthermore, the authors determined the minimum radiation dose for 12% apple juice and for 67% apple concentrate at which the irradiation flavour is first perceived (treshold of perception).

Cobalt Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1976

[New methods for analysis and evaluation of sensory qualities of foods and calculation of changes. 10. Quantitative titrimetric determination of irradiation flavor in apple juice and concentrate and its dependence on radiation dosage].

Irradiation flavour in apple juice and concentrate which is mainly attributable, according to our previous studies, to tetrahydrofuran (THF) that may be quantitatively determined by means of the so-called mercury acetate method. This is based on the fact that the amount of a 4% solution of mercury acetate needed for removing the THF odour is proportional to the THF concentration. Using this method, the amounts of THF produced by various gamma radiation doses (varying from 0.64 to 2.55 Mrad) could be determined titrimetrically. Calculations showed that the THF concentration increases linearly with the radiation dose. Thus, the minimum radiation doses at which the irradiation flavour is first perceived (threshold of perception) may be calculated readily. The mercury acetate method is also a model case of the use of subjective olfactometry for the quantitative determination of flavour key substances in foods so far as they may be quantitatively determined by means of chemical reactions since the endpoint of titration is controlled by the sense of smell.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

[Clinical evaluation of Olbas oil effect on nasal mucosa in acute rhinitis patients during common cold].

The aim of the study was the clinical evaluation of the effect of Olbas oil on nasal mucosa in patients with acute rhinitis during common cold. 15 patients with 2-3 days history of acute rhinitis during common cold, both sexes, in the age between 23-47 were investigated. All the examinations were done before using, after the first inhalation, and after 7 days of Olbas oil administration. The investigation before using Olbas oil was comprised of: history data, general and otorhinolaryngological examination with particular evaluation of nasal mucosa, anterior rhinomanometry, saccharin translocation time, olfactometry, microbiological cultures, histamine nasal provocation test. At the end, after 7 days of Olbas oil inhalation 3 times a day for 4 minutes 4 drops of Olbas oil applied into a handkerchief, all the test were done again, as at the beginning. The study showed a good of the effect of Olbas oil on nasal mucosa in patients with acute rhinitis during common cold.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

[Clinical studies of Olbas oil tolerance and its effect on nasal mucosa in healthy volunteers].

The aim of the study was the clinical examinations of the tolerance and effect of Olbas oil on nasal mucosa in healthy volunteers during permanent 4 weeks administration. 23 healthy volunteers both sexes in the age between 20-50 were investigated. This investigations consisted of: history data, general and otorhinolaryngological examination, with particular evaluation of nasal mucosa, anterior rhinomanometry, olfactometry, saccharin translocation time, microbiological cultures, histamine nasal provocation test. Besides, each patient has follow up self evaluating chart of symptoms and adverse effect from the eyes, nose, pharynx and others. All the examined persons showed a very good tolerance of Olbas oil after 28 days of inhalation.

Adult↗