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PubMed1995

[Technological studies of effects of inclusion on pericarpium Citri reticulatae volatile oil-beta-cyclodextrin].

The effects of inclusion on Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae volatile oil-beta-cyclodextrin were studied by comparing four methods saturation, grinding, liquid to liquid and liquid to gas. The utilization ratio of oil, the ratio of oil in inclusion complex and the recovery of inclusion complex were used as the criteria in evaluating the inclusion effectiveness. The results showed that the saturation method was the best.

Citrus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chemical composition and phytotoxicity of volatile essential oil from intact and fallen leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora.

A total of 23 volatile constituents was identified and characterized by GC and GC-MS in the volatile essential oil extracted from intact (juvenile and adult) and fallen (senescent and leaf litter) leaves of lemon-scented eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.). The leaves differed in their pigment, water and protein content, and C/N ratio. The oils were, in general, monoterpenoid in nature with 18 monoterpenes and 5 sesquiterpenes. However, a great variability in the amount of essential oils and their individual constituents was observed in different leaf tissues. The amount was maximum in the senescent leaves collected from the floor of the tree closely followed by that from juvenile leaves. In all, 19 constituents were identified in oil from juvenile and senescent leaves compared to 23 in adult leaves and 20 in leaf litter, respectively. Citronellal, a characteristic monoterpene of the oil reported hitherto was found to be more (77-78%) in the juvenile and senescent leaves compared to 48 and 54%, respectively, in the adult leaves and leaf litter. In the adult leaves, however, the content of citronellol--another important monoterpene-- was very high (21.9%) compared to other leaf types (7.8-12.2%). Essential oil and its two major monoterpenes viz. citronellal and citronellol were tested for their phytotoxicity against two weeds (Amaranthus viridis and Echinochloa crus-galli) and two crops (Triticum aestivum and Oryza sativa) under laboratory conditions. A difference in the phytotoxicity, measured in terms of seedling length and dry weight, of oil from different leaves and major monoterpenes was observed. Oil from adult leaves was found to be most phytotoxic although it occurs in smaller amount (on unit weight basis). The different toxicity of different oil types was due to the relative amount of individual monoterpenes present in the oil, their solubility and interactive action. The study concludes that oil from senescent and juvenile leaves being rich in citronellal could be used as commercial source of citronellal whereas that from adult leaves for weed management programmes as it was the most phytotoxic.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

[Study on quality of crude ramulas cinnamomi in different reserve period and their prepared products].

OBJECTIVE: To compare quality of crude Ramulas Cinnamomi in different reserve period and their prepared products. METHOD: Analyzing the content of volatile oil by pharmacopoeia method. RESULTS: The content of volatile oil in prepared Ramulas Cinnamomi by frying decreased, while that in the prepared Ramulas Cinnamomi with honeybee increased a little. The longer the reserve time was, the less the content of volatile oil were. The density becomed smaller in proper order according to crude Ramules Cinnamomi, product processed with honeybee and product processed by frying. But different store time and preparing methods hardly influenced the component of its volatile oil. CONCLUSION: It's useful for Ramulas Cinnamomi to be prepared by frying or with honeybee.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Controlled release properties of Chitosan encapsulated volatile Citronella Oil microcapsules by thermal treatments.

This research uses modified orifice method to prepare the O/W type Chitosan encapsulated volatile Citronella Oil microcapsules. In this article, we investigated the forming condition of microcapsules and the influence to sustained release effect of volatile Citronella Oil by applying thermal pretreatment to microcapsules. The results suggest that the forming of microcapsules should be processed under the fundamental conditions of: (1) the concentration of Chitosan is at least 0.2wt%, (2) NaOH is greater than 0.1wt%, and (3) with the additive of coconut oil as natural surfactant, so that we could obtain final product of microcapsules with better formation and dispersion. The changes in concentration of Chitosan will affect the encapsulation efficiency of the volatile Citronella Oil. When the concentrations of Chitosan are 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%, the encapsulation efficiencies are 98.2%, 95.8% and 94.7%, respectively. The particle size of Chitosan microcapsules would decrease as the emulsification stirring speed increases. When the stirring speeds are 400 rpm, 800 rpm, and 1500 rpm, the average particle sizes of microcapsules produced are 225+/-24 microm, 131+/-20 microm, and 11+/-3 microm, respectively. If the microcapsules were thermal pretreated at 80 degrees C, the structure of Chitosan wall membrane would shrink and thus achieve the effect of sustained release. The sustaining effect would increase along with treatment time increases.

Capsules↗
PubMed2006

[Analysis of the volatile components of YL2000 decoction by GC-MS].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the volatile components of YL2000 decoction, which contain four herbs: rhizome and root of the Notopterygium incisum, the root of the Angelica pubescens f. biserrata, Scutellaria baicalensis and Coptis chinensis and investigate the changes of volatile constituents from those four herbs before and after compatibility of the herbal medicines. METHOD: The volatile components of YL2000 decoction were extracted by water-steam distillation, separated and identified by GC-MS. The relative percent content of each volatile component was quantified by area normalization method. The volatile components of YL2000 decoction were compared with the composition of the volatile oil from individual herb respectively. RESULT: 39 of the 146 separated constituents in volatile oil of YL2000 decoction, accounting for 85.66%, were identified and quantified. After compatibility of the herbal medicines, most volatile oil components reported by high proportion in individual herb were not detected, in the mean time, some components in volatile oil of YL2000 decoction have never been reported before in those of all four herbs. CONCLUSION: The changes of volatile oil from those four herbs before and after compatibility of the herbal medicines indicate that solubilization, chemical reactions and evaporation of some volatile components during decocting may induce changes of several components.

Angelica↗
PubMed2003

Volatile constituents from Cinnamomum zeylanicum fruit stalks and their antioxidant activities.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume is an important spice and aromatic crop having wide applications in flavoring, perfumery, beverages, and medicines. The steam-distilled volatile oil from cinnamon fruit stalks was analyzed with GC and GC-MS. It showed the presence of hydrocarbons (44.7%) and oxygenated compounds (52.6%). Twenty-seven compounds constituting ca. 95.98% of the volatile oil were characterized. (E)-Cinnamyl acetate (36.59%) and (E)-caryophyllene (22.36%) are found to be major compounds. The volatile oil was screened for its potential as an antioxidant by using in vitro models, such as the beta-carotene-linoleate and phosphomolybdenum complex method. The volatile oil showed 55.94% and 66.9% antioxidant activity at 100 and 200 ppm concentration, respectively. Also, the volatile oil showed good antioxidant capacity, using the formation of the phosphomolybdenum complex. A comparison of the chemical composition of the volatile oil was made with that of buds, flowers, and fruits. This is the first report on the chemical composition of volatile oil of the fruit stalks of this species and its antioxidant activity.

Alcohols↗
PubMed2000

[The study on Rhizoma Alpiniae officinarum and other herbs as penetration enhancer for the permeation of 5-fluorouacil].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of volatile oils from Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli, Herba Asari, cineaol and ethanol extracts on the percutaneous pentration of 5-fluorouracil. METHODS: By Valia-Chienhorizontal diffusion cell and HPLC, the effects of volatile oils from Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli, Herba Asari, cineol and ethanol extracts on the percutaneous penetration of 5-fluorouracil were observed and compared with azone. RESULT: 1%, 3% volatile oils from Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli and cineol possessed strong promoting action on percutaneous absorption of 5-fluorouracil. The effects of volatile oils from Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum was stronger than that of azone; the effects of volatile oils from Pericarpium Zanthoxyli was the same as that of azone. CONDUSION: The volatile oils from Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli, Herba Asari can enhance effectively the skin permeation of 5-fluorouracil. They deserved to be researched and developed further.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of beta-myrcene, alpha-terpinene and (+)- and (-)-alpha-pinene in the Salmonella/microsome assay.

This study was undertaken to investigate the genotoxicity of beta-myrcene, alpha-terpinene and (+) and (-)-alpha-pinene, monoterpenes found in a variety of plant volatile oils. beta-myrcene, alpha-terpinene and alpha-pinene as well as plant oils containing these hydrocarbon monoterpenes have been used as flavoring additives in foods and beverages, as fragrances in cosmetics, and as scent in household products. Mutagenicity was evaluated by the Salmonella/microsome assay (TA100, TA98, TA97a and TA1535 tester strains), without and with addition of an extrinsic metabolic activation system (rat liver S9 fraction induced by Aroclor 1254). Two dose-complementary assays were performed so that a broad range of doses, including a number of regularly-spaced doses in the non-toxic dose interval, were tested. No increase in the number of his+ revertant colonies over the negative control values was observed in any of the four S. typhimurium tester strains. Results from the present study therefore indicated that beta-myrcene, alpha-terpinene, and (+) and (-)-alpha-pinene are not mutagenic in the Ames test.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed2001

[Study on chemical constituents of Dendranthema morifolium by GC-MS].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse chemical constituents of volatile oil from Dendranthema morifolium Tzvel. et Zhao. by GC-MS. METHODS: The volatile oil was extracted from Dendranthema morifolium Tzvel. et Zhao. by steam distillation and were analysed by different kinds of capillary columns to find out the optimal conditions. The content of compositions of volatile oil were determined by normalization method. And the constituents were identified by GC-MS. RESULTS: 41 components were separated and identified which accounted for over 73% of total volatile oil. CONCLUSIONS: The main constituents in the essential oils from Dendranthema morifolium Tzvel. et Zhao are verbenol, (-)-zingiberene, beta-sesquiphellandrene, farnesene, tau.-cadinol and tau.-muurolol.

Asteraceae↗
PubMed2004

Chemical composition of corn leaf essential oils and their role in the oviposition behavior of Sesamia nonagrioides females.

The chemical composition of the volatile oils collected by steam distillation from leaves of seven corn hybrids and their effect on the oviposition behavior of Sesamia nonagrioides females was studied. Samples of the volatile oils from each of the hybrids were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and several major compounds were identified. The major compound found in all seven hybrids was 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (phytol), ranging from 38.3 to 64.9% of the total quantity. Compounds detected in significant proportions include (Z)-3-hexenol (3.1 to 8%), nonanal (4.9 to 14.5%), pentadecanal (1.8 to 5.8%), neophytadiene (5.5 to 12.9%), (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (2.5 to 8.9%), and an analogue of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3-(4H)-one (DIMBOA) (2.4 to 9.3%). The analysis showed no qualitative differences among the chemicals identified while quantitative differences were detected. Among the volatile oils, the significant difference was in the quantity of aldehydes present. In two-choice bioassays, filter paper sticks treated with volatile oils containing higher quantity of aldehydes received fewer eggs than those with lower aldehyde quantity. Bioassays with synthetic aldehydes of a chain length C9-C14 confirmed the above results.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed2001

[Influence of different collection time on yield and constituents of essential oil of herba pogostemonis from Gaoyao County].

The constituents of the volatile oil of Herba Pogostemonis from Gaoyao county collected at various different time by GC/MS combination technology were analysed and compared. The results showed that the average dry weight of single plant(i.e. yield) increased gradually from July to next April, the content of volatile oil was highest in November. The contents of pogostemone in the leaf oil were higher in July and September, then decreased gradually with growth time; pachouli alcohol was higher in September, October and November, lower in other months. The contents of pogostmone in stem oil were higher in July, October and next January, lowest in November. The content change of pachouli alcohol in stem oil were not obvious in all growth time, higher slightly only after November. Other compounds were not showed their variation law. So the quality of Herba Pogostemonis collected in November was higher if the content of volatile oil was used as a standard of quality evaluation, the result was in accordance with traditional collection experience.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed2005

Study of antiepileptic effect of extracts from Acorus tatarinowii Schott.

PURPOSE: To study the antiepileptic properties of extracts from rhizomes of Acorus tatarinowii Schott (ATS). METHODS: The decoction and volatile oil were extracted from rhizomes of ATS by traditional decocting and supercritical CO(2) fluid extraction (SFE-CO(2)) methods. Maximal electroshock (MES), pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) maximal seizure, and prolonged PTZ kindling models were used to test their anticonvulsive properties. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunohistochemical reaction (IR) was used to study GABAergic neuron changes in the PTZ kindling model and the effects of treatment. RESULTS: Both decoction (dose; 10-20 g/kg) and volatile oil (1.25 g/kg) of ATS decreased the convulsive rate significantly in the MES model. Decoction of ATS was shown to be effective in the PTZ model with both decreased convulsive and mortality rates. The volatile oil of ATS failed to prevent seizures in the dose range tested, although prolonged seizure latency and decreased mortality were found at a dose of 1.25 g/kg. In the PTZ kindling model, GABA-IR neurons decreased obviously compared with the normal group. In the groups treated with the decoction and volatile oil, the seizure intensity decreased significantly after treatment. Increased GABA-IR neurons also were found when compared with PTZ kindling controls. Morphologic observation also showed that GABA-IR neuron damage was less severe in the drug-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both decoction and volatile oil extracted from the rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott have anticonvulsive effects. The volatile oil is shown to be less effective for PTZ-induced convulsions. Both extracts can prevent convulsions as well as convulsion-related GABAergic neuron damage in the brain in the prolonged PTZ kindling model.

Acorus↗
PubMed2006

[Analysis of volatile constituents in leaves of three cypress species by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry].

Volatile oils in leaves of three cypress species were extracted by hydrodistillation method and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Sixty-four constituents were separated and identified. The majority of the components were found to be monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. There were 33, 37, 37 compounds in the oils of leaves of Sabina chinensis (L.) Ant, Cupressus lusitanica 'zhongshan' Mill and Sabina chinensis (L.) Ant. Cv. Kaizuca, respectively. Fourteen compounds were common to them, which were thujene, alpha-pinene, camphene, sabinene, beta-myrcene, alpha-terpinene, gamma-terpinene, alpha-terpinolene, bornyl acetate, beta-elemene, alpha-amorphene, germacrene D, delta-cadinene and elemol. In addition, each species had particular compounds. The main components were found to be: sabinene (20.99%), limonene (19.78%) and bornyl acetate (11.68%) for Sabina chinensis (L.) Ant; alpha-pinene (10.39%), sabinene (11.19%) and delta-3-carene (8.88%) for Cupressus lusitanica 'zhongshan' Mill; limonene (24.56%), beta-myrcene (8.04%) for Sabina chinensis (L.) Ant. Cv. Kaizuca.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed1994

Hyperglycemic and insulin release inhibitory effects of Rosmarinus officinalis.

The effects of the volatile oil extracted from the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis on glucose and insulin levels were investigated in normal rabbits, after the administration of an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT). Also, the effects of the volatile oil on fasting plasma glucose levels, were studied in alloxan diabetic rabbits. In normal rabbits, the intramuscular (i.m.) administration of the volatile oil (25 mg/kg) produced 20% (P < 0.05), 27% (P < 0.01) and 55% (P < 0.001) increases in plasma glucose levels, above those of control animals, at the 60, 90 and 120 min intervals, respectively, following the administration of the intraperitoneal (i.p.) glucose test. The same treatment also resulted in a 30% (P < 0.002) decrease in serum insulin level, in comparison with that of control rabbits at the 30 min interval. In alloxan diabetic rabbits, R. officinalis volatile oil increased fasting plasma glucose levels by 17% (P < 0.05) above those of untreated animals 6 h after its administration. These data suggest that the volatile oil of R. officinalis has hyperglycemic and insulin release inhibitory effects in the rabbit.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Botanical biocides. 4. Mosquitocidal activity of certain Thymus capitatus constituents.

Successive extraction of Thyme plant, Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffm. and Link (Lamiaceae), by different solvents of increasing polarity, showed that potency was highly attributed to the non-polar fraction (e.g., petroleum ether) when tests were carried out against the larvae and adults of Culex pipiens (L). Of special concern to the mosquitocidal activity, the following fractions and isolates were recognized: the volatile oil, unsaponifiable portion, and certain compounds isolated from the unsaponifiable portion (e.g., Thymol, alpha-Amyrin, Carvacrol + beta-Caryophyllene). The volatile oil, Thymol, and the unsaponifiable portion proved high larvicidal potency against the tested insect (LC50 = 49.0, 58.0, and 100.0 ppm, respectively). Non-lethal concentrations of these substances synergized the toxicity of Malathion, while induced additive or antagonistic effects when mixed with Permethrin or Pirimiphos-methyl. The unsaponifiable portion and volatile oil showed the highest adulticidal potency (LC50 = 0.0070 and 0.0076 mg/cm2, respectively). The efficacy of the tested candidates as repellent agents was found in the following order: unsaponifiable portion > alpha-Amyrin > Thymol > volatile oil > Carvacrol + beta-Caryophyllene. Thymol as well as volatile oil affected egg hatchability, causing Sterility Indices accounting for 0.70 and 0.74, respectively, while the unsaponifiable portion showed lower degree of sterility (0.81). The results obtained in this study may shed light on the importance of T. capitatus as a probable source of some biologically active agents for mosquito control in the future.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Kangaroos avoid eating seedlings with or near others with volatile essential oils.

Preliminary studies indicate that western grey kangaroos browse seedlings of non-Myrtaceae species rather than Myrtaceae. Seven morphologically-matched species pairs of Myrtaceae/non-Myrtaceae placed at three field sites showed that kangaroos avoided the essential-oil-containing Myrtaceae, but readily consumed the matched essential-oil-lacking non-Myrtaceae. The one exception (Pittosporaceae) had limited herbivory and was later found to possess two essential oils in its leaves. Gas chromatography and mass-spectra showed the seven Myrtaceae plants contain between 2 and 9 essential oils in their leaves, particularly the highly volatile monoterpene, 2,5-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,5-heptadine. Three of the above species pairs were used to gauge their effectiveness as nurse plants for a highly palatable legume. Plants placed beside Myrtaceae nurse plants were less browsed than those placed beside non-Myrtaceae nurse plants. We conclude that western grey kangaroos use olfactory cues to avoid foliage containing potentially toxic essential oils, and that this also has implications for seedling recruitment patterns in regenerating communities.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Chemical composition and biological activity of the volatiles of Anthemis melampodina and Pluchea dioscoridis.

The volatile fractions obtained by hydrodistillation of the fresh leaves of Anthemis melampodina and Pluchea dioscoridis were analysed by GC-MS technique. Of 38 components identified in the volatile oil of A. melampodina, santolinatriene was the major component (27.33%). The oil was characterized by a high percentage of monoterpene hydrocarbons (49.94%) while sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes represented only 7.41% and 11.43% of the oil. 36 components were identified in the volatile oil of P. dioscoridis. Farnesol was the major component (16.50%) accompanied by a high percentage of sesquiterpene alcohols. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (26.43%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (39.43%) represented the main constituents in the oil. P. dioscoridis showed a marked mosquito larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens (LC(50) 71.86 ppm), while A. melampodina was moderately active (LC(50) 139.42 ppm).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Study on proliferation effect of extracts of Piper longum on mesenchymal stem cells of rat bone marrow and the relationship to chemical functional groups].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of volatile oil and aqueous soluable part of Piper longum on proliferation of rat mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and the chemical functional groups. METHODS: Mesenchymal stem cells were dissociated from rat bone marrow and marked by Brdu, and the expression of CD44, CD54 and double label of Brdu and CD44. The growth of rat mesenchymal stem cell under volatile oil and aqueous soluable part of Piper longum was observed by means of cell viability measurement (MTT) and morphological observation and Brdu, PCNA immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS: Volatile oil of Piper longum could promote the cell viability of MSC and the number of Brdu, PCNA positive cell in dose-dependant. There was significant difference in comparision with control groups, C = C(50.66%), -OH(27.02%) and other functional groups in volatile oil of Piper longum were determined by GC-MS, but the aqueous soluable part of Piper longum could not promote the proliferation of MSC. CONCLUSIONS: Volatile oil of Piper longum which consists of C = C, -OH, and other functional groups has strong effect on enhancing proliferation of MSC.

Animals↗