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PubMedDate not supplied

Guidelines for the use of aides in occupational therapy practice. The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.

Aides may have a role in extending or supplementing the services provided by occupational therapy practitioners by being assigned non-client-related tasks or client-related tasks. Client-related tasks delegated to aides must be carefully selected and supervised. Supervision for non-client-related tasks is determined by the supervisor and may range from routine to minimal. For client-related tasks, continuous supervision is recommended for best practice and incorporates the concepts of aide training, competency and return demonstration, review of each case, and accountability.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Incidence and significance of precipitating antibodies in occupational and non-occupational extrinsic non-atopic (type III) asthma (bronchial asthma with precipitins).

Precipitating antibodies against different organic enviromental dusts were studied in 37 patients with suggestive symptoms of nonatopic bronchial asthma, comparatively with a group of 4 patients with atopic asthma and with a group of asymptomatic subjects, exposed to the same organic dusts as the majority of patients. Precipitins were found present in over 75% of the sera from patients with infectious type non-atopic asthma and were associated with positive semidelayed type skin tests as well as with positive bronchial provocation tests a few hours after antigen inhalation. No precipitins were found in the sera from patients with atopic asthma. Precipitating antibodies were also found but in lower percentages (30%) and at lower titers, in clinically asymptomatic subjects who were occupationally exposed to the respective antigens. It was demonstrated that the presence of precipitins in the sera of patients with bronchial asthma is a valuable diagnostic element which confirms the clinical and anamnestic data. The pathogenic role of precipitins is not yet clear. It might be related to the amount of these precipitins in the serum.

Antigens↗
PubMed2002

[Occupational and non-occupational aspects of carpal tunnel syndrome].

Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by the pressure of the medianus nerve in the carpal canal. This syndrome is characterized by the following symptoms: numbness of the thumb and fingers, hand pain, particularly at night, and handicap of the hand efficiency. The examination of the perception, provocation tests, electromyography, carpal radiography, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging are very helpful in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Pathological changes in flexor's theca are the most frequent causes of the syndrome. It may also occur in patients with lupus erythematosus, tuberculosis, endocrinopathy, rheumatic diseases and during pregnancy. Carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the most common occupational neuropathy. It is associated with the recurrence of carpal movements and observed in seamstresses, butchers, persons testing bar codes in supermarkets and meat packers.

Carpal Bones↗
PubMed1992

The influence of occupational and non-occupational factors on chronic fatigue in women.

The aim of the present study was to assess the significance of different types of loads to which working women are subjected in relation to reported chronic fatigue. The investigation involved 255 women workers from two different occupational groups. The first group was employed at knitting and the second at assembly lines. Their level of chronic fatigue was assessed. We also analysed the influence of 30 variables on fatigue level. These variables concerned: a) physical and psychological workload, b) organizational (social) climate of work, and c) demographic and family factors. It was found that the most important factor influencing chronic fatigue was "experiencing emotional tension" resulting from family problems. Other factors, having substantial significance for the development of increased fatigue level were also associated with emotional tension and resulted from the social climate in the workplace.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Ferruginous bodies in cases with occupational and non-occupational exposure to inorganic dusts. A study with 40 matched cases.

In this study we evaluated the usefulness of ferruginous bodies (FB) quantification in lung digest and histologic sections from 40 patients with a history of exposure to inorganic dusts. The patients were matched with 40 cases without occupational exposure. The samples of peripheral lung tissue were digested and all FB were quantified. Lung sections were also evaluated in order to confirm the presence of FB. The concentrations of FB in the patients were higher than the controls (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.001). The patients group showed a median concentration of 194.5 FB/g of dry lung tissue (FB/g) vs. 34.0 FB/g in the controls. Seventy percent of the patients had more than 100 FB/g vs. 27.5% in the controls cases. Pneumoconiosis was diagnosed in 19 patients, 17 had FB/g above 100 and only 4 were positive to FB in lung sections. We can conclude that lung digest and FB counts help to confirm exposures to inorganic dusts above the background values found in the general population. FB counts can help when the clinical file does not confirm the exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

An inaugural conference on occupational health in The Gambia: exploring the world through international occupational health programs.

This conference on workplace safety was a success for both the Gambians who attended and the Americans involved in planning, implementing, and funding the conference. The Americans were delighted to bring about some understanding of worker safety to a country that has struggled with labor issues for centuries. The dialogue reflected the concern that stakeholders in both countries have for labor issues, but there is a tremendous need for ongoing partnership with industrialized countries to bring these ideas and strategies to fruition. The Gambia has received some assistance in the area of economic development, but not in improving workplace safety. A wide range of economic support activities have been initiated by the ILO in The Gambia during the past 20 years. This has included providing guidance with international labor standards, assistance to the development of labor and related services, support to employer and worker organizations, vocational training, job creation and employment policy, and small enterprise development. Many challenges lie ahead for The Gambia in improving workplace safety. Serious concerns remain related to minimum safeguards in the workplace. For example, the Labor Act specifies safety equipment that an employer must provide for employees working in designated occupations, but these are rarely offered (Culp et al., 2003). Workers are plentiful and jobs are not, so workers tend to take any employment they can without regard to working conditions. The government has not formally revoked employers who have contributed to worker deaths. Industrial inspections are conducted, although there is little consequence for violations. The cycle of poverty, younger workers, and lack of education also contribute to many worker safety issues. Farm workers cannot read instructions on pesticide containers and industrial employees cannot understand workplace hazard communications. While the Gambian constitution mandates free compulsory primary education, the current state of educational opportunities is so dismal for poor families that many will not go beyond primary school and will enter the work force without technical skills. Teachers are overworked. While some young people could develop small business enterprises related to tourism and woodcarving, the vast majority continue a downward spiral into poverty (McGrath & King, 1999).

Developing Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occupational (and non-occupational) risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders.

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal disorders are an important cause of disability and absence from work in industrialized countries. A number of studies reported the importance of occupational, personal and psycho-social factors in the aetiology of these work-related disorders. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: To stress the complex relationships existing between risk factors, reporting findings from reviews and original studies regarding two of the most significant musculoskeletal disorders: carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and low back pain (LBP). CONCLUSIONS: More detailed epidemiological studies are needed to explore the interactions between risk (and protective) factors, since these can play the role of determinants, confounders or effect modifiers.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

[The effect of occupational and non-occupational psychosocial stress on the course of pregnancy and its outcome].

The effect of stressful professional work on the course of pregnancy and its outcome is for various reasons an important issue. The aim of this work was to compare and evaluate studies carried out in different countries all over the world on the risk of preterm delivery (PTD) and fetal hypotrophia in infants whose mothers were occupationally exposed to psychosocial stress during gestation. An analysis of available literature confirms a significantly higher PTD odds ratio among pregnant women working in adverse psychosocial conditions. Low birth weight (LBW) in newborns of this group of mothers occurs more frequently than in the general population.

Burnout, Professional↗
PubMed1990

Occupational groups potentially exposed to silica dust: a comparative analysis of cancer mortality and incidence based on the Nordic occupational mortality and cancer incidence registers.

We have analysed mortality and cancer incidence data available in census-based record-linkage studies from the Nordic countries for males in occupational groups with potential exposure to silica dust. The study showed an excess lung cancer risk for foundry workers in all the Nordic countries, and also for miners in Sweden. These results are consistent with the findings of previous in-depth epidemiological studies. The lung cancer risk did not differ significantly from that of the respective national populations for males working in glass, porcelain, ceramics and tile manufacture, in excavation, and in stone quarries, sand and gravel pits. Stone cutters, who are probably not exposed to known lung carcinogens at the workplace but in some places to high concentrations of silica dust, showed a significant excess lung cancer risk in both Finland and Denmark.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Preliminary results of studies on the incidence, causes and effects of occupational accidents in the Bełchatów Industrial Region. III. Health effects of occupational accidents].

Health effects of accidents at work at the Bełchatów Industrial District have been investigated. Most injuries due to accidents have been bruises, wounds and bone fractures of upper and lower limbs. Much less frequent, as compared to other industrial plants, are injuries of head, chest and abdomen. The causes of those injuries have been discussed. In addition, the activities of occupational health services have been analysed.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1986

[Preliminary results of studies of the incidence, causes and effects of occupational accidents in the Bełchatow Industrial District. I. Direct causes of occupational accidents].

The work has been aimed at an analysis of accidents at work occurring throughout 1981-1982 at the Bełchatów Industrial District. The most common causes of accidents at work have been direct factors resulting mainly from workers' inadvertence or recklessness, improper performance of occupational tasks, lack of appropriate tools, and settlement of private affairs at work. The incidence of accidents at work might be reduced by compliance with safety-and-hygiene-of-work rules, better supervision, work organization and efficient working tools.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1982

[Occupation-related bronchial asthma caused by ampicillin. Diagnostic significance of occupation-specific inhalation provocation tests].

The case of a 58-year-old employee of an antibiotic-producing factory with occupationally related disorders (asthmatic dyspnea, episodic fever in the evening and malaise) is presented. A change of workplace did not completely relieve the patient. The further course was complicated by nephrolithiasis with urinary infection requiring nephroureterotomy. The extensive allergological investigation resulted in absolutely negative skin tests of the immediate and delayed type with environmental allergens including moulds and antibiotics. The serological examinations showed a high total IgE level and positive specific IgE to benzylpenicilloyl (BPO). The arterial blood gas analyses at rest showed that the patient hyperventilated massively. Consecutive inhalation of lactose, tetracycline, ampicillin and chloramphenicol dust administered by Spinhaler turboinhaler produced a delayed asthmatic reaction with an FEV1 a fall of 42% five hours after provocation, accompanied by general symptoms identified by the patient as here former disorders. Circulating immunocomplexes (C1q-binding test) were now positive, as was anti-BPO-IgG, while anti-BPO-IgE decreased slightly.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1994

[Epidemiologic evaluation of health effects of occupational and non-occupational exposure to carbon disulfide].

The review of published results of epidemiologic studies indicates that chronic exposure to carbon disulfide may cause functional and organic disorders of the nervous, circulatory, alimentary and endocrine systems as well as disorders of sight and hearing organs. The epidemiologic studies have been mainly carried out in populations occupationally exposed to carbon disulfide. The majority of data apply to pathologies caused by CS2 in concentrations exceeding MAC values. Some of the studies indicate that the frequency of disorders in lipid metabolism, circulatory and nervous systems as well as in the sight organ is significantly higher in workers exposed to lower concentrations of CS2 but for longer period of time. The studies of mortality show that an increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease is a late effect of the chronic exposure to CS2. The question of teratogenic and carcinogenic effects of CS2 as well as the problem of health effects of exposure to CS2 of populations living in the vicinity of chemical fibre plants which emit CS2 into the atmosphere still remain without any clear answer.

Carbon Disulfide↗
PubMed1993

The risk of occupational human immunodeficiency virus infection in health care workers. Italian Multicenter Study. The Italian Study Group on Occupational Risk of HIV infection.

BACKGROUND: More than 50 cases of occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in health care workers (HCWs) have been reported worldwide. Determinants of injuries and of infection are important to investigate to design effective prevention programs. METHODS: In Italy, 29 acute-care public hospitals were enrolled in a multicenter study between 1986 and 1990. At each facility, all HCWs were enrolled who reported percutaneous, mucous-membrane, or nonintact-skin exposure to the body fluids and tissues to which universal precautions apply from an HIV-infected patient. Data were collected at the time of the incident on clinical status of the HIV-infected source, circumstance and type of exposure, and use of infection control precautions. The HCWs were followed up clinically and serologically for HIV infection at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: A total of 1592 HIV exposures were reported in 1534 HCWs; most exposures (67%) occurred in nurses, followed by physicians and surgeons (17.5%). Needlesticks were the most common source of exposure (58.4%), followed by nonintact-skin and mucous-membrane contamination (22.7% and 11.2%, respectively) and cuts (7.7%). At the time of exposure, 77.5% of the HCWs knew or suspected that the source patient was HIV infected. Two seroconversions were observed among a total of 1488 HCWs followed up for at least 6 months: one occurred in a student nurse who had been stuck with a needle used for an HIV antibody-negative, p24 HIV antigen-positive drug addict; the other was in a nurse who experienced mucous-membrane contamination with a large quantity of blood from an HIV-positive hemophilic patient. The seroconversion rate was 0.10% after percutaneous exposure (1/1003; 95% confidence interval, 0.006% to 0.55%) and 0.63% after mucous-membrane contamination (1/158; 95% confidence interval, 0.018% to 3.47%). CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates a small but real risk of HIV infection after percutaneous and mucous-membrane exposure to blood of HIV-infected patients and that transmission can occur during the "window period" of infection. Furthermore, exposures to HIV are not infrequent, and many exposures could be prevented with the use of barrier precautions, appropriate behaviors, and safer devices and techniques.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Occupational environment and strain induced gout. A review of epidemiological studies of the connection between occupational environment and coxarthrosis].

Osteoarthrosis of the hip is a frequent complaint with multifactorial causal relations. The causes have hitherto not been associated with the work environment. Through a systematic literature search 15 epidemiological studies dealing with the relation between occupation or factors in the work environment and coxarthrosis were found. A critical evaluation finds that farmers and construction workers have an increased risk of contracting coxarthrosis. Work that is strenuous for the hip such as lifting and ladder climbing might also be risk factors. Prevention of heavy work involving the hip is proposed as a consequence of this knowledge. The Danish Workers Compensation Act should also take these findings into consideration.

Cumulative Trauma Disorders↗