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PubMed1989

Comparison of insulin secretory patterns in obese nondiabetic LA/N-cp and obese diabetic SHR/N-cp rats. Role of hyperglycemia.

Obese diabetic SHR/N-(cp/cp) rats are a genetic model for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. When SHR/N-cp rats are overtly diabetic, they are hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic in the fed state when consuming commercial chow or semipurified high-carbohydrate diets. Obese SHR/N-cp rats were hyperinsulinemic by 4 wk of age, although hyperglycemia did not appear until 3-4 wk later and was exacerbated by a high-sucrose diet (mean +/- SE 1488 +/- 238 microU/ml insulin and 425 +/- 51 mg/dl glucose). The control SHR/N-cp rats (+/?) on the sucrose diet remained lean and normoglycemic. The obese diabetic SHR/N-cp rats showed three alterations in pancreas perfusion data (not present in control rats): 1) paradoxically high insulin secretion at low glucose levels (2.5 mM), 2) secretion of insulin in response to arginine (10 mM) in the absence of glucose, and 3) impaired response of insulin secretion to high glucose (16.7 mM). To determine whether hyperglycemia was responsible for the abnormalities of insulin secretion, perfusion studies were conducted in obese nondiabetic LA/N-cp rats and compared with the SHR/N-cp rats. The obese LA/N-cp rats resembled the corpulent SHR/N-cp rats in every way, except that they were normoglycemic on the sucrose diet. The obese LA/N-cp rats had two of the three alterations in insulin secretion shown by obese SHR/N-cp rats, lacking only the impaired response to high glucose, suggesting that hyperglycemia was required for that defect to occur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Altered neuropeptide Y concentrations in specific hypothalamic regions of obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Possible relationship to obesity and neuroendocrine disturbances.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in eight microdissected hypothalamic regions of obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/?) Zucker rats. Freely fed obese rats showed significant (40-100%) increases in NPY concentrations in several regions, notably the paraventricular, ventromedial, and dorsomedial nuclei and the arcuate nucleus/median eminence, compared with lean rats. Hypothalamic NPY concentrations were not affected in either obese or lean rats by food restriction, which caused 25% weight loss over 3 wk. Refeeding to initial weight significantly increased NPY levels in the ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei in lean rats but did not significantly alter NPY concentrations in any hypothalamic region in obese rats. These observations indicate fundamental differences in the regulation of hypothalamic NPY between obese and lean Zucker rats. NPY injected into the paraventricular nucleus and other regions causes hyperphagia, obesity, and increased secretion of insulin, glucagon, ACTH, and corticosterone. These behavioral and neuroendocrine abnormalities all occur in the obese Zucker syndrome and may be due to increased NPY-ergic activity in the hypothalamus.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2002

A functional polymorphism in the promoter of UCP2 enhances obesity risk but reduces type 2 diabetes risk in obese middle-aged humans.

Obesity is frequently associated with type 2 diabetes. We previously observed an association of a functional G/A polymorphism in the uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) promoter with obesity. The wild-type G allele was associated with reduced adipose tissue mRNA expression in vivo, reduced transcriptional activity in vitro, and increased risk of obesity. On the other hand, studies in animal and cell culture models identified pancreatic beta-cell UCP2 expression as a main determinant of the insulin secretory response to glucose. We therefore ascertained associations of the -866G/A polymorphism with beta-cell function and diabetes risk in obesity. We show here that the pancreatic transcription factor PAX6 preferentially binds to and more effectively trans activates the variant than the wild-type UCP2 promoter allele in the beta-cell line INS1-E. By studying 39 obese nondiabetic humans, we observed genotype differences in beta-cell function; wild-type subjects displayed a greater disposition index (the product of insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response to glucose) than subjects with the variant allele (P < 0.03). By comparing obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes, we observed genotype-associated differences in diabetes prevalence that translated into a twofold age-adjusted risk reduction in wild-type subjects. Thus, the more common UCP2 promoter G allele, while being conducive for obesity, affords relative protection against type 2 diabetes.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Sensitivity of plasma insulin levels in obese and non-obese women with functional hyperandrogenism.

Hyperinsulinemia has been implicated in the etiology of functional hyperandrogenism (FH). In a prospective controlled trial, we determined the sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of fasting plasma insulin levels in 37 females of reproductive age with FH, who were further subdivided into obese (body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2, n = 22) and non-obese (n = 15) groups, in women with (n = 30) and without (n = 7) polycystic ovaries on vaginal endosonography and in controls of similar age (n = 29) who were body mass-matched to the non-obese FH subgroup. Insulin, testosterone, androstenedione, luteinizing hormone (LH), LH/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) levels were measured by conventional radio-immunoassay. All hormonal parameters, including insulin (p , 0.0001), were significantly increased in the FH group vs. controls. Mean BMI and insulin did not differ between the subgroups with and without polycystic ovaries. Only insulin was increased (p = 0.0012) in the obese FH vs. non-obese FH subgroup. In the FH group, insulin showed the highest coefficient of variation (0.76) but also the best sensitivity (0.57) and diagnostic accuracy (0.73), equal that of testosterone (0.54 and 0.73, respectively). Insulin was more sensitive (0.72) than testosterone (0.59) in the obese FH subgroup, but less sensitive (0.27) than testosterone (0.47) in the non-obese FH subgroup. Multiple correlation analysis showed a significant linear relationship (p < 0.0001) between insulin and BMI but no correlation between insulin and the other parameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Nutrient inadequacy in obese and non-obese youth.

PURPOSE: In this study, the Dietary Reference Intake standards were used to evaluate the prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients in obese and non-obese youth. METHODS: Dietary intake was analyzed with a dietary history taken by a registered dietitian. The obese group (n=156) had a body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile for age and sex. The non-obese group (n=90) was between the tenth and 85th BMI percentiles. RESULTS: In the obese subjects, the prevalence of inadequate intakes was 81% for vitamin E and 27% for magnesium; the proportions with intakes below the Adequate Intakes (AIs) for calcium and vitamin D were 55% and 46%, respectively. The obese children consumed 124% of estimated need for energy, 32% of which came from fat. The non-obese had a similar prevalence of inadequate intakes (vitamin E, 93%; magnesium, 29%; calcium, 51%; vitamin D, 44%). They consumed 107% of estimated need for energy, and 31% of energy came from fat. For both groups, all other nutrient intakes were adequate. CONCLUSIONS: Even though children may consume an excess of energy, they may not be meeting all of their micronutrient needs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Effects of an obesity control program based on behavior modification and self-efficacy in obese elementary school children].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a school-based obesity control program based on behavior modification and self-efficacy for obese elementary school children. The program was composed of strategies to modify diet and exercise habits and to increase self-efficacy. METHOD: The subjects were 57 obese children (experimental group = 28, control group = 29) whose Röhler index was 150 and over. The program was implemented once a week for 12 weeks from September 16 to December 12, 2003. The data was analyzed by Fisher's exact probability, chi (2)-test, t-test, and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. RESULT: The Röhler index, fat mass and lean body mass of the experimental group positively changed after the intervention more than those of the control group, but there was a significant difference in the Röhler index only (t=2.06, p=.045). In addition, obesity stress significantly decreased (z=-2.86, p=.047) and dietary self-efficacy significantly increased (t=2.35, p=.023) in the experimental group than those of the control group. CONCLUSION: This study supports that a school-based obesity control program based on behavior modification and self-efficacy can be effective in decreasing obesity stress and increasing dietary self-efficacy. Parents, school nurses and the other support groups should be encouraged to participate from the planning stage of the program to be effective in weight control of obese elementary school children. Also school-based program should be implemented as an essential course in the curriculum, not as an elective.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1997

[Relationship between obese gene expressive product and obesity].

In order to study the relationship between obese protein and obesity. A radioimmunoassay for human plasma obese protein (OP) was established using human OP (57-92) and its specific antiserum. We observed the distribution and the characteristics. Of OP in normal human and mouse tissue and changes of plasma OP in obese patients. We also observed the tissue distribution after intravenous injection of 125I-labeled OP fragments (116-167) and (93-105) in rats. The results were as follows. The contents of OP were much higher in brain tissue than those in abdominal adipose tissue; levels of OP in liver and in skeletal muscle tissue were zero; the contents of abdominal adipose tissue were higher in female mice than those in male mice; the contents of plasma OP in normal human beings were 194.3 +/- 17.7 ng/L, while those in mice were 2257.8 +/- 171.9 ng/L. It was also found that the administered OP fragments were widely distributed in various tissue and organs including the brain. Kidney was the richest in the OP fragments; liver and lung ranked second. The half time of the OP fragments in plasma clearance was about 4.5 min. The contents of OP in obese adults and in obese children were much lower than those in normal control group. There was significant negative correlation between OP levels and body mass index, serum concentration of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides. So the present study indicates the important relationship between the changes of OP contents and the pathogenesis of obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

[Increased prevalence of overweight and obesity in Dutch children, and the detection of overweight and obesity using international criteria and new reference diagrams].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Dutch children in 1980 and 1997 according to international criteria, and to design new reference diagrams for overweight and obesity in children. DESIGN: Descriptive. METHOD: The prevalence of overweight and obesity, based on height and weight data from the Fourth Dutch Growth Study (1997), was determined according to international criteria for age and sex. RESULTS: In 1997, the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased in both boys and girls compared to 1980: in 1997, the prevalence of overweight ranged between 7.1 and 15.5% for boys, and between 8.2 and 16.1% for girls. Both the prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in girls than in boys. CONCLUSION: By applying the international criteria for overweight and obesity and reference growth diagrams based upon the 1997 Dutch growth study, the prevention and detection of overweight and obesity has to be implemented with vigour in Dutch youth health care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

2-Hydroxyestradiol attenuates the development of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and vascular and renal dysfunction in obese ZSF1 rats.

A pandemic of obesity is contributing importantly to the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome characterized by hypertension, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. In turn, the metabolic syndrome is contributing to vascular disease and the accelerating epidemic of chronic renal failure. Currently, pharmacological approaches to attenuate obesity and its cardiovascular/renal sequelae are limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 2-hydroxyestradiol, a metabolite of 17beta-estradiol with minimal estrogenic activity, on the development of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and heart, vascular, and renal dysfunction in obese ZSF1 rats, a well-characterized genetic model of obesity and the metabolic syndrome with concomitant heart, vascular, and kidney disease. ZSF1 rats were treated, beginning at 12 weeks of age, for 26 weeks with vehicle or 2-hydroxyestradiol (10 microg/kg/h). At baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment, animals were placed in metabolic cages, and food intake, water intake, urine output, and urinary excretion of proteins and glucose were determined. Next, in fasting animals, plasma cholesterol was measured, an oral glucose tolerance test was conducted, and total glycated hemoglobin levels were determined. At the end of the study, animals were anesthetized and instrumented for assessment of heart performance, renal hemodynamics, and mesenteric vascular reactivity. 2-Hydroxyestradiol attenuated the development of obesity and improved endothelial function, decreased nephropathy, decreased the severity of diabetes, lowered arterial blood pressure, and reduced plasma cholesterol. 2-Hydroxyestradiol may be an important lead for the development of safe and effect drugs to attenuate obesity and its metabolic, vascular, and renal sequelae.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Relationship of childhood obesity to adult obesity: a 20-year longitudinal study from birth in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan].

OBJECTIVE: Evidence regarding the relationship between childhood obesity and adult obesity in Japan is limited. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between childhood mass index (BMI) at 3 months, 12 months, 3 years and 20 years in a general population. METHODS: Data obtained from men and women aged 20 years (born between 1968-1974), who had received medical examinations in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, were linked to data of medical examinations of the same individuals as infants (3 months, 12 months, and 3 years). The relationship between childhood BMI (or Kaup index) and adult BMI was analyzed for a total of 2,314 participants (1,080 men and 1,234 women), whose data could be followed for 20 years. RESULTS: BMI at 20 years displayed significant positive correlations with BMI at 3 months, 12 months, and 3 years; this correlation was strongest with respect to BMI at 3 years (r = 0.33, p < 0.001 in men; r = 0.42, p < 0.001 in women). In terms of percentages of obese participants (BMI 25 kg/m2 or over) at 20 years in accordance with BMI categories at each age, the rates were 4.6% in men and 1.0% in women with a BMI less than 15 kg/m2 at 3 years, but 29.1% and 29.5%, respectively, with a BMI of 18 kg/m2 or over (6.3 and 29.5 times higher, respectively). Percentages of obese participants at 20 years were highest in those exhibiting an above average BMI at 3 years, regardless of the BMI at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Body mass in young adults is strongly related to body mass in childhood, especially with that at 3 years. About 30 percent of obese children at 3 years remain obese into adulthood. These results are of interest with respect to assessment of future risk of adulthood obesity at medical examinations for infants in Japan.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Leptin and heart sympathetic activity in normotensive obese and non-obese subjects.

BACKGROUND: In rats leptin increases sympathetic activity, and an inhibitory effect on leptin synthesis and release has been demonstrated for the catecholamines, both in adipocyte cell cultures and in healthy experimental animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between leptin and heart sympathetic activity as well as changes in leptin levels after the administration of drugs that modify sympathetic activity. METHODS: We performed a randomized, blinded, before-after trial in 81 normotensive obese and non-obese subjects. They were studied before and after treatment with enalapril (5 mg every 12 hours) or clonidine (0.1 mg every 12 hours) for 7 days. RESULTS: Obese subjects had higher values for percent body fat (p < 0.0005), triglycerides (p < 0.05), leptin (p < 0.0005), and low frequency/high frequency ratio at night (LF/HFn, p = 0.05). After enalapril or clonidine treatment, leptin levels were not modified. Both drugs significantly diminished the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. In the obese group, clonidine and enalapril diminished the LF/HFn ratio (p < 0.05). The LF/HF index showed a univariate correlation with body mass index, leptin, systolic blood pressure, insulin, age and triglyceride levels. In the multiple regression analysis for factors associated with the LF/HF ratio, only leptin, age and insulin were included in the model. The r2 of the model was 0.3 (p = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: A higher level of heart sympathetic activity is found in normotensive obese as compared with non-obese subjects. Both clonidine and enalapril reduced heart sympathetic activity in obese subjects without a change in fasting leptin levels.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Obese adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have more severe insulin resistance measured by HOMA-IR score than obese girls without PCOS.

UNLABELLED: The prevalence of obesity in Thai children is increasing. These individuals are at increased risks of metabolic syndrome that includes insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), dyslipidemia and hypertension. PCOS has been known to be associated with insulin resistance. OBJECTIVES: To compare the insulin sensitivity between obese adolescent girls with PCOS and those without PCOS. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We reviewed demographic and hormonal data of 6 obese adolescent girls with PCOS and compared with 6 age, weight and BMI-matched non-PCOS controls. Each subject underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. RESULTS: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score (HOMA-IR score) in obese adolescent girls with PCOS was significantly higher than in girls without PCOS with median and range as follows (16.5 [3.8, 21.8] vs. 4.1 [3.3, 6.9], p = 0.04). Our study demonstrates that obese adolescent girls with PCOS have more severe insulin resistance measured by HOMA-IR score than girls without PCOS independent of the degree of obesity. Since insulin resistance is a metabolic precursor of future cardiovascular diseases, obese adolescent girls with PCOS might be at greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease in later adulthood than their non-PCOS counterparts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Primary care support for tackling obesity: a qualitative study of the perceptions of obese patients.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has become a major public health issue and there is concern about the response of health services to patients who are obese. The perceptions of obese patients using primary care services have not been studied in depth. AIM: To explore obese patients' experiences and perceptions of support in primary care. DESIGN OF STUDY: Qualitative study with semi-structured interviews conducted in participants' homes. SETTING: Five general practices contrasting in socioeconomic populations in Sheffield. METHOD: Purposive sampling and semi-structured interviewing of 28 patients with a diverse range of ages, backgrounds, levels of obesity and experiences of primary care services. RESULTS: Participants typically felt reluctance when presenting with concerns about weight and ambivalence about the services received. They also perceived there to be ambivalence and a lack of resources on the part of the health services. Participants showed a strong sense of personal responsibility about their condition and stigma-related cognitions were common. These contributed to their ambivalence about using services and their sensitivity to its features. Good relationships with primary care professionals and more intensive support partly ameliorated these effects. CONCLUSION: The challenges of improving access to and quality of primary care support in tackling obesity are made more complex by patients' ambivalence and other effects of the stigma associated with obesity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[The influence of polymorphism the Gly972Arg variant insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) gene, and G-308A TNF-alpha gene on obesity and insulin resistance in children with obesity].

UNLABELLED: Genetic factors play a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obese subjects. The insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and IRS-2 are the most important elements of the insulin-signaling pathways, and mutations in this gene have been reported to play a role in determining insulin resistance, particulary in presence of obesity. The polymorpism of the TNF-a-308 gene is also involved in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance, therefore, we investigated whether the IRS-1 and TNF-a polymorphism can predict conversion to insulin resistance and obesity parameters in children with obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The 70 children with obesity simplex were included in this study (9-18 y.o). The antropometric investigations: weight, height, BMI, SDS for BMI, WHR, sum of 3, 10 skinfolds, and percent of body fat by Slaughter's equation was calculated. In each children after 12 hour overnight fast glucose, insulin, leptin and lipids: triglycerides (Tg), cholesterol total (Chol-T), cholesterol HDL (Chol-HDL), cholesterol LDL (Chol-LDL) were measured. The oral glucose tolerance test was performed and HOMA-IR was calculated. RESULTS: Two variants of genotypic IRS-1 were obtained: C/C(85.7 %), A/C(14.3%), and 3 variants of TNF-a G/G 68 % A/G 29% A/A 3%. Statistical analysis of anthropometric and biochemical variables in groups C/C, vs A/C and variables between IRS and TNF (G/G, A/G + A/A) groups was performed. We did not find any significant differences between these groups in the t-Student test. The girls heterozygous for the A allele--A/C (IRS) had higher body weight than girls who were homozygous C/C (chi(2) =3.87, Pr>chi(2)=0,048). In smaller children studies, both polymorphism--IRS and TNF seems not to be associated with the degree of obesity and insulin resistance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Glucose-induced thermogenesis in obese subjects with or without familial history of obesity.

In order to assess to what extent familial factors play a role in thermogenesis of obese individuals, the 3 h response to a 100 g glucose oral load was measured in 11 obese subjects (6 m, 5 f) with a familial history of obesity and/or obesity-non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, group A); these were compared to 9 obese subjects (5 m, 4 f) without familial history of these disorders (group B). All subjects had normal glucose tolerance and the two groups were comparable with respect to anthropometric features. The glucose-induced thermogenesis of group A (7.9 +/- 1.2 per cent) above preload energy expenditure was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that observed in group B (13.5 +/- 0.5 per cent). The same conclusions were obtained when the results were expressed as a percentage of the glucose load ingested (4.4 +/- 0.67 and 7.8 +/- 0.80 in group A and group B respectively, P less than 0.01). Despite these differences the pattern of change in glycaemia, insulinaemia, C-peptidaemia and glucagonaemia in response to the glucose load was the same between the two groups. Total glucose oxidation as well as non-oxidative glucose disposal did not differ between the two groups. These results seem to support the hypothesis that genetic factors may contribute to the low thermogenic response observed in some individuals with a familial history of obesity and/or obesity-NIDDM.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in obese and non-obese patients.

Results of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in obese and non-obese patients were analyzed prospectively. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 841 patients-179 obese (Group I) and 662 non-obese (Group II). Operative time averaged 73.1 minutes in Group I and 73.7 minutes in Group II. There were no statistically significant differences in the ability to perform cholangiography (99.4% Group I; 97.9% Group II), conversion rate (1.1% Group I; 1.5% Group II), or complications (4.5% Group I; 3.8% Group II). In Group I no pulmonary complications were noted, nor any cases of venous thromboembolic disease. Risk of laparoscopic cholecystectomy appears comparable in obese and non-obese patients. Based on historical comparisons, laparoscopic cholecystectomy may be safer than traditional cholecystectomy in obese patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Android-type obesity and gynecoid-type obesity].

There are several types of obesity, and the metabolic conditions associated with these phenotypes are also heterogeneous. Obesity of the male (android) type shows a dominant visceral and upper thoracic distribution of adipose tissue, whereas in the feminine (gynecoid) type adipose tissue is found predominantly in the lower part of the body (hips and thighs). Android obesity is clearly a cardiovascular risk factor, more so than gynecoid obesity. Hereditary factors contribute significantly to the occurrence of this pathology in families, although environmental factors play a role in its development. Android obesity is associated with metabolic anomalies which also characterize the syndrome X: resistance to insulin, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. The predisposition of individuals with android obesity to become diabetic rests in part on genetic and in part on environmental factors. Hyperinsulinemia and a high flux of free fatty acids act at the level of liver and endocrine pancreas to increase resistance to insulin and to decrease insulin secretion, two determining factors for type II diabetes. Other functional anomalies have been involved to explain android obesity such as dysregulation of adrenocortical and sexual steroids or a global derangement of stress mechanisms. No significant proof, however, seems to support either one of these hypotheses.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Animal models of obesity & their usefulness in molecular approach to obesity.

Obesity, a multifactorial nutrition disorder, is no longer the problem of the affluent West; it has been slowly gaining entry in to developing countries as well. Ever since the first demonstration of an experimental hypothalamic obese rat model, laboratory animals have been in the forefront of basic research concerned with this important metabolic disease. Apart from nongenetic models, an array of genetic murine models of obesity is now available. Over the years the obese loci in these mutants were localised, and most of them have been cloned. Among them leptin and its receptor--the first gene products to be identified, have revolutionised the field, and the possibility of a 'lipostat' mechanism operating in the body is no longer in the realm of imagination. Studies are now on, to identify the murine obese genes in the human population with a view to understand the problem and intervene therapeutically. We have recently developed a new rat model of obesity in our animal facilities, which has several advantages over the existing Western models. It is hoped, that this new model will strengthen and expand our knowledge on obesity--an interesting but complex syndrome.

Animals↗