Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Network science”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Cuisine and health: a new initiative for science and technology 'The Zhejiang Report' from Hangzhou.

There has been a rapid and remarkable recovery in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, during the 1990s, of a distinctive cuisine whose origins can be traced back to, at least, the building of the Grand Canal between Beijing and Hangzhou in the 600s AD and the stimulus to trade and migration, that was provided. This, along with exceptional health indices in the region, provides a basis for a new integrative study of the food chain, food culture and food science in regard to the human condition, which would be manifest by the degree of environmental sustainability, economic progress, social cohesion, health status, well-being and happiness that these dimensions of "food for humans " should support. Collectively, these have rarely been subject to systematic scholarly pursuit. Through the endeavours of the Zhejiang Association for Science and Technology, representing some 150,000 professionals and the international community, represented principally by the International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS) and its partners in WHO, the FAO Network of Excellence and the Hangzhou University of Commerce, this field has been brought together through the papers in this issue of Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. The report builds on related endeavours in recent times, notably 'The Okinawan Roundtable on Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease' which recognizes the exceptional and distinguishing features of the Okinawan diet in health protection, and the assessment of the place of fatty fruits, like red palm fruit amongst 'North and West African Foods'.

China↗
PubMed1991

Alma Ata and health for all by the year 2000. The roles of academic institutions.

The title of this article raises a complex set of questions. To begin, what happened at Alma Ata and the goal that emanated from it-Health for All by the Year 2000--are themselves controversial matters. At least there are some who are strongly critical of those events and ideas. Even without linking academic institutions with Alma Ata and HFA/2000, a controversy is spawned when one asks about the roles of such institutions in dealing with societal problems--which problems should a university address, and how deeply does a university become engaged in them, particularly if it carries the university out of the cloister into the trenches of societal conflict? Linking academic institutions with Alma Ata and HFA/2000 deepens the controversy but also provides a framework for examining the basic principles on which each is based, and for testing those principles against the realities of real world problems of health development. This article draws on recent critical assessments of both sides of the equation: a recent Consultative Committee to the Director General of WHO that analyzes the successes and failures of PHC development to date, and lays out conditions for greater effectiveness in the future; and the Technical Discussions of WHO on the Roles of Universities in the Strategy for Health for All that review traditional and progressive arguments about the roles of universities in their societies, and how HFA can be seen as fitting into that debate. The thinking contained in these documents provides ample opportunity to examine whether or not academic institutions should have a role that relates to Alma Ata and Health for All, and, in the end, takes the position that, indeed, this is an appropriate role for those universities prepared to make the commitment. The point is also made that such involvement cannot be effective if the scale of the institutional commitment is marginal--it must be substantial and institution-wide. An example is given of the Aga Khan University in Karachi, Pakistan, an institution avowedly committed to a community orientation and to health services development. The Network of Community-Oriented Educational Institutions for Health Sciences can be considered a movement of educational institutions in this direction. It is functioning with considerable creative initiative in addressing issues having to do with problem-based teaching methods, community orientation, and partnerships with governmental health services.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1993

Use of group 3-level memory telefacsimiles for enhanced interlibrary loan, part II: Network application.

The Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery, and Union List Task Force of the Health Sciences Libraries Consortium (HSLC) accepted the charge of maximizing use of the advanced features of group 3-level memory telefacsimiles. A pilot project was initiated to address the task force's recommendation to the HSLC Board that all nonrush interlibrary loan (ILL) documents be transmitted to participants within forty-eight hours of request receipt. This paper describes the project, which tests a network application for unattended, overnight transmission of documents. In determining whether this technology could be used as the primary medium for ILL of photocopies, the following criteria were used: the percentage of ILL requests filled by telefacsimile; the speed, quality, and reliability of service; and the impact of telefacsimile on document delivery costs. The article discusses the project history, optimal use of equipment features for library applications, full-scale implementation, and operational issues that affect ILL policy.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2000

[Current responsibility of information processing in gynecology].

Rapid development and innovative research in medical computer science influences physicians work. Not only new hardware but also network implementation changed the way of decision making techniques in medicine. The main reason for acceptance and distribution of the internet is the possibility to present information in a reasonable and contemporary way. A self-labeling of medical information by web authors and systematic critical appraisal of health-related internet information by third parties may help to filter harmful health information and to positively identify and select high quality information. The German Work Group for Information Technologies in Gynecology and Obstetrics (AIG) informs physicians about health care issues related to computer science.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2005

Endogenous stimulators and inhibitors of angiogenesis in gastrointestinal cancers: basic science to clinical application.

Progression of cancer is dependent on acquisition of vascular networks within the tumor. Tumor angiogenesis is dependent on up-regulation of angiogenesis stimulators to overcome the endogenous anti-angiogenic barrier. Such disruption of angiogenesis balance to favor neovascularization is a key step for progression of tumor growth and metastasis. In this regard, the vascular basement membrane and the extracellular matrix have been found to be rich sources of angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors that become bioavailable on proteolysis of the matrix by tumor microenvironment-related enzymes. In this review the subgroup of endogenous angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors is discussed, and their mechanism of action during tumor angiogenesis is evaluated. The role in regulating tumor growth and the possibility of using them as prognostic markers for human gastrointestinal cancers is discussed. Furthermore, we specifically address the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in human gastrointestinal cancers and discuss the development and use of bevacizumab (Avastin; anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody [Genentech, CA]) in the treatment of colorectal and other gastrointestinal cancers.

Angiogenesis Inducing Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The human biological resource centres network. A key infrastructure for biomedical research in Europe.

Continuing advances in life sciences and medical research are the result of the remarkable achievements of cell and molecular biology. In the post-sequencing era, the quality of the huge amount of data continuously generated by biotechnology, i.e. genomics, proteomics and high-throughput screening, depends on the quality assurance and the traceability of the original biological materials, including the annotations linked to these materials. Thus, biological resource centres are key infrastructures supporting biotechnology, bioprocessing and the development of new approaches in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2006

Some important issues to do with long-term sea level change.

This paper gives an overview of several important issues concerned with the measurement and understanding of long-term sea level change, which is one of the most important topics in sea level science. The issues discussed span science, technology and our ability to fund and operate the national and global observation networks required for a proper understanding of long-term change and its impacts. Many of these topics were explored at a 'Celebration of UK sea level science' at the Royal Society on 16-17 February 2004, and are discussed further in a number of papers in this volume.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2004

Bioethics in Germany: debates and infrastructure.

In Germany the public awareness on ethical problems of the application of medicine and life sciences on human beings is very high. It can be observed that German Society is rather sensitive concerning bioethical issues. Politics supports this attitude. Many articles in professional journals as well as in newspapers cover bioethical issues. Conferences and workshops on a professional and an educational level deal with topics on ethics of life sciences and ethics in general. Moreover, in the case of bioethics many different disciplines contribute with relevant considerations to the process of opinion and judgment formation. This paper summarizes the main ethical and legal debates on bioethical issues in Germany, specifies the focus of leading German centres of bioethics and biolaw, and explains the tasks, services and networking of the German Reference Centre for Ethics in the Life Sciences (DRZE) which was founded by the Federal Government.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed2005

Tobacco industry influence on science and scientists in Germany.

Using tobacco industry documents, we examined how and why the tobacco industry sought to influence science and scientists in Germany as a possible factor in explaining the German opposition to stricter tobacco regulation. Smoking and health research programs were organized both separately by individual tobacco companies and jointly through their German trade organization. An extensive network of scientists and scientific institutions with tobacco industry links was developed. Science was distorted in 5 ways: suppression, dilution, distraction, concealment, and manipulation. The extent of tobacco industry influence over the scientific establishment in Germany is profound. The industry introduced serious bias that probably influenced scientific and public opinion in Germany. This influence likely undermined efforts to control tobacco use.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1999

Medical libraries, bioinformatics, and networked information: a coming convergence?

Libraries will be changed by technological and social developments that are fueled by information technology, bioinformatics, and networked information. Libraries in highly focused settings such as the health sciences are at a pivotal point in their development as the synthesis of historically diverse and independent information sources transforms health care institutions. Boundaries are breaking down between published literature and research data, between research databases and clinical patient data, and between consumer health information and professional literature. This paper focuses on the dynamics that are occurring with networked information sources and the roles that libraries will need to play in the world of medical informatics in the early twenty-first century.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed1993

How hyper are we? A look at hypermedia management in academic health sciences libraries.

Advances in instruction-delivery technology have a direct impact on academic media centers. New technology challenges librarians philosophically, financially, and ethically to provide access to information and instructional systems. Each institution has a unique set of circumstances governing decisions to provide access to hypermedia. If patron needs are met satisfactorily through labs outside the library, it may not be necessary for the library to incorporate hypermedia into its collection. Other library media centers may serve as a main point of access, or a substantial alternative computing resource may exist in departments or professional schools. Regardless of which route is taken, hypermedia is a viable instructional delivery system and can coexist with traditional services. Future studies on various aspects of hypermedia and multimedia management should be encouraged. Academic health sciences librarians would benefit from the study of hypermedia and multimedia collection-development policies, equipment, and personnel management. As computer networking of multimedia and image databases becomes available, it will be interesting to see the role academic health sciences libraries assume in integrating these data-bases with traditional information-delivery systems. Changing technology and instructional methods will affect budgets as well as library relationships with academic departments and computing centers.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2007

Online workbenches for neural network connections.

The nervous system is the most complex object we know of. It is a spatially distributed, functionally differentiated network formed by axonal connections between defined neuron populations and effector cells. Computer science provides exciting new tools for archiving, analyzing, synthesizing, and modeling on the Web vast amounts of frequently conflicting and incomplete qualitative and quantitative data about the organization and molecular mechanisms of neural networks. To optimize conceptual advances in systems neuroscience, it is important for the research and publishing communities to embrace three exercises: using defined nomenclatures; populating databases; and providing feedback to developers about improved design, performance, and functionality of knowledge management systems and associated visualization tools.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Bayesian networks and probabilistic reasoning about scientific evidence when there is a lack of data.

Bayesian networks (BNs) are a kind of graphical model that formally combines elements of graph and probability theory. BNs are a mathematically and statistically rigorous technique allowing their user to define a pictorial representation of assumed dependencies and influences among a set of variables deemed to be relevant for a particular inferential problem. The formalism allows one to process newly acquired evidence according to the rules of probability calculus. Applications of BNs have been reported in various forensic disciplines. However, there seems to be some reluctance to consider BNs as a more general framework for representing and evaluating sources of uncertainties associated with scientific evidence. Notably, BNs are widely thought of as an essentially numerical method, requiring "exact" numbers with a high "accuracy". The present paper aims to draw the reader's attention to the point that the availability of hard numerical data is not a necessary requirement for using BNs in forensic science. An abstraction of quantitative BNs, known as qualitative probabilistic networks (QPNs), and sensitivity analyses are presented and their potential applications discussed. As a main difference to their quantitative counterpart, QPNs contain qualitative probabilistic relationships instead of numerical relations. Sensitivity analyses consist of varying the probabilities assigned to one or more variables and evaluating the effect on one or more other variables of interest. Both QPNs and sensitivity analyses appear to be useful concepts that permit one to work in contexts with acute lack of numerical data and where reasoning consistent with the laws of probability should nevertheless be performed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Science's signal transduction knowledge environment: the connections maps database.

Knowledge environment (KE) describes the collection of electronic networking tools that have been and continue to be developed by AAAS and Stanford University libraries. Knowledge environments use practical, production-quality tools to systematize the consensus knowledge within a scientific domain and facilitate users' access to that knowledge. Science's Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) is the first in this new concept in electronic publishing that combines the traditional, albeit electronic, publishing of articles, such as reviews, perspectives, and protocols, with tools for organizing and collating information in the cross-disciplinary field of signal transduction. One of the major tools developed for the STKE is the Connections Map database and the software (called CMADES [Connections Maps Authority Data Entry Software]) created to facilitate data entry by Pathway Authorities. The Connections Maps are a graphical representation of a database of information about the molecules involved in cellular signaling cascades. CMADES automates many of the functions involved in adding data into the Connections Maps database, such as references and descriptors, as well as allowing the Authorities to indicate the relationships between the components in the pathway through the use of a graphing tool. CMADES and the Connections Maps represent evolving tools that assist the Authorities in systemizing information regarding a particular system at the organism- and cell-specific level and the canonical level, as well as provide the STKE user with organized and expert-supplied information about signal transduction pathways.

Biology↗
PubMed2003

Protein complexes and functional modules in molecular networks.

Proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules form a dense network of molecular interactions in a cell. Molecules are nodes of this network, and the interactions between them are edges. The architecture of molecular networks can reveal important principles of cellular organization and function, similarly to the way that protein structure tells us about the function and organization of a protein. Computational analysis of molecular networks has been primarily concerned with node degree [Wagner, A. & Fell, D. A. (2001) Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 268, 1803-1810; Jeong, H., Tombor, B., Albert, R., Oltvai, Z. N. & Barabasi, A. L. (2000) Nature 407, 651-654] or degree correlation [Maslov, S. & Sneppen, K. (2002) Science 296, 910-913], and hence focused on single/two-body properties of these networks. Here, by analyzing the multibody structure of the network of protein-protein interactions, we discovered molecular modules that are densely connected within themselves but sparsely connected with the rest of the network. Comparison with experimental data and functional annotation of genes showed two types of modules: (i) protein complexes (splicing machinery, transcription factors, etc.) and (ii) dynamic functional units (signaling cascades, cell-cycle regulation, etc.). Discovered modules are highly statistically significant, as is evident from comparison with random graphs, and are robust to noise in the data. Our results provide strong support for the network modularity principle introduced by Hartwell et al. [Hartwell, L. H., Hopfield, J. J., Leibler, S. & Murray, A. W. (1999) Nature 402, C47-C52], suggesting that found modules constitute the "building blocks" of molecular networks.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed1999

Clinical integration and new options for academic medical institutions in network development.

The author outlines two options, made possible by developments in antitrust law, that can create a favored role for academic health science centers as well as for stand-alone medical schools and teaching hospitals, using the unique strengths of these institutions that are often considered weaknesses by the marketplace. The first option is the development of clinically integrated collaborations that need not be either system-wide or necessarily governed by total quality management processes, or involve the characteristics of ownership typical of the usual integrated delivery systems. The second option is the development of new clinical "products." Each option encourages creative financing, legal, medical, and governance approaches and makes it possible for centers, medical schools, and teaching hospitals to build multi-provider collaborations that are in harmony with their missions and different from the less-compatible integrated delivery systems that they often seek to build. The author provides an extensive background on antitrust law to explain the two options and the criteria for crafting them within antitrust law. He then describes how antitrust law applies to multi-provider networks and in particular to academic health science centers and free-standing medical schools and teaching hospitals, and gives examples of the kinds of fruitful collaborations these institutions could engage in. He urges those institutions to realize that if they keep faith with their best characteristics in creative new ways (such as those suggested by his article), they will thrive in the years ahead.

Academic Medical Centers↗