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Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

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PubMed1999

An interdisciplinary approach to a day-long palliative care course for undergraduate students.

Although it is desirable that students in the health sciences be educated together to prepare them for interdisciplinary practice, many educational programs remain discipline specific. An undergraduate course in palliative care, originally designed for medical students at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., was expanded in 1993 to include students from various health sciences programs in the region. The course introduces students to the components of palliative care and its interdisciplinary nature in a problem-based way and directs students to additional educational resources. The authors describe the planning, content and evaluation of the course material. The observed decline in attendance by medical students, which coincided with the introduction of the interdisciplinary format, warrants further investigation. Future directions of the course are discussed.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1989

International cooperation in the field of space life sciences: European Space Agency's (ESA) perspectives.

International cooperation in life sciences, as in any other of the space research fields, takes place at two distinct levels: scientist to scientist, or agency to agency. This article is more concerned with the agency to agency level, which involves the arrangements made between two partners for the flying of experiments and/or hardware on space missions. International cooperation is inherent to the European Space Agency (ESA), since it consists of 13 member states (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and West Germany) and one associated member, Finland. ESA also has special cooperative arrangements with Canada. Life sciences research in ESA is carried out within the Microgravity Research Program, an optional program to which member states (in this case all but Austria and Ireland) contribute "a la carte," and receive their "share" accordingly. Therefore, many of the activities are naturally linked to international arrangements within the member states, and also to arrangements between the agencies, with life sciences being the dominant activity between NASA and ESA.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[History as politics. Medical historians in Berlin and Graz serving the NS-State].

History of medicine played an important part in the ideology and policy of the Third Reich. The Nazi Party and the "Schutzstaffel" (SS) tried to instrumentalize historical knowledge to justify their ideology and medical ethics. The academic discipline of the history of medicine saw a revival during the Nazi period and, especially, during the Second World War. Important medical historians were eager to contribute to a symbiosis between the State and their field. The close relationship between the history of medicine and the Nazi regime was particularly apparent at Paul Diepgen's Department for the History of Medicine and Natural Sciences at the University of Berlin. Diepgen, apart from his own collaboration with the Nazi regime, was the teacher of Bernward J. Gottlieb who became the leading medical historian of the SS and Director of the new "SS-Institute for the History of Medicine" in Berlin in 1941. Gottlieb's institute moved in 1943 to the "SS-Academy" in Graz to train future SS-physicians in the history of medicine. The history of medicine was of great relevance also for certain members of the Nazi elite. They included Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS, who ensured that Gottlieb would become Diepgen's successor in 1945 for the chair of medical history at the University of Berlin. Hitler was asked to intervene in the appointment process given the political importance of the field and, in particular, the professorship being located in Berlin. The SS was able to exercise, by this time, a decisive influence on the field of the history of medicine. Only the collapse of the Third Reich prevented the traditional discipline from becoming a "science" to legitimize the Nazi System and the SS. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of the field of the history of medicine and of its key institutions and personalities during the Third Reich.

Austria↗
PubMed2001

Paradigms, promises, and the potential of clinical psychology.

Both Plaud's and Ilardi and Feldman's articles call for clinical psychology to redefine itself according to a particular paradigm or "unifying framework." This commentary focuses on the nature of clinical psychology as an applied discipline, whether clinical psychology in fact has an urgent need for a unifying framework, and whether radical behaviorism or cognitive neuroscience could provide such a framework. It is concluded that, as an applied field that draws both theory and method from a number of natural and social sciences, clinical psychology is served best by continued development and appropriation of competing scientific viewpoints rather than by fealty to a single perspective or paradigm.

Behaviorism↗
PubMed1986

Education and the new technologies in reproduction.

Since 1978 technologies applied to human reproductive biology have resulted in totally new ways of making families. Traditionally education has presented science as a value-free body of absolute knowledge, neatly divided into discrete disciplines. This has resulted in a fragmented approach to the teaching of human reproduction. Many students are leaving school today confused and ignorant about contraception and their own fertility. How will education deal with new methods of controlling and promoting human fertility and family planning? Should the curriculum include: the scientific details of the technologies; the nature and known causes of infertility; the recent legislation designed to limit these technologies; the implications for the family as the fundamental social unit? If so, where in the curriculum, and taught by whom? This paper critically examines these possibilities with particular focus on the confused role of genetics in defining parents and families, both in the literature and in recent Victorian legislation designed to regulate new reproductive technologies. A more precise definition of the concept of 'mother' which acknowledges all three components, genetic, birth and social is suggested for inclusion in a broader curriculum about human reproduction, preferably within science education.

Australia↗
PubMed2001

The role of epidemiology in challenging the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

The HIV/AIDS pandemic has challenged the resourcefulness of epidemiology and epidemiologists. In response to the challenge, epidemiologists have used existing epidemiologic strategies, expanded existing strategies, and developed new strategies to answer key questions about the transmission of HIV, the natural history of HIV at the molecular, host, and community levels, for evaluation of treatment effectiveness and intervention strategies, and to inform public health policy. In responding to the challenge of the pandemic, epidemiologists have also increasingly collaborated with scientists from other disciplines, particularly immunology, virology, and the behavioral sciences. Examples of the application of these epidemiologic strategies are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Radon and ionizing radiation in the human body].

Spa health care became a medical discipline just as the development of other sciences created sufficient grounds for it. The basic and oldest method of spa treatment is balneotherapy. Among the medicinal waters, those with radon arouse the most controversy, these being the source of ionizing radiation. Radon is the one of the most important natural sources of radiation on earth. The exact mechanism of radon's effect on the human body is not completely understood. The hormesis theory is the best explanation of the advantageous biological effect of ionizing radiation in low doses. Radon significantly influences free oxygen radical transformations, nucleic acid repair, immunological processes, etc. It is a rare gas and does not react chemically with any compound in the body. It is known that radon is effective in treating chronic pain syndromes, endocrine disorders, and diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Conservation Biology and real-world conservation.

In the 20 years since Conservation Biology was launched with the aim of disseminating scientific knowledge to help conserve biodiversity and the natural world, our discipline has hugely influenced the practice of conservation. But we have had less impact outside the profession itself and we have not transformed that practice into an enterprise large enough to achieve our conservation goals. As we look to the next 20 years, we need to become more relevant and important to the societies in which we live. To do so, the discipline of conservation biology must generate answers even when full scientific knowledge is lacking, structure scientific research around polices and debates that influence what we value as conservationists, go beyond the certitude of the biological sciences into the more contextual debates of the social sciences, engage scientifically with human-dominated landscapes, and address the question of how conservation can contribute to the improvement of human livelihoods and the quality of human life.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2000

Teaching the introductory course in psychology circa 1900.

Teachers of introductory courses in psychology and those who wrote the textbooks for the courses at the start of the 20th century represented the new psychology that replaced the old psychology of mental philosophy. Teachers and texts presented psychology as a natural science of the mind and mental processes, described its methods, and suggested its potential applications to practical concerns. Textbooks and teachers varied in their approaches to psychology, their priorities among its methods, and their emphases on applying psychology. The introductory course in psychology accurately reflected the state of the discipline at the turn of the century.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Greening healthcare: practicing as if the natural environment really mattered.

OBJECTIVE: The natural world's role in human well-being is an essential, yet often forgotten, aspect of healthcare. Of particular importance are the benefits one can derive through interaction with natural environments. While health is an obvious goal of allopathic medicine, many healthcare settings are neither nurturing nor healing. Reincorporating the natural world into the design of settings in which medicine is practiced is one way to complement conventional healing modalities and move healthcare toward being more "green." This article discusses the breadth of existing knowledge available on the positive aspects of interaction with nature and provides a comprehensive theoretical perspective for future research. DATA SOURCES: Computerized searches were conducted using MEDLINE, PsycINFO, the Social and Scientific Science Indices, Dissertation Abstracts, Lexus-Nexus, the University of Michigan library, and the Internet. Searches were conducted from June 2001 through March 2002. STUDY SELECTION: Keywords used included health, well-being stress, attention, nature, garden, landscape, restorative, and healing. The literature, published between 1960 and 2001, came from various disciplines, including medicine, public health, nursing psychology, natural resources, history, and landscape architecture. Four components of well-being were used as a framework for literature selection: physical psychological-emotional social, and spiritual. DATA EXTRACTION: Articles were qualitatively reviewed to extract theories, hypotheses, and experimental evidence. DATA SYNTHESIS: Interaction with nature positively affects multiple dimensions of human health. Physiological effects of stress on the autonomic nervous system are lessened. Psychologically, deficits in attention can be restored or minimized, and people report feeling greater satisfaction with a variety of aspects of life. The presence of the natural world promotes social health by encouraging positive social interaction and lessening the frequency of aggressive behavior. Spiritual well-being is enhanced through the experience of greater interconnectedness, which occurs when interacting with the natural world. CONCLUSIONS: The literature reviewed provides evidence to support the intuitive belief that interaction with the natural world is a vital part of biopsychosocial-spiritual well-being. Incorporating the natural world into healthcare could provide health benefits and improve the design of healthcare facilities. Applied more broadly to society, this knowledge may change the way we approach public health, guard and manage natural resources, and design environments for human use.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1982

The emergence of clinical chemistry in the 19th century: presuppositions and consequences.

The practice of clinical chemistry began in Germany during the years 1831--42; the institutionalization of the subject started immediately afterwards in the period 1842--1846. These developments arose from: 1) a concern with 'Naturphilosophie' in the romantic era, 2) the influence of the so-called school of natural history in the clinic, 3) sporadic state support for a science-based higher education and 4) the scientific reductionism in Medicine during the 'Vormärz'-era in the German countries. After 1848, the new field did not expand until the late 1860's, but it stimulated developments in different scientific disciplines like animal, pharmaceutical and hygienic chemistry.

Chemistry, Clinical↗
PubMed2003

Issues in environmental water allocation--an Australian perspective.

Environmental water allocation is a critical issue in Australia and internationally. It has been prominent in Australia for a little over ten years during which time major policy and scientific advances have been made, but little implementation. This paper examines current understanding of environmental water allocation across a broad range of disciplines including the biophysical sciences, social sciences, economics, law, and policy. Development of practical methods for assessing environmental water requirements and experience with implementation in Australia are discussed. The paper concludes with thoughts on future needs.

Australia↗
PubMed2006

Mapping the literature of nursing: 1996-2000.

INTRODUCTION: This project is a collaborative effort of the Task Force on Mapping the Nursing Literature of the Nursing and Allied Health Resources Section of the Medical Library Association. This overview summarizes eighteen studies covering general nursing and sixteen specialties. METHOD: Following a common protocol, citations from source journals were analyzed for a three-year period within the years 1996 to 2000. Analysis included cited formats, age, and ranking of the frequency of cited journal titles. Highly cited journals were analyzed for coverage in twelve health sciences and academic databases. RESULTS: Journals were the most frequently cited format, followed by books. More than 60% of the cited resources were published in the previous seven years. Bradford's law was validated, with a small core of cited journals accounting for a third of the citations. Medical and science databases provided the most comprehensive access for biomedical titles, while CINAHL and PubMed provided the best access for nursing journals. DISCUSSION: Beyond a heavily cited core, nursing journal citations are widely dispersed among a variety of sources and disciplines, with corresponding access via a variety of bibliographic tools. Results underscore the interdisciplinary nature of the nursing profession. CONCLUSION: For comprehensive searches, nurses need to search multiple databases. Libraries need to provide access to databases beyond PubMed, including CINAHL and academic databases. Database vendors should improve their coverage of nursing, biomedical, and psychosocial titles identified in these studies. Additional research is needed to update these studies and analyze nursing specialties not covered.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

World hypotheses and the evolution of integrative medicine: combining categorical diagnoses and cause-effect interventions with whole systems research and nonvisualizable (seemingly "impossible") healing.

It has been proposed that to understand (1) the evolution of science and medicine, and (2) the integration of conventional, complementary and alternative medicine, it is essential to consider at least eight universal implicit meta-cognitive hypotheses. It has been suggested that these implicit "world" hypotheses can be applied in every discipline of science. The present paper reviews the eight world hypotheses and proposes an additional hypothesis, termed the nonvisualizable or "Nth" world hypothesis (adopting the mathematical concept of "N"; eg, as in N dimensional space). Drawing on contemporary mathematics and quantum physics, we propose that certain theories and data-by their inherent nature-can not be visualized, and therefore may seem "unimaginable" and "impossible" (if not "unbelievable"), even though they are real. Certain seemingly anomalous observations in mind-body and energy medicine, including areas historically labeled as parapsychology or spiritual energy healing, often elicit strongly skeptical and dismissive reactions. We propose that these skeptical and dismissive reactions to purportedly impossible (yet logical) theories and seemingly unbelievable (yet replicable) data can be tempered when the Nth world hypothesis is understood and incorporated. Integrity in evidence-based science and medicine may require that scientists and nonscientists alike develop comfort and humility in accepting the human mind's restricted ability to envision and imagine certain nonvisualizable-yet fundamental and real-concepts and effects, as illustrated in contemporary physics and complementary and alternative medicine.

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Polypeptide multilayer films.

Research on polypeptide multilayer films, coatings, and microcapsules is located at the intersection of several disciplines: synthetic polymer chemistry and physics, biomaterials science, and nanoscale engineering. The past few years have witnessed considerable growth in each of these areas. Unexplored territory has been found at the borders, and new possibilities for technology development are taking form from technological advances in polypeptide production, sequencing of the human genome, and the nature of peptides themselves. Most envisioned applications of polypeptide multilayers have a biomedical bent. Prospects seem no less positive, however, in fields ranging from food technology to environmental science. This review of the present state of polypeptide multilayer film research covers key points of polypeptides as materials, means of polymer production and film preparation, film characterization methods, focal points of current research in basic science, and the outlook for a few specific applications. In addition, it discusses how the study of polypeptide multilayer films could help to clarify the physical basis of assembly and stability of polyelectrolyte multilayers, and mention is made of similarities to protein folding studies.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Research misconduct and the scientific process: continuing quality improvement.

The response to research misconduct involves the attempt to regulate behavior through (a) creating and enforcing a rule and (b) ethics education. The roles of each must be shaped by considerations of the nature of scientific practice. Given the nature of science, the role of (a) must be limited in scope: both in the types of behavior it covers and in the level of intent that must be present for an allegation of misconduct to be proven. Since one important role of ethics education is to fill the gaps that regulatory rules leave open, it is this limitation in scope and its source in theoretical concerns that better reveals the type and kind of education needed. It is argued that much of the current ethics education falls short. Since the gaps left by the rule are largely due to theoretical concerns about the very nature of the scientific process and the nature of that process is constantly evolving, ethics education must focus more heavily on theory and must reach a wider audience. It is argued that ethics education can be more effective if it aims, in part, in creating a discipline-specific, constantly evolving standard of care.

Ethics, Professional↗
PubMed2003

MD/MBA programs in the United States: evidence of a change in health care leadership.

PURPOSE: Managerial sciences are playing an increasingly prominent role in the organization and delivery of health care. Despite popular media reports that a rising number of physicians are acquiring a background in this discipline through MD/MBA (medical and master of business administration) programs, no recent study has verified this. This study measured changes in the number and nature of the affiliations between management and medicine in the form of MD/MBA programs in the United States. METHOD: Surveys of admission officers of 125 U.S. allopathic medical schools and of the overseers of each joint MD/MBA degree program were administered in May-October 2001. Main outcome measures included program growth, curriculum and degree requirements, application and admission requirements, and program leadership and organization. RESULTS: The number of MD/MBA programs grew from six to 33 between 1993 and 2001, and 17 more medical schools were considering establishing the joint-degree program. Ten, 15, and 20 programs produced 27, 42, and 61 graduates in 1999, 2000, and 2001, respectively, and over 100 students were expected to graduate per year when all 33 programs matured. Program structures and oversight indicate a spectrum of philosophies regarding the appropriate level of integration of the two degrees. MD/MBA programs apparently attempt to complement medical education with management education rather than the converse. CONCLUSIONS: The growth in the numbers of MD/MBA programs and participants indicates rising cooperation between medical and business schools and increasing interest in management education early in the careers of graduating physicians.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1992

Directions for nursing theory development in the 21st century.

The development of the discipline of nursing has gone through four stages: theorizing, developing a syntax, concept development, and philosophical debate. These stages helped in shaping the characteristics of the discipline as a human science, a practice science, a science with social goals to empower nurses to provide effective and quality care, and one in which gender differences and the need for understanding minorities are areas of primary concern. Further theoretical development in the discipline will be driven by population needs and will be characterized by reaching out to meet the integrative and interdisciplinary nature of these needs. Sources of theories of the future are practice, theory and research. It is anticipated that two models will evolve to guide the development of phenomenon-driven theories in the future and that third generation theorists will utilize these models.

Forecasting↗