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PubMed1996

Movement of a barley stripe mosaic virus chimera with a tobacco mosaic virus movement protein.

The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 30K movement protein (MP) gene was inserted into a full-length cDNA clone of barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) RNA beta replacing the triple gene block (TGB). The resulting recombinant ND-MPT genome, consisting of infectious wt transcripts of BSMV RNAs alpha and gamma, together with the hybrid RNA beta transcript, was inoculated onto test plants to study the functional compatibility between the BSMV TGB-adapted genetic system and the tobamovirus transport gene. ND-MPT infected the inoculated leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana and Chenopodium amaranticolor, which are common hosts for the parental viruses; the size, growth rate, and morphology of local lesions on C. amaranticolor were influenced by the foreign MP gene. However, the hybrid virus failed to infect barley, N. tabacum (var. Samsun), and N. clevelandii, the selective hosts. Thus, the TMV MP was able to functionally substitute for the BSMV TGB-coded MPs, i.e., the 30K MP functioned independently of any other BSMV sequences. However, the TMV MP gene promoted the cell-to-cell movement in a host-dependent manner.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Movement time and aging: a normative study in healthy subjects with the "Movement Time Analyzer".

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative disorders characterized by bradykinesia, tremor at rest, and rigidity. Movement Time (MT) has been investigated in PD to evaluate bradykinesia and its levodopa-induced modifications. The Movement Time Analyzer (MTA) is a simple, objective and reliable instrument to study MT, but no normative study has been reported to date. METHODS: In a sample of normal subjects (n = 68), we studied MT detected by MTA in order to assess normative values, so that the MTA could be used to evaluate patients with PD in daily clinical practice. RESULTS: In normal subjects, MT progressively increased with aging, and was slower on the non-dominant side than on the dominant side. No differences were found between men or women. CONCLUSION: Our data provide further information about normative values on MT detected by MTA, and indicate that age and handedness are the main variables influencing motor task performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A movement protein and three capsid proteins are all necessary for the cell-to-cell movement of apple latent spherical cheravirus.

Immunoblot analysis of apple latent spherical cheravirus (ALSV)-infected leaves using a polyclonal antibody against the 21 C-terminal amino acids of a 53 K/42 K movement protein (MP) showed that a protein with an Mr of 42 kDa (42KP) is the dominant form found in vivo, which could indicate that the second AUG is used as an initiation codon of a ORF in RNA2. Co-expression of GFP with 42KP in tobacco epidermal cells showed that 42KP is able to facilitate cell-to-cell trafficking of GFP that is expressed in the same cells. The analysis of deletion mutants on each of MP, Vp24, Vp20, or Vp25 using an ALSV vector that stably expresses GFP indicated that an MP and three capsid proteins are all indispensable for the cell-to-cell movement of the virus. In ultrathin sections of infected leaves, a file of virus-like particles passing through the plasmodesmata connecting neighboring cells and tubular structures containing virus-like particles extending into the cytoplasm were observed. These results show that ALSV moves from cell to cell as virus particles.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed1980

Electric currents, bone remodeling, and orthodontic tooth movement. II. Increase in rate of tooth movement and periodontal cyclic nucleotide levels by combined force and electric current.

Piezoelectric currents in mechanically stressed bone were implicated in the activation of bone cells. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the usefulness of exogenous electric currents in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement and to study the effect of electric-orthodontic treatment on periodontal cyclic nucleotides. Maxillary canines were tipped in five cats by 80 g force. Two groups of five cats each were treated by an electric-orthodontic procedure to one maxillary canine for 7 and 14 days, respectively. Teeth treated by force and electricity moved significantly faster than those treated by force alone. Enhanced bone resorption was observed near the anode (PDL compression site), while bone formation was pronounced near the cathode (PDL tension site). Staining for cyclic nucleotides was increased when electric stimulation was added to the mechanical force. These results suggest that orthodontic tooth movement may be accelerated by the use of locally applied electric currents.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1981

A computerized system for determination of reaction time, movement time, and movement accuracy.

Automated procedures for assessing movement speed and accuracy, and reaction time in normal subjects and patients with neurological diseases are described. Two capacitative touch pads were designed to respond to impedance changes resulting from finger contact on the surfaces of the pads. A micro-computer acquired and analyzed data on-line from patients with Parkinson's disease and normal subjects. Indices of abnormal motor function in the patients, such as slowed movement time, and efficacy of therapeutic agents were demonstrated with the system.

Computers↗
PubMed2006

Kinematic analysis of upper limbs and trunk movement during bilateral movement after stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the kinematics of the upper limbs and trunk during unilateral and parallel bilateral tasks in subjects with hemiparesis and control subjects. DESIGN: Comparative study. SETTING: Geriatric center offering rehabilitation services. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 15 persons (age, 69.4 +/- 12.0 y; > or = 3 mo poststroke) recruited in a geriatric center with rehabilitation services, and 13 control persons (67.8 +/- 7.5 y) participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Unilateral and bilateral movements toward 1 or 2 targets located beyond arm's length and positioned in 3 directions. Angular changes of both upper limbs and trunk were characterized in the sagittal, frontal, and horizontal planes. RESULTS: During the bilateral task, the deficits of the kinematic joints of the paretic upper limb persisted in subjects with hemiparesis as compared with the corresponding upper limb in the control subjects (abduction shoulder: subjects with hemiparesis, 5.7 degrees +/- 5.3 degrees; control subjects, 0.7 degrees +/- 4.8 degrees; extension elbow: subjects with hemiparesis, 38.2 degrees +/- 14.2 degrees; control subjects, 52.8 degrees +/- 12.5 degrees) with a marked flexion of the trunk (subjects with hemiparesis, 33.7 degrees +/- 8.7 degrees; control subjects, 26.8 degrees +/- 5.8 degrees). The elbow extension of the nonparetic upper limb was reduced (subjects with hemiparesis, 41.0 degrees +/- 13.6 degrees; control subjects, 52.8 degrees +/- 12.5 degrees). CONCLUSIONS: The use of parallel bilateral reaching tasks and placing movements of the upper extremities in the subjects with hemiparesis contributed an increase in the trunk flexion rather than improve the motor performance of the paretic upper limb, especially with regard to increasing elbow extension.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

The pop out of scene-relative object movement against retinal motion due to self-movement.

An object that moves is spotted almost effortlessly; it "pops out". When the observer is stationary, a moving object is uniquely identified by retinal motion. This is not so when the observer is also moving; as the eye travels through space all scene objects change position relative to the eye producing a complicated field of retinal motion. Without the unique identifier of retinal motion an object moving relative to the scene should be difficult to locate. Using a search task, we investigated this proposition. Computer-rendered objects were moved and transformed in a manner consistent with movement of the observer. Despite the complex pattern of retinal motion, objects moving relative to the scene were found to pop out. We suggest the brain uses its sensitivity to optic flow to "stabilise" the scene, allowing the scene-relative movement of an object to be identified.

Attention↗
PubMed2005

Mimicking carboxyterminal phosphorylation differentially effects subcellular distribution and cell-to-cell movement of Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein.

Phosphorylation of Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein (TMV-MP) at three carboxyterminal Ser/Thr sites negatively regulates TMV-MP gating function and viral spread in Nicotiana tabacum but not in Nicotiana benthamiana, indicating a host dependant inactivation strategy. Here, we examine the effect of mimicking carboxyterminal phosphorylation on cell-to-cell transport of TMV-MP protein itself in host plants Nicotiana clevelandii, N. benthamiana, Nicotiana glutinosa and N. tabacum. Since TMV-MP transport function was inactivated only in N. tabacum, this host was chosen to explore the contribution of individual carboxyterminal phosphorylation sites. Selective mimicking of phosphorylation at one site enhances TMV-MP cell-to-cell transport, whereas a negative effect requires mimicking of phosphorylation at two or three sites. Potentially, during viral infection in N. tabacum, MP phosphorylation may occur sequentially: first, MP phosphorylation at a single site might ensure effective viral movement; only thereafter, further phosphorylation events may lead to inactivation of TMV-MP transport function.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Cell-to-cell movement of Alfalfa mosaic virus can be mediated by the movement proteins of Ilar-, bromo-, cucumo-, tobamo- and comoviruses and does not require virion formation.

RNA 3 of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) encodes the movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP). Chimeric RNA 3 with the AMV MP gene replaced by the corresponding MP gene of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus, Brome mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus or Cowpea mosaic virus efficiently moved from cell-to-cell only when the expressed MP was extended at its C-terminus with the C-terminal 44 amino acids of AMV MP. MP of Tobacco mosaic virus supported the movement of the chimeric RNA 3 whether or not the MP was extended with the C-terminal AMV MP sequence. The replacement of the CP gene in RNA 3 by a mutant gene encoding a CP defective in virion formation did not affect cell-to-cell transport of the chimera's with a functional MP. A GST pull-down technique was used to demonstrate for the first time that the C-terminal 44 amino acids of the MP of a virus belonging to the family Bromoviridae interact specifically with AMV virus particles. Together, these results demonstrate that AMV RNA 3 can be transported from cell-to-cell by both tubule-forming and non-tubule-forming MPs if a specific MP-CP interaction occurs.

Alfalfa mosaic virus↗
PubMed1999

The organization of rapid eye movement activity during rapid eye movement sleep is impaired in the elderly.

Rapid eye movement activity (REMA) during rapid eye movement activity (REM) sleep was studied in eight elderly subjects and six young adults as a control group. Beyond global quantitative features (REMA density), we evaluated the organizational aspects of REMA, that is its occurrence in burst mode, still largely unknown in the aged. REMA density in the elderly is not significantly different than that of young adults. By contrast, the duration of REMA bursts is reduced in the elderly, as well as the 'burst state-to-burst-state' probability, i.e. the probability for successive inter-REMA time intervals to be part of the same REMA burst. These results show that global aspects of the quantitative features of REMA are preserved in the elderly, whereas their organizational aspects are impaired. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that aging is associated with a difficulty in maintaining physiological processes over time.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Movement-related potentials accompanying unilateral finger movements with special reference to rate of force development.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between force and rate of force development with electroencephalogram correlates. The primary question was whether the different components of movement related potentials (MRPs) were related to specific properties of force output while subjects performed index finger force production tasks. The peak force and rate of force development (e.g., a product of peak force over time-to-peak force) were manipulated, and the effects of these manipulations on components of MRPs preceding and accompanying force production tasks were examined. The hypothesis was that the rate of force development, rather than level of force itself, would directly influence the later component of MRPs. Consistent with this hypothesis was the finding that the amplitudes of MRP components preceding (MP) and accompanying (MMP, MTP) finger force production movements were significantly correlated with force development rate.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Initial tooth movement under extraoral force and considerations for controlled molar movement.

Initial movement of the maxillary first molars under the application of straight-pull, cervical-pull, and high-pull headgear was measured in human subjects. Facebow deflection can influence molar movement as the relationship of the force vector to the molar's center of resistance changes with an increase of force. The present study proposes using headgear with a combination of variable-pull headcap and short outer bow. A variable-pull headcap allows a great range in force direction. The direction of the headgear force system can be accurately determined using a short outer bow.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The effects of varying lower-lip displacement on upper-lip movements: implications for the coordination of speech movements.

Upper-lip and lower-lip movements were transduced in the inferior-superior dimension in five normal-speaking subjects during four tasks. In task 1 visual feedback was used to manipulate the maximum displacement of the lower lip during speech. The upper lip elevated significantly less for the opening gesture when the amount of opening from the lower lip was increased. The upper lip moved to significantly lower positions for bilabial closure when the distance to be moved by the lower lip was increased. In task 2 the same procedures were followed with a bite block between the teeth. The bite block did not significantly change the interactions between lips for the opening gesture. The interactions were larger for bilabial closure with the bite block. In task 3 different vowels instead of visual feedback were used to manipulate lower-lip displacement. The relations between lips were similar to those found in task 1. In task 4 it was shown that these relations between lips are not found in nonspeech lower-lip movements. The interactions between lips are discussed in relation to models of speech motor control, including spatial targets, mass-spring systems, and planned trajectories.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Study on masticatory movement and its ability: efficacy of a test capsule in the evaluation of masticatory movement.

It has been shown that a test capsule originally designed as a simple and reliable aid to evaluate masticatory ability could help to identify the characteristics of chewing loops between individuals in evaluation of masticatory movement, and detect even a slight disorder in the stomatognathic system. In this study, the Sirognathograph(R) Analysing System was used to record and analyse mandibular movement with the test capsule and seven foods. In terms of total examination of the chewing rhythm, the test capsule showed a higher SX/SY ratio of chewing cycle duration (SX: variance between individuals, SY: variance between chewing loops of each person) than those of the comparative foods, excluding chewing gum. The coefficient of variation of the test capsule in the dimensions of the chewing path was lower than those of the comparative foods. Reverse and crossover patterns in chewing gum have been frequently observed in subjects with craniomandibular disorders. Subjects with a low frequency of such patterns in chewing gum tended to have a low frequency with the test capsule as well. Those with a high frequency in chewing gum tended to show such patterns with the test capsule more frequently.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Central dysregulations as a cause of movement disorders in performance sports? An analysis of movement in sports with reference to functional anatomic and neurophysiologic viewpoints].

Typical orthopaedic findings and typical disturbances of movement in sports point to central dysregulation in motor disturbances in competitive sports compared with the ideal models set up under biomechanical aspects and from the viewpoint of sports practice. Neurophysiological data collected so far confirm this view. The central influence on movement is manifested by a change in peripheral proprioceptive properties, i.e. by a change in the pre-innervation of the musculature. If the musculature is subjected to high strain as in sports aiming at high performance levels, such changes produce an extremely high stretch tone in the phase of dynamic-eccentric muscular contraction resulting in functional reversal of two-joint muscles such as the M.rectus femoris and the M.gastrocnemius. This procedure is manifested in the region of system-immanent weak spots of the positional and locomotor system and, in the pelvic girdle region by tipping of the pelvis in ventral direction, with consecutive evasive shifts of the vertebral column and extremities.

Central Nervous System↗
PubMed1981

Pursuit eye movements and the depth-movement phenomenon in dynamic visual noise.

The ability to generate voluntary pursuit eye movements in the absence of retinal-contour motion cues was assessed on the basis of observers' perceptions of depth and motion when they viewed dynamic visual noise with a filter over one eye. The results indicated that the depth-movement phenomenon yielded robust pursuit with the velocity an inverse function of filter density. These data suggest that retinal-contour motion cues are not necessary and that perceived motion is sufficient to drive pursuit.

Cues↗
PubMed1994

Orthopedic jaw movement observations. Part V: Transversal condylar shift in protrusive and retrusive movement.

Unguided protrusive and retrusive mandibular movement was investigated in 76 asymptomatic volunteers and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) patients using computerized axiography. In 38 of these subjects, guided pro-/retrusion was also recorded. Measurements were performed in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system (x = anteroposterior; y = transversal, toward the hinge axis; z = craniocaudal). Transversal shift (y) was measured and evaluated as well as the distance "s" and horizontal condylar inclination (HCl) at the point of maximum transversal deviation. The patterns of the tracings were analyzed with a view to diagnostic improvements. The objective of this study was to evaluate transversal shift and to examine the postulate of symmetrical behavior of the TMJs in pro-/retrusion. The mean mandibular shift was 0.15 mm to the left. This maximum deviation was seen in a mean distance "s" of 7.42 mm in relation to the Cartesian coordinate system in reference position. These results suggest a functional dominance of the right part of the mandible in protrusive and retrusive movement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The role of extracellular materials in cell movement. I. Inhibition of mucopolysaccharide synthesis does not stop ruffling membrane activity or cell movement.

The involvement of mucopolysaccharide synthesis in cell locomotion was investigated by determining the effects of inhibition of synthesis on ruffling membrane activity and cell movement by embryonic heart fibroblasts. Mucopolysaccharide synthesis was inhibited directly by treatment with a glutamine analog, 6-diazo-5-OXO-L-norleucine (DON), and indirectly with cycloheximide. DON treatment reduced synthesis to 20% of control values, and cycloheximide reduced synthesis to less than 10% of control values, as measured by incorporation of [35S]sulfate into mucopolysaccharides. Nevertheless, ruffling membrane activity and cell locomotion continued under both conditions. Cytochalasin B did not inhibit mucopolysaccharide synthesis, although it did stop ruffling and locomotion. These results suggest that if mucopolysaccharides are required for cell movement, they must have long half-lives or represent only a minute fraction of the normal synthetic load.

Animals↗