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PubMed1997

Cellular mechanisms of cyclosporine A-associated side-effects: role of endothelin.

Immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine A (CsA) may be associated with severe side-effects such as nephrotoxicity and arterial hypertension. The partial reversability of these effects suggests that they are at least in part functional. We examined the effects of CsA on cellular signaling in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells from rat aorta. Intracellular free calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) were measured using fura-2. Total cell calcium was measured by atomic absorption and cellular endothelin production was estimated by radioimmunoassay. In the presence of CsA the calcium mobilizing effect of angiotensin (Ang) II was significantly enhanced. While the ETA receptor antagonist BQ 123 did not affect Ang II-induced calcium mobilization, the potentiating effect of CsA on [Ca2+]i was blocked by BQ 123. Preincubation of the cells with cyclosporine (10 micrograms/ml) for 30 minutes increased total cell calcium from 2.6 +/- 0.5 to 6.9 +/- 0.3 nmol/mg protein (P < 0.01). Within 24 hours endothelin production was significantly enhanced in the presence of cyclosporine (52.2 +/- 2.5 vs. 65.9 +/- 2.7 fmol/mg protein, P < 0.05). Therefore, the cyclosporine-induced rise of total cell calcium in smooth muscle cells is associated with an enhanced production of endothelin. We speculate that cyclosporine induced changes of Ca(2+)-kinetics may be mediated by endothelin. These results indicate that endothelin may play a major role in cyclosporine-associated side-effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Potentiation of GM-CSF or G-CSF induced mobilization of circulating progenitor cells by pretreatment with IL-3 and harvest by apheresis.

Recombinant human colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are increasingly used for mobilizing progenitor cells in the peripheral blood (PB). 7 patients were treated with GM-CSF or G-CSF at a dose of 5 micrograms/kg/d for 5 days and after a treatment free interval received another cycle of the same cytokine after pretreatment with IL-3. Pretreatment with 5 micrograms/kg/d of IL-3 for 7 days did not mobilize by itself but significantly potentiated GM-CSF or G-CSF induced mobilization of PB progenitor cells in all 5 patients tested. As compared to the mobilization capacity of GM-CSF or G-CSF alone, 7 day IL-3 pretreatment potentiated maximum values of CFU-GM by 3.7-6.3 fold in patients receiving GM-CSF (n = 2) and by 1.8-3.3 fold in patients receiving G-CSF leading to a 10-23 fold increase in numbers of circulating CFU-GM by the combination IL-3/GM-CSF, and a 26-101 fold increase by IL-3/G-CSF, respectively. Stem cell apheresis in patients treated with IL-3 + G-CSF or GM-CSF yielded enough PB-stem cells to ensure complete engraftment after ablative chemotherapy.

Blood Component Removal↗
PubMed2005

Escherichia coli K1 polysialic acid O-acetyltransferase gene, neuO, and the mechanism of capsule form variation involving a mobile contingency locus.

Potential O-acetylation of the sialic acid residues of Escherichia coli K1, groups W-135, Y, and C meningococci, and group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharides modifies their immunogenicity and susceptibility to glycosidases. Despite the biological importance of O-acetylation, no sialic or polysialic acid O-acetyltransferase has been identified in any system. Here we show that the E. coli K1 O-acetyltransferase encoded by neuO is genetically linked to the endo-neuraminidase tail protein gene of a chromosomal accretion element, designated CUS-3, with homology to lambdoid bacteriophage. Molecular epidemiological analysis established concordance between O-acetyltransferase and CUS-3 in a set of E. coli K1 strains. Deleting neuO eliminated enzymatic activity, which was restored by complementation in trans, and confirmed by (13)C-NMR analysis of the acetylated product. Analysis of mutants that accumulate intracellular polysialic acid because of export defects (kpsM and kpsS) or an inability to synthesize the sialic acid precursor, N-acetylmannosamine (neuC), indicated that NeuO does not require constant association with its substrate for activity. DNA sequencing and PCR analysis of neuO from strains that had undergone random capsule form variation showed that slip strand DNA mispairing or unequal recombination resulted in gain or loss of (5'-AAGACTC-3')(n) heptanucleotide repeats (where n approximately equals 14-39) located in the neuO 5' region. These repeats code for a previously undescribed structure designated the poly(Psi) motif. The unexpected discovery of the neuO contingency locus (hypervariable gene controlling expression of a surface epitope) in E. coli, and of a potential phage for redistributing variant neuO alleles, provides a robust system for investigating the functions of localized hypermutability in pathogen evolution.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1976

The electrophoretic properties and aggregation of mouse lymphoma cells, chinese-hamster fibroblasts and a somatic-cell hybrid.

1. The electrophoretic mobilities of a mouse lymphoma cell, a Chinese-hamster fibroblast and a somatic-cell hybrid (also fibroblastic), produced by fusion of the hamster cell and a mouse lymphoma cell, were measured at 25 degrees C over a range of pH, concentration of Ca2+ ions and concentration of La3+ ions. 2. All the cells have pI at pH3.5. 3. Ca2+ ions decrease the mobilities and zeta potentials of the cells to zero in the range 1-100mM. 4. La3+ ions lower the mobilities and zeta potentials in the range 10 muM-1 mM, and the cells become positively charged above 1 mM. 5. The data are consistent with specific adsorption of La3+ ions on approx. 2 X 10(14) sites/m2 of cell surface with a free energy of approx. -37kJ/mol. 6. The effects of Ca2+, La3+ and ionic strength on the extent of aggregation of the cells and of neuraminidase-treated cells were studied. 7. Ca2+ ions do not markedly increase aggregation, whereas La3+ ions gave rise to extensive aggregation in the range 10 muM-1 mM, corresponding to the region of La3+ adsorption. 8. Both fibroblastic cell lines are aggregated at high ionic strength. 9. The fibroblastic cells have larger amounts of trypsin-sensitive carbohydrate than does the lymphoma cell; the possible role of this material in cellular aggregation is discussed.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1988

[Monitoring of the effect of anticancer drugs on the membrane potential and cytoplasmic free calcium ion mobilization in cancer cells as a drug sensitivity test].

When the plasma membrane capacity to maintain an ionic gradient is correlated with the cell viability, the anticancer drug-induced-cation (K+, Ca2+) mobilization, an early event associated with cell death, might be used as a rapid in vitro drug sensitivity test. A cyanine dye, dis-C3-5, was used to determine the membrane potential (Em), which was calculated as the following formula; Em = -RT/F In ([K+] in/[K+] out) in cancer cell lines. The change in cytoplasmic free calcium ion ([Ca2+]i) mobilization induced by the drugs was measured by fluorescent dye Fura2-AM. The results suggest that the sensitive drug, which showed greater than or equal to 50% inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase activity in SDI test, induced greater than or equal to 30% fall of membrane potential after 2 hour exposure to the drugs and also induced [Ca2+]i mobilization. On the other hand, the resistant drug showed no change of Em and [Ca2+]i.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2004

Examining the effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by GSM mobile phones on human event-related potentials and performance during an auditory task.

OBJECTIVE: Due to the widespread use of mobile phones (MP), it is important to determine whether they affect human physiology. The aim of this study was to explore the sensitivity of auditory event-related potentials to electromagnetic emissions. METHODS: Twelve participants attended two sessions, 1 week apart. Participants performed an auditory oddball task while they were exposed to an active MP during one session and sham exposure during the other. Each condition lasted 1 h and order was counterbalanced. N100 and P200 latencies and amplitudes were analysed for non-target waveforms, and N200 and P300 latencies and amplitudes were analysed for target waveforms. RESULTS: In real relative to sham exposure N100 amplitude and latency to non-targets were reduced, with the reduction larger over midline and right hemisphere sites. P300 latency to targets was delayed in the real exposure condition, however as this difference was greatest at left frontal and left central sites the interpretation of this result is unclear. Reaction time increased in the real relative to sham condition. No difference in accuracy was found. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that MP exposure may affect neural activity, particularly in proximity to the phone, however caution should be applied due to the small sample size.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

Lysophosphatidic acid-induced Ca2+ mobilization requires intracellular sphingosine 1-phosphate production. Potential involvement of endogenous EDG-4 receptors.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells does not involve either inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P(3))- or ryanodine-receptor pathways, but is sensitive to inhibitors of sphingosine kinase. This present study identifies Edg-4 as the receptor subtype involved and investigates the presence of a Ca(2+) signaling cascade based upon the lipid second messenger molecule, sphingosine 1-phosphate. Both LPA and direct G-protein activation increase [(3)H]sphingosine 1-phosphate levels in SH-SY5Y cells. Measurements of (45)Ca(2+) release in premeabilized SH-SY5Y cells indicates that sphingosine 1-phosphate, sphingosine, and sphingosylphosphorylcholine, but not N-acetylsphingosine are capable of mobilizing intracellular Ca(2+). Furthermore, the effect of sphingosine was attenuated by the sphingosine kinase inhibitor dimethylsphingosine, or removal of ATP. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that LPA stimulated intracellular Ca(2+) "puffs," which resulted from an interaction between the sphingolipid Ca(2+) release pathway and Ins(1,4,5)P(3) receptors. Down-regulation of Ins(1,4,5)P(3) receptors uncovered a Ca(2+) response to LPA, which was manifest as a progressive increase in global cellular Ca(2+) with no discernible foci. We suggest that activation of an LPA-sensitive Edg-4 receptor solely utilizes the production of intracellular sphingosine 1-phosphate to stimulate Ca(2+) mobilization in SH-SY5Y cells. Unlike traditional Ca(2+) release processes, this novel pathway does not require the progressive recruitment of elementary Ca(2+) events.

Caffeine↗
PubMed2005

[Workplace injuries and professional mobility correlated with health problems. The potential and limitations of the ISTAT Labour Force survey--July 1999].

BACKGROUND: Knowledge on the occupational and social factors that influence the relationship between illness, absence from work and occupational mobility is at present insufficient. OBJECTIVES: To map out, by social class and occupational group, the impact of health problems on work and the distribution of accidents and morbidity associated with occupation. METHODS: Using data from the National Survey of the Italian Labour Force (ISTAT, 1999), covering a sample of 200,384 subjects, prevalence odds ratios of morbidity, work injuries and change of occupation due to health problems were calculated by social class and occupation, adjusting for age and residence. RESULTS: The working class showed a higher risk, due to health problems, of a reduction in time worked (OR = 3.70 in men and OR = 4.10 in women), of choosing to work part-time (OR = 2.04 in men and OR = 2.27 in women), or of withdrawing from the workforce (for artisans, skilled manual workers, farmers and agricultural labourers OR = 1.63 in men and OR = 1.47 in women). This class was also at a greater disadvantage not only with respect to accident rates (OR = 1.85 in men and OR = 1.88 in women), but also with respect to the time needed for post-trauma rehabilitation and return to work (for absences of one week to one month: OR = 1.67 and 1.83 for men and women, respectively; for absences of more than one month: OR = 1.29 and OR = 1.69). Moreover, the working class, when compared to other social classes, had a higher rate of suffering from illness, physical impairment or other physical and psychological problems caused or aggravated by working activity (25% in men and 32% in women). CONCLUSIONS: The ISTAT National Survey provides an estimate of minor accidents with prognoses of less than three days, including those not reported to the National Institute for Insurance against Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INAIL). This allows a preliminary exploration of the relationship between health problems and occupational mobility; however, it seems necessary to collect more detailed information in order to more exhaustively explore the mechanisms which generate the inequalities observed.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of extraction procedures for removing lead from contaminated soil.

Soil extraction of lead contaminated soil collected from sites near an abandoned battery recycling and secondary lead-smelting factory was investigated for potential use in decontaminating soil at the sites. A fractionation study was conducted to elucidate soil retention mechanism for Pb at the site. Three soil pits were selected from an area surrounding the factory based on level of Pb contamination. Soil samples were collected from each pit in two layers: surface soil and subsoil (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm). Soil physical analysis showed that the soil texture was sandy loam and sandy clay loam with clay content between 11-21%. Soil pH was strongly acid to moderately acid (pH 4.8-5.9). Pb levels in the surface soil were 1620 and 153 mg kg(-1) (air-dried basis) respectively for heavily and slightly contaminated soil. A reference soil site contained 15 mg kg(-1) of Pb. Partitioning studies indicated that more than 90% of total Pb in the soil existed in three primary fractions: exchangeable, carbonate, and Fe-Mn oxide. This suggested that Pb sources entering the soil from the Pb factory remained in relatively weakly bound forms, which are mobile and have potentially biological availability. Mobility of Pb as in the soil assessed by mobility factor (MF) was as high as 75% indicating a high potential of Pb remobilization. Due to high mobility, the Pb would be amendable to remediation or removal by soil extraction procedures. To determine if such weekly bound Pb could be easily removed, both soil washing (ex situ) and soil flushing (in situ) techniques were evaluated for potential Pb remediation procedure. Particle size separation of soil into coarse (2.0-0.25 mm), medium (0.25-0.15 mm), and fine size (<0.15 mm) was conducted before initiating soil washing for comparing Pb removal efficiency in these fractions with the indigenous soil fraction. Using EDTA (2:1 mole to Pb) as a washing solution up to 85-95% of Pb was removed under the optimum conditions (retention time = 60 min), and liquid to solid ratio (L/S) at 5:1 for coarse fraction and 10:1 for smaller fraction. Pb could be removed from contaminated soil using EDTA extraction; however, the efficiency was higher in the coarse texture soil fraction. As a result particle size separation is recommended before application of the soil washing procedure. For smaller soil particle size fraction a series of extraction was needed for obtaining an adequate extraction efficiency. Three solvents tested as flushing solution showed 85, 84, and 74% of Pb was removed by EDTA (2:1 mole to Pb), 1M HNO3, and 0.2 M ammonium citrate, respectively after flushing with 20 pore volumes. The capacity of the three flushing solutions to remove Pb from the contaminated soil were ranked in the order: EDTA approximately 1 M HNO3 > 0.2 N ammonium citrate. However, in highly contaminated soil all solvent extract required several Pb leaching cycles. The flushing process using 1 M HNO3 increased soil acidity to extreme acid conditions (pH 2.0) resulting in adverse effects to physicochemical properties of the treated soil. In general, results showed three factors influenced Pb removal by the extraction techniques: (i) initial Pb concentrations, (ii) Pb partitioning within soil, and (iii) particle size of soil matrix.

Chelating Agents↗
PubMed2003

Preliminary evaluation of nanoscale biogenic magnetite-based ferromagnetic transduction mechanisms for mobile phone bioeffects.

Ferromagnetic transduction models have been proposed as a potential mechanism for mobile phone bioeffects. These models are based on the coupling of RF and pulsed electromagnetic emissions to biogenic magnetite (Fe3O4) present in the human brain via either ferromagnetic resonance or mechanical activation of cellular ion channels. We have tested these models experimentally for the first time using a bacterial analogue (Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum) which produces intracellular biogenic magnetite similar to that present in the human brain. Experimental evaluation revealed that exposure to mobile phone emissions resulted in a consistent and significantly higher proportion of cell death in exposed cultures versus sham exposure (p = 0.037). Though there appears to be a repeatable trend toward higher cell mortality in magnetite-producing bacteria exposed to mobile phone emissions, it is not yet clear that this would extrapolate to a deleterious health effect in humans.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2003

The distribution of outdoor shooting ranges in Ontario and the potential for lead pollution of soil and water.

The distribution of outdoor shotgun shooting ranges in Ontario was determined to assess their potential for contributing to lead contamination of soil and water. Provincial soil maps were used to identify the soil type(s) occurring on each range, and to record their soil pH, organic matter content and clay content. Topographic maps (scale 1:50000) were used to identify any surface waters that existed on each range. At least 211 active shooting ranges exist in Ontario, of which 135 cater to shotgun sports. This number far exceeds earlier estimates. Soil pH data existed for 67 ranges, of which 50 had soil pH values >or=6.0, and 17 had pH values less than 6.0. Data for organic matter and or clay content were available for only 59 ranges. Approximately 10% of the ranges are on soils with low levels of both clay and organic matter. Seven of these ranges had a combination of low pH, and low clay and organic matter content, suggesting that they have a high potential for lead dissolution and mobilization. Surface waters that could potentially receive shot fall-out occurred on 94% of the ranges surveyed, although the precise location of the water with respect to the shot fall area at each range could not be determined. The majority of shooting ranges in the province occur on luvisolic soils: most of the ranges with a higher potential for lead solubilization occur on podzolic and brunisolic soils. This indirect approach to assessing the potential for lead pollution and mobility at shooting ranges allows a large number of ranges to be examined quickly, so that ranges with a high potential for lead contamination of soil and water can be selected for on-site measurements. This broad scale approach has allowed for the first time the point loading of metallic lead into the Ontario environment from shooting ranges to be determined, as well as the locations of ranges that may warrant investigation of lead pollution.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Low-dose radiation (LDR) induces hematopoietic hormesis: LDR-induced mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells into peripheral blood circulation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the stimulating effect of low-dose radiation (LDR) on bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) proliferation and peripheral blood mobilization. METHODS: Mice were exposed to 25- to 100-mGy x-rays. Bone marrow and peripheral blood HPCs (BFU-E, CFU-GM, and c-kit+ cells) were measured, and GM-CSF, G-CSF, and IL-3 protein and mRNA expression were detected using ELISA, slot blot hybridization, and Northern blot methods. To functionally evaluate LDR-stimulated and -mobilized HPCs, repopulation of peripheral blood cells in lethally irradiated recipients after transplantation of LDR-treated donor HPCs was examined by WBC counts, animal survival, and colony-forming units in the recipient spleens (CFUs-S). RESULTS: 75-mGy x-rays induced a maximal stimulation for bone marrow HPC proliferation (CFU-GM and BFU-E formation) 48 hours postirradiation, along with a significant increase in HPC mobilization into peripheral blood 48 to 72 hours postradiation, as shown by increases in CFU-GM formation and proportion of c-kit+ cells in the peripheral mononuclear cells. 75-mGy x-rays also maximally induced increases in G-CSF and GM-CSF mRNA expression in splenocytes and levels of serum GM-CSF. To define the critical role of these hematopoietic-stimulating factors in HPC peripheral mobilization, direct administration of G-CSF at a dose of 300 microg/kg/day or 150 microg/kg/day was applied and found to significantly stimulate GM-CFU formation and increase c-kit+ cells in the peripheral mononuclear cells. More importantly, 75-mGy x-rays plus 150 microg/kg/day G-CSF (LDR/150-G-CSF) produced a similar effect to that of 300 microg/kg/day G-CSF alone. Furthermore, the capability of LDR-mobilized donor HPCs to repopulate blood cells was confirmed in lethally irradiated recipient mice by counting peripheral WBC and CFUs-S. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that LDR induces hematopoietic hormesis, as demonstrated by HPC proliferation and peripheral mobilization, providing a potential approach to clinical application for HPC peripheral mobilization.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Bioremedial potential of microbial mechanisms of metal mobilization and immobilization.

Microorganisms play important roles in the environmental fate of toxic metals and radionuclides with a multiplicity of mechanisms effecting transformations between soluble and insoluble forms. These mechanisms are integral components of natural biogeochemical cycles and are of potential for both in situ and ex situ bioremedial treatment processes for solid and liquid wastes.

Alkylation↗
PubMed1992

Peripheral blood stem cell mobilization by cytokines.

Hematopoietic stem cells circulate in the peripheral blood. These cells can be collected by apheresis techniques either in the unperturbed state, after mobilization following the administration of cytokines like G-CSF or GM-CSF, or during the phase of early blood count recovery following chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. The number of cells collected following mobilization is greater than that obtained after apheresis in the unperturbed state. There are, however, qualitative differences between unperturbed and mobilized cells. Chemotherapy related mobilization can be potentially dangerous in that severe myelosuppression necessary to achieve mobilization can have serious consequences. There are no controlled studies that evaluate the relative merits of each method of collection. Regardless of the techniques employed peripheral blood stem cells can reliably accelerate hematologic recovery after potentially myeloblative therapy and provide an alternative to bone marrow support.

Blood Cell Count↗
PubMed2006

Mobile bearings do not improve fixation in cemented total knee arthroplasty.

UNLABELLED: Mobile bearings were introduced to improve wear and knee kinematics. By uncoupling the forces generated at the articulation from the implant-bone interface this would, theoretically, also improve the fixation of the implant to bone. We did this study to evaluate whether mobile bearings improve the fixation of the tibial component to bone. Fifty-two consecutive knees in 47 patients (average age, 72 years; range, 62-84 years) with primary osteoarthrosis were randomized into two groups to receive a cemented total knee arthroplasty with either a fixed-bearing or mobile-bearing tibial component. The quality of fixation was analyzed with radiostereometric analysis for up to 2 years. Mobile bearings did not improve fixation. Both magnitudes and directions of component rotations were similar, and the number of implants with continuous migration was almost identical. Both implant types had a combination of subsidence and lift-off, but where the mobile bearing implants displayed more of subsidence, the fixed bearing knees showed more lift-off. It might be that the somewhat stiffer cobalt-chromium baseplate or the different joint conformity used in the mobile-bearing knees counteracts any potential effects of the mobile bearing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level I. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of potential effects of the electromagnetic fields of mobile phones on hearing.

BACKGROUND: Mobile phones have become indispensable as communication tools; however, to date there is only a limited knowledge about interaction between electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by mobile phones and auditory function. The aim of the study was to assess potential changes in hearing function as a consequence of exposure to low-intensity EMF's produced by mobile phones at frequencies of 900 and 1800 MHz. METHODS: The within-subject study was performed on thirty volunteers (age 18-30 years) with normal hearing to assess possible acute effect of EMF. Participants attended two sessions: genuine and sham exposure of EMF. Hearing threshold levels (HTL) on pure tone audiometry (PTA) and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE's) were recorded before and immediately after 10 min of genuine and/or sham exposure of mobile phone EMF. The administration of genuine or sham exposure was double blind and counterbalanced in order. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the mean HTLs of PTA and mean shifts of TEOAE's before and after genuine and/or sham mobile phone EMF 10 min exposure. The data collected showed that average TEOAE levels (averaged across a frequency range) changed less than 2.5 dB between pre- and post-, genuine and sham exposure. The greatest individual change was 10 dB, with a decrease in level from pre- to post- real exposure. CONCLUSION: It could be concluded that a 10-min close exposure of EMFs emitted from a mobile phone had no immediate after-effect on measurements of HTL of PTA and TEOAEs in young human subjects and no measurable hearing deterioration was detected in our study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Ion-neutral potential models in atmospheric pressure ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry IM(tof)MS.

The ion mobilities and their respective masses of several classes of amines (primary, secondary, and tertiary) were measured by electrospray ionization atmospheric pressure ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry IM(tof)MS. The experimental data obtained were comparatively analyzed by the one-temperature kinetic theory of Chapman-Enskog. Several theoretical models were used to estimate the collision cross-sections; they include the rigid-sphere, polarization-limit, 12-6-4, and 12-4 potential models. These models were investigated to represent the interaction potentials contained within the collision integral that occurs between the polyatomic ions and the neutral drift gas molecules. The effectiveness of these collision cross-section models on predicting the mobility of these amine ions was explored. Moreover, the effects of drift gas selectivity on the reduced-mass term and in the collision cross-section term was examined. Use of a series of drift gases, namely, helium, neon, argon, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, made it possible to distinguish between mass effects and polarizability effects. It was found that the modified 12-4 potential that compensates for the center of charge not being at the same location as the centers of mass showed improved agreement over the other collision cross-section models with respect to experimental data.

Amines↗
PubMed2006

Effect of electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular phones on the latency of evoked electrodermal activity.

The widespread use of cellular phones raises the question of their possible adverse biological effects, especially on the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, the authors examined the effect of electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular phones (CPEMFs) on the evoked neuronal activity of CNS relating to generation and representation of electrodermal activity (EDA), an index of sympathetic nervous system activity. EDA (skin resistance response; SRR) latency was lengthened approximately 200 ms with CPEMFs exposure irrespective of the head site next to mobile phone used. Hemispheric asymmetry of EDA-2 pathway, which is represented by shorter SRR latency in the right hand of the right hand responders, was also distorted with CPEMFs. Because the CNS regions including EDA-2 are also involved in tasks of motor timing and time estimation, delayed response in this neuronal network due to CPEMFs exposure may increase the response time of mobile phone users. Therefore, the findings point to the potential risks of mobile phones on the function of CNS and consequently, possible increase in the risk of phone-related driving hazards.

Adult↗