Magazines containing tobacco advertisements: proscription not subscription.
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Exposure to the mass media and weight concerns among girls.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of the media on girls' weight concerns, weight control/loss behaviors, and perceptions of body weight and shape. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey completed in school. The questionnaire assessed body weight, dissatisfaction with body weight and shape, exposure to fashion magazines, the impact of media on feelings about weight and shape, attributes of and preferences for body types, and whether subjects had gone on a diet to lose weight or initiated exercise because of an article in a magazine. SETTING: Mandatory physical education class in public elementary, junior high, and high schools. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects included 548 5th- through 12th-grade girls in a working-class suburb in the northeastern United States. OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceived influence of fashion magazines on body dissatisfaction, idea of the perfect body shape, dieting to lose weight, and initiating an exercise program. RESULTS: Pictures in magazines had a strong impact on girls' perceptions of their weight and shape. Of the girls, 69% reported that magazine pictures influence their idea of the perfect body shape, and 47% reported wanting to lose weight because of magazine pictures. There was a positive linear association between the frequency of reading women's magazines and the prevalence of having dieted to lose weight because of a magazine article, initiating an exercise program because of a magazine article, wanting to lose weight because of pictures in magazines, and feeling that pictures in magazines influence their idea of the perfect body shape. In multivariate logistic regression models controlling for weight status (overweight vs not overweight), school level (elementary vs junior high school, elementary vs high school), and race/ethnic group, girls who were frequent readers of fashion magazines were two to three times more likely than infrequent readers to diet to lose weight because of a magazine article (odds ratio [OR] = 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-3.75); to exercise to lose weight because of a magazine article (OR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.77-5.17); and to feel that magazines influence what they believe is the ideal body shape (OR = 2.81; 95% CI: 1.72-4.58). In addition, moderate-frequency readers were more likely than infrequent readers of fashion magazines to report exercising because of a magazine article (OR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.14-3.30) and feeling that magazines influence what they believe is the ideal body shape (OR = 2.03; 95% CI: 1.30-3.15). DISCUSSION: The majority of the preadolescent and adolescent girls in this school-based study were unhappy with their body weight and shape. This discontentment was strongly related to the frequency of reading fashion magazines. Although previous studies have concluded that the print media promotes an unrealistically thin body ideal, which in turn is at least partially responsible for promoting eating disorders, the present study is the first that we are aware of to assess directly the impact of the print media on the weight and body shape beliefs of young girls. We observed that the frequency of reading fashion magazines was positively associated with the prevalence of having dieted to lose weight, having gone on a diet because of a magazine article, exercising to lose weight or improve body shape, and deciding to exercise because of a magazine article. Given the substantial health risk associated with overweight and the fact that during the past 2 decades the prevalence of overweight has increased sharply among children and adolescents, it is not prudent to suggest that overweight girls should accept their body shape and not be encouraged to lose weight. However, aspiring to look like underweight models may have deleterious psychological consequences. The results suggest that the print media aimed at young girls could serve a public health role by refraining from relying on models who are severely underweight and printing more articles on the benefits of physical
Adolescent↗
Do conditional reinforcers count?
Six pigeons were trained on a procedure in which seven components arranged different food-delivery ratios on concurrent variable-interval schedules each session. The components were unsignaled, lasted for 10 food deliveries, and occurred in random order with a 60-s blackout between components. The schedules were arranged using a switching-key procedure in which two responses on a center key changed the schedules and associated stimuli on two side keys. In Experiment 1, over five conditions, an increasing proportion of food deliveries accompanied by a magazine light was replaced with the presentation of the magazine light only. Local analyses of preference showed preference pulses toward the alternative that had just produced either a food-plus-magazine-light or magazine-light-only presentation, but pulses after food deliveries were always greater than those after magazine lights. Increasing proportions of magazine lights did not change the size of preference pulses after food or magazine-light presentations. Experiment 2 investigated the effects of correlations between food ratios and magazine-light ratios: In Condition 6, magazine-light ratios in components were inversely correlated (-1.0) with food ratios, and in Condition 7, magazine-light ratios were uncorrelated with food ratios. In Conditions 8 and 9, pecks also produced occasional 2.5-s flashes of a green keylight. In Condition 8, food and magazine-light ratios were correlated 1.0 whereas food and green-key ratios were correlated -1.0. In Condition 9, food and green-key ratios were correlated 1.0 whereas food and magazine-light ratios were correlated -1.0. Preference pulses toward alternatives after magazine lights and green keys depended on the correlation between these event ratios and the food ratios: If the ratios were correlated +1.0, positive preference pulses resulted; if the correlation was -1.0, preference pulses were negative. These results suggest that the Law of Effect has more to do with events signaling consequences than with strengthening responses.
Animals↗
[Construction of knowledge in odontology: the scientific production in debate].
PURPOSE: Analyze, quantitatively, which odontology magazines are being consulted and read by surgeon-dentists, and evaluate the profiles of the mostly cited. METHODS: 370 polls were made, during the XVII Congresso Pernambucano de Odontologia (Pernambucan Congress of Odontology) and the IX Congresso de Odontologia do Rio Grande do Norte (Congress of Odontology of Rio Grande do Norte), which took place, respectively, in April and September 2004. The participants were volunteering professionals divided among General Practice (37.84%) and ten differing specialties (62.16%); of which 77.02% had up to ten years of graduation. RESULTS: Resulting the researches made, 620 quotes were generated, in which, 35 different magazines, national and international, were quoted. By analyzing the data collected, we observe that three magazines summed more than half of the quota (52.74%), which are: Revista da Associação Paulista de Cirurgiões Dentistas-APCP (Magazine of the Paulista Association of Surgeon-Dentists), Revista da Associação Brasileira de Odontologia - ABO national (Magazine of the Brazilian Association of Odontology) and the Revista Brasileira de Odontologia-RBO (Brazilian Magazine of Odontology). CONCLUSION: Despite the participants of the research being, in their majority, specialists, we observe a tendency of a greater consultation of the magazines of general characteristic. These magazines predominantly tackle clinical and technical subjects and present an expressive circulation, great penetration in the odontologic world, easy accessibility and a long time in the market (two of them are over 50 years-old). According to CAPES - QUALIS, all possess a B national concept. Therefore, it is necessary a deepening of this study, so as to analyze qualitatively what kind of subjects and themes these magazines touch, since they influence the odontologic formation and practice.
Bibliometrics↗
Patient-blaming and representation of risk factors in breast cancer images.
Media coverage of some cancers in the past often equated cancer with a death sentence. Breast cancer coverage in 1990s magazines, however, has become less fatalistic, more frequent, and discusses a broader range of issues than before. This study examined whether the visual images accompanying magazine articles about breast cancer have also evolved. We used Goffman's (1976) rituals of subordination to measure patient-blaming and subordinating, disempowering images. We also analyzed race/ethnicity, body type, and age of females in the images to gauge whether these demographic risk factors were represented in a random sample of images from nine magazines over a 30-year period. Magazines analyzed represented three genres-women's magazines, fashion/beauty, and general news. Findings suggest that patient-blaming images have decreased in some categories and women portrayed are slightly more representative of risk factors of age and race/ethnicity. Magazine images tended to reinforce stereotyped portrayals of femininity to the detriment of cancer patients. Fashion/beauty magazines, aimed at younger women, were most likely to portray breast cancer images in stereotyped, patient-blaming ways, with the least representative images of risk factors. The social construction of feminine beauty seems to overpower accuracy in creating these images.
Bibliometrics↗
Personal preference and quality of reach in healthy adult women.
OBJECTIVE: A common practice in occupational therapy is to have clients choose an object that they prefer to be used during treatment. This practice assumes that a preference for chosen items will hold greater meaning and result in higher quality of movement. Little research has been conducted that specifically addresses the effect that preference has on quality of movement. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to contribute to the knowledge by determining whether preference affects quality of movement. METHOD: Forty-three healthy right-hand-dominant adult women between the ages of 18 and 60 years in Northwest Ohio engaged in this study. Each participant rank-ordered 15 magazines from most preferred to least preferred. The participant then reached for her most preferred, neutrally preferred, and least preferred magazines. RESULTS: When participants reached for the neutrally preferred magazines, movement time was significantly slower and movement units were significantly greater (less smooth) than when they reached for a magazine perceived as being the least preferred (p < .017). No differences were found between the three conditions in terms of displacement, peak velocity, or percentage of time to peak velocity, nor between the most preferred and the other two preferences. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that preference may not be an influential factor when performing simple reaches for magazines. Although there was a difference between the neutrally preferred and least preferred conditions, the goal when reaching during the neutrally preferred condition may have been different (i.e., to glean more information from the magazine cover) than when reaching in the least preferred condition (e.g., to reach for and discard the magazine as quickly as possible). These results reflect the complexity involved in the formation of meaning, of which preference is a part. Further exploration of individual preferences as well as personal goal formation and their impact on success in occupations of daily living is needed.
Adult↗
Cultural tailoring for mammography and fruit and vegetable intake among low-income African-American women in urban public health centers.
BACKGROUND: It is widely accepted that disease prevention efforts should consider cultural factors when addressing the needs of diverse populations, yet there is surprisingly little evidence that doing so enhances effectiveness. The Institute of Medicine has called for randomized studies directly comparing approaches that do and do not consider culture. METHODS: In a randomized trial, 1227 lower-income African-American women from 10 urban public health centers were assigned to either a usual care control group, or to receive a series of six women's health magazines with content tailored to each individual. By random assignment, these magazines were generated from either behavioral construct tailoring (BCT), culturally relevant tailoring (CRT) or both (BCT + CRT). The CRT magazines were based on four cultural constructs: religiosity, collectivism, racial pride, and time orientation. All tailored magazines sent to women ages 40-65 promoted use of mammography; magazines sent to women ages 18-39 promoted fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. Analyses examined changes from baseline to 18-month follow-up in use of mammography and servings of FV consumed daily. RESULTS: Women receiving BCT + CRT magazines were more likely than those in the BCT, CRT, and control groups to report getting a mammogram (76% vs. 65% vs. 64% vs. 55%, respectively), and had greater increases in FV servings consumed daily (+0.96 vs. + 0.43 vs. + 0.25 vs. + 0.59). CONCLUSIONS: Systematically integrating culture into tailored cancer prevention and control interventions may enhance their effectiveness in diverse populations.
Adult↗
The signal function of thematically (In)congruent ambient scents in a retail environment.
An odor emitted by an object signals the presence of that object and may draw attention to it. Can odors that are not actually emitted by an object also function as a signal? We investigated whether the degree of thematic congruency between an ambient odor and a magazine affected magazine sales in a retail store. We selected two odors: a grass odor, congruent with soccer, animal/nature and gardening magazines; and a sunflower odor, congruent with personal care and women's magazines. In a field study in three bookstores, the ambient odors did not increase sales for thematically congruent magazines, nor did they decrease sales for incongruent magazines. Several explanations for these unexpected findings are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Print media coverage of research on passive smoking.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the extent and content of newspaper and magazine coverage of research on passive smoking. DESIGN: Content analysis of newspaper and magazine articles. SUBJECTS: Articles reporting on passive smoking research published in newspapers (n = 180) or magazines (n = 92) between January 1981 and December 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Numbers of articles, conclusions of articles, sources quoted, numbers and characteristics of research studies cited, presence of tobacco advertising. RESULTS: The number of newspaper and magazine articles reporting on passive smoking research increased from four in 1981 to 57 in 1992 and 32 in 1994. Sixty-two per cent (168/272) of articles concluded that the research on passive smoking is controversial. Tobacco industry representatives were quoted significantly more often in newspaper articles (52%, 94/180) than magazine articles (12%, 11/92) (p<0.0001). Of 121 different research studies cited in the lay press articles, only 15 were from tobacco-industry sponsored projects or publications. In magazines, acceptance of tobacco industry advertising was associated with the conclusion that research on passive smoking is controversial (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Although research on the harmful effects of passive smoking accumulated between 1981 and 1994, lay press coverage of the research maintained that the science was controversial. Few research studies were cited to support the industry's claim that passive smoking is not harmful to health. However, tobacco industry representatives who were critical of the research methods used to study the health effects of passive smoking were frequently quoted.
Cross-Sectional Studies↗
Investigation of mechanisms linking media exposure to smoking in high school students.
BACKGROUND: Media exposure has been found to impact adolescent smoking, although the mechanisms of this relationship have not been thoroughly investigated. Drive for thinness and tobacco advertising receptivity, both shown to be associated with smoking, are two potential mediators. METHODS: 967 twelfth grade students completed a self-report survey as part of a longitudinal study of biobehavioral predictors of smoking. Exposure to magazines and television, drive for thinness, tobacco advertisement receptivity, and twelfth grade smoking level were the primary variables of interest. Effects of gender, race, BMI, smoking exposure, and perceived physical appearance were controlled for in the model. RESULTS: Exposure to fashion, entertainment, and gossip magazines had indirect effects on smoking via drive for thinness and tobacco advertisement receptivity. There was a direct effect of health, fitness, and sports magazine reading on smoking. Television watching had no significant effects on smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents who read fashion, entertainment, and gossip magazines may be more likely to smoke, in part, because of a higher drive for thinness and greater receptivity to cigarette advertisements. Conversely, adolescents reading Health and Fitness magazines may be less likely to smoke. Drive for thinness and tobacco advertising receptivity are thus potential targets for adolescent smoking intervention.
Adolescent↗
Effects of an indoor plant on creative task performance and mood.
In this study, we investigated the effect of an indoor plant on task performance and on mood. Three room arrangements were used as independent variables: a room with (1) a plant, or (2) a magazine rack with magazines placed in front of the participants, or (3) a room with neither of these objects. Undergraduate students (M= 35, F= 55) performed a task of associating up to 30 words with each of 20 specified words in a room with one of the three room arrangements. Task performance scores showed that female participants performed better in view of the plant in comparison to the magazine rack (p < 0.05). Moreover, mood was better with the plant or the magazine rack in the room compared to the no object condition (p < 0.05). However, the difference in task performance was highly influenced by the evaluation about the plant or the magazine rack. It is suggested that the compatibility between task demand and the environment is an important factor in facilitating task performances.
Adult↗
Youth targeting by tobacco manufacturers since the Master Settlement Agreement.
The 1998 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) between tobacco manufacturers and forty-six states bans manufacturers from targeting minors through advertising. To determine how youth targeting in magazine cigarette advertisements changed after the MSA, we analyzed magazine readership and cigarette ads in U.S. magazines from 1997 to 2000. In 2000 all three major manufacturers (Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds, and Brown and Williamson) failed to comply with the MSA's youth-targeting ban, selectively increasing their youth targeting. Banning all magazine advertising of cigarettes may be necessary to eliminate youth targeting in magazines.
Adolescent↗
[The theme as intersubjectivity possibility -- the choice of the nursing journal: text and context].
The present study is a descriptive and exploratory research which has as its objective accomplishing a critical analysis of the magazine "Texto e Contexto-Enfermagem" (Nursing--Text and Context), as a thematic option. Eighteen issues of the magazine, published between 1992 and 2000, were analyzed. Two instruments were used to evaluate the inter-relation of the themes with the lines of research of the Post Graduation Program of Nursing in the Federal University of Santa Catarina (PEN/UFSC) in Brazil; the type of articles published; and the origin and profile of the authors of the magazine. It was verified that: the themes in the magazine are linked to the lines of research of PEN/UFSC; the average of articles published per issue is 23.88%; the majority of the articles are reflections and researches; most of the authors have a masters or doctors degree and do not teach at UFSC; and the rejection rate of the articles was 11.86%. The magazine bears most of the essential and complementary criteria established by CAPES and has great acceptance of among the Brazilian scientific community, since it brought a new dimension to the health care publications.
Brazil↗
Responses to behaviorally vs culturally tailored cancer communication among African American women.
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether tailored cancer communication for African American women can be enhanced by tailoring on 4 sociocultural constructs: religiosity, collectivism, racial pride, and time orientation. METHODS: In a randomized trial, participants (n=1,227) received a women's health magazine tailored using behavioral construct tailoring (BCT), culturally relevant tailoring (CRT), or both (COMBINED). Two follow-up interviews assessed responses to the magazines. RESULTS: Responses to all magazines were positive. The health focus of the magazines was initially obscured in the CRT condition, but this disappeared over time, and CRT magazines were better liked. CONCLUSIONS: Implications for developing and understanding effects of tailored cancer communication are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Coverage and quality of oral cancer information in the popular press: 1987-98.
OBJECTIVES: National data show a lack of knowledge and misinformation about oral cancer and its early detection among the general public. A major source of health information is the popular press. For that reason this study reviewed coverage and quality of news items on the topic of oral cancer in the popular press. In addition, the number and types of tobacco advertisements in women and men's magazines were recorded for a one-year period. METHODS: Articles from magazines and newspapers were retrieved from the Magazine Index (1987 to April 1998), Newspaper Abstract (1989 to April 1998) and the Health & Wellness (1987 to April 1998) databases. The articles were analyzed both for adequacy of content and information. RESULTS: A total of 50 articles and news items including oral cancer were identified and analyzed, 18 from newspapers and 32 from magazines. Ninety-four percent of the articles mentioned at least one risk factor for oral cancer. More than half of the articles (56%) identified spit tobacco (chewing tobacco or snuff) as the major risk factor for oral cancer, while far fewer mentioned either cigarettes (32%) or cigars (12%). Over 50 percent of the articles did not mention warning signs for oral cancers. Fourteen percent suggested clinical oral cancer examinations by a health professional; only 8 percent advised the use of self-examination. A total of 417 tobacco advertisements (482 pages) were found among 22 magazines for the one-year period. They included 410 cigarette ads, seven cigar ads, and no spit tobacco ads. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the lack of coverage about oral cancer in the popular press in the past decade and provides a partial explanation of the public's lack of knowledge and misinformation about oral cancers.
Advertising↗
Women, the media, and heart disease. For better or for worse?
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nature and presentation of print media messages regarding cholesterol and heart disease in women. The hypothesis is that print media messages about cholesterol and heart disease may encourage and perpetuate the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs in women. METHODS: A hand-search of the "seven sisters" of American women's magazines and of two Canadian women's magazines. All print material related to cholesterol and heart disease in women was photocopied and the content analyzed qualitatively. The print media content was divided into two categories: magazine articles and drug industry-sponsored advertisements. Themes were identified and were analyzed for the messages they contained about heart disease, cholesterol, and the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs in women. RESULTS: From the magazine articles, three main messages were identified. First, heart disease is the number one killer of women. Second, women must demand recognition of their hig risk of heart disease and demand equal access to prevention and treatment services for heart disease. Third, lifestyles changes are not enough. Cholesterol-lowering drugs should be considered. Drug advertisements also emphasize that postmenopausal women are at high risk of heart disease and that lifestyle changes are inadequate or insufficient to lower this risk. In both cases, high blood cholesterol is considered not as a risk factor for heart disease but as the disease itself. CONCLUSIONS: Magazine articles and drug advertisements act synergistically and may encourage and promote the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs in women. Postmenopausal women not on hormone therapy are particularly targeted.
Advertising↗
Cigarette advertising and black-white differences in brand preference.
Anecdotal evidence indicates that the cigarette industry is targeting the sale of specific brands, notably menthol cigarettes, to black consumers. This paper presents data on the types of cigarettes smoked by white and black smokers. The cigarette brand preferences of two populations of smokers were examined. The first comprised 70 white and 365 black adult smokers seen at the Deaconness Family Medicine Center located in Buffalo, NY. The second population included 1,070 white and 92 black smokers who called a Stop Smoking Hotline in Buffalo. The results showed that, in both populations, blacks were twice as likely to smoke mentholated cigarettes compared with whites. In an attempt to evaluate the targeting of cigarette ads to black smokers as a possible explanation for black-white differences in brand preferences, cigarette ads appearing in magazines targeted to predominantly white or black readers were compared. Cigarette ads appearing in seven magazines were reviewed, four directed to predominantly white readers (Newsweek, Time, People, Mademoiselle) and three with wide circulation among black audiences (Jet, Ebony, Essence). The results showed that the magazines targeted to black readers contained significantly more cigarette ads and more ads for menthol brand cigarettes than magazines similar in content but targeted to white readers. The observation that a higher percentage of blacks smoke menthol cigarettes than do whites is consistent with the findings regarding differences in the type of cigarette ads appearing in magazines intended for black or white readers. However, it is not possible to determine from this study whether cigarette advertising is the cause of the differences in preference of cigarette brands between white and black smokers. Future research focusing on understanding the reasons for cigarette brand preferences may provide ideas for anti smoking campaigns aimed at specific target groups.
Adolescent↗
Readability of subject information leaflets for medical research.
AIM: To compare the readability of adult subject information leaflets prepared for medical research projects with the readability scores of a range of New Zealand newspaper editorials and popular magazine articles. METHODS: Of the 134 research projects approved by the Auckland Area Health Board in 1991, 99 were analysed together with nine randomly selected newspaper editorials and nine randomly selected articles from popular magazines. The Flesch reading ease index, the Flesch-Kincaid index and the Gunning fog index were calculated using a computerised grammar checker. RESULTS: Subject information leaflets were easier to read than newspaper editorials but significantly more difficult to read than articles in popular magazines. The Flesch reading ease index showed that information leaflets had a median readability score of 53 compared with magazines which had a score of 67 and newspaper editorials which had a score of 48. The level of secondary school education required to read information leaflets was equivalent to about 2 years or form 4, whereas a level of about form 5 appears to be required to read newspaper editorials and a level of about form 1 for magazine articles. CONCLUSIONS: The readability level of information leaflets prepared for participants in medical research in the Auckland area appears satisfactory and the process for reviewing this component of the research protocol appears consistent and effective. Readability scores may be a useful tool in assessing the overall ease with which written information can be read.
Clinical Trials as Topic↗