Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MOUTH DISEASES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Action of mutagenic agents and antiviral inhibitors on foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Our current knowledge on foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) entry into error catastrophe is reviewed. FMDV can establish cytolytic and persistent infections in the field and in cell culture. Both types of FMDV infection in cell culture can be treated with mutagens, with or without classical (non-mutagenic) antiviral inhibitors, to drive the virus to extinction. 5-Fluorouracil (FU) and 5-azacytidine (AZC) have been employed as mutagenic agents to treat cytolytic FMDV infections, and ribavirin (Rib) to treat persistent infections. Extinction is dependent on the relative fitness of the viral isolate, as well as on the viral load. In cytolytic infections, extinctions could be efficiently obtained with combinations of mutagens and inhibitors. High-fitness FMDV extinction could only be achieved with treatments that contained a mutagen, and not with combinations of inhibitors that exerted the same antiviral effect. Persistent infections could be cured with Rib treatment alone. The results presented here show entry into error catastrophe as a valid strategy for treatment of viral infections, although much work remains to be done before it can be implemented.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nail matrix arrest following hand-foot-mouth disease: a report of five children.

Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious enteroviral infection occurring primarily in children and characterized by a vesicular palmoplantar eruption and erosive stomatitis. Nail matrix arrest has been associated with a variety of drug exposures and systemic illnesses, including infections, and may result in a variety of changes, including transverse ridging (Beau's lines) and nail shedding (onychomadesis). The association of HFMD with Beau's lines and onychomadesis has not been reported previously. Five children, ages 22 months-4 years, presented with Beau's lines and/or onychomadesis following physician-diagnosed HFMD by 3-8 weeks. Three of the five patients experienced fever with HFMD, and none had a history of nail trauma, periungual dermatitis, periungual vesicular lesions, or a significant medication intake history. All patients experienced HFMD within 4 weeks of one another, and all resided in the suburbs of the Chicago metropolitan area. In all patients the nail changes were temporary with spontaneous normal regrowth. The mechanism of the nail matrix arrest is unclear, but the timing and geographic clustering of the patients suggests an epidemic caused by the same viral strain.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2003

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene sequence from foot-and-mouth disease virus in Hong Kong.

A foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV, HKN/2002) was isolated in Hong Kong in 2002. The nucleotide sequence of the 3D(pol) gene encoding the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase was determined and compared with that of the same gene from other FMDVs. The 3D(pol) gene was 1410 nucleotides in length encoding a protein of 470 amino acid residues. Sequence comparisons indicated that HKN/2002 belonged to serotype O. An evolutionary tree based on the 3D(pol) sequences of 20 FMDV isolates revealed that the nucleotide sequence of the HKN/2002 3D(pol) gene was most similar to those of isolates found in Taiwan in 1997, suggesting that they share a common ancestor. The amino acid sequence of the HKN/2002 3D(pol) gene was determined and aligned with those of representative isolates from seven other Picornaviridae genera. Eight highly conserved regions were detected, indicating a conserved functional relevance for these motifs. Alignment of 20 FMDV 3D(pol) amino acid sequences revealed a hypermutation region near the N-terminus that may help the virus evade host immune systems.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed1991

Protection conferred by TrpE fusion proteins containing portions of the C-terminal region of capsid protein VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Major immunogenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have been mapped to the C-terminal third of capsid protein VP1; we studied the immunogenicity of a series of TrpE-FMDV fusion proteins containing this region of FMDV strain O1 Campos. Fusion protein TrpE-dCN, which contains a dimer of VP1 amino acid sequences consisting of amino acids 200 to 213 linked by a diproline spacer to amino acids 141 to 158 (200-213 approximately P-P-G approximately 141-158), induced the best response. A single inoculation of guinea-pigs with 100 micrograms TrpE-dCN elicited high levels of neutralizing antibodies and protected all the animals against challenge infection with homologous virus. Although the closely related FMDV strains O1 Campos and O1 Caseros induced high levels of cross-protection, TrpE-dCN-vaccinated guinea-pigs were poorly protected against challenge infection with heterologous FMDV strain O1 Caseros. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that amino acid differences at residues 149 and 152 were critical for the induction of cross-protection and that neutralizing epitopes not present in TrpE-dCN are likely to be responsible for conferring a high level of cross-protection between FMDV strains O1 Campos and O1 Caseros.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Spatial distribution of foot-and-mouth disease in Pakistan estimated using imperfect data.

We estimated the spatial distribution of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Pakistan; we used a probability co-kriging model and the number of FMD outbreaks reported between 1996 and 2000 by Pakistan to the Office International des Epizooties. We used a k-Bessel model and small-ruminant and human densities as surrogate covariates for the population at risk and for livestock markets and movements, respectively. Compared to no or only one covariate, the co-kriging model with both densities provided the best fit to independently obtained data on the spatial distribution of virus isolations (P=0.57). The estimated probability of an FMD outbreak per 25km(2) cell ranged from 0.017 to 0.812, with the maximum relative probability of 47.8 (0.812/0.017). Areas with the highest relative probability of having an FMD outbreak were located in the Punjab region; this is a major animal-production area located along a traditional international animal-trade route.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A review of emergency foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines.

The primary objectives of this paper are to describe emergency foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines and review literature on emergency vaccine efficacy to protect animals against (1) clinical signs and (2) infection (local virus replication). The reviewed experiments suggest that in cattle, sheep and pigs, the vaccine could be effective in preventing disease within 4-5 days post-vaccination. These studies also suggest that the risk of spreading infection decreases as the interval between vaccine and challenge increases and that vaccination could reduce the amount of virus excreted compared to non-vaccinated animals. We suggest areas of future research to improve our knowledge of emergency vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The possible role that buffalo played in the recent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in South Africa.

African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) act as maintenance hosts for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in southern Africa. A single buffalo can become infected with all three of the endemic serotypes of FMD virus (SAT-1, SAT-2, and SAT-3) and pose a threat of infection to other susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. The floods of 2000 in southern Africa damaged the Kruger National Park (KNP) game fence extensively, and there were several accounts of buffalo that had escaped from the park. The VP1 gene, which codes for the major antigenic determinant of the FMD virus, was used to determine phylogenetic relationships between virus isolates obtained from the outbreaks and those previously obtained from buffalo in the KNP. These results demonstrate that buffalo were most probably the source of the outbreaks, indicating that disease control using fencing as well as vaccination is extremely important to ensure that FMD does not become established in domestic livestock.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Early events in integrin alphavbeta6-mediated cell entry of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

We have shown that foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection mediated by the integrin alphavbeta6 takes place through clathrin-dependent endocytosis but not caveolae or other endocytic pathways that depend on lipid rafts. Inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis by sucrose treatment or expression of a dominant-negative version of AP180 inhibited virus entry and infection. Similarly, inhibition of endosomal acidification inhibited an early step in infection. Blocking endosomal acidification did not interfere with surface expression of alphavbeta6, virus binding to the cells, uptake of the virus into endosomes, or cytoplasmic virus replication, suggesting that the low pH within endosomes is a prerequisite for delivery of viral RNA into the cytosol. Using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, FMDV colocalized with alphavbeta6 at the cell surface but not with the B subunit of cholera toxin, a marker for lipid rafts. At 37 degrees C, virus was rapidly taken up into the cells and colocalized with markers for early and recycling endosomes but not with a marker for lysosomes, suggesting that infection occurs from within the early or recycling endosomal compartments. This conclusion was supported by the observation that FMDV infection is not inhibited by nocodazole, a reagent that inhibits vesicular trafficking between early and late endosomes (and hence trafficking to lysosomes). The integrin alphavbeta6 was also seen to accumulate in early and recycling endosomes on virus entry, suggesting that the integrin serves not only as an attachment receptor but also to deliver the virus to the acidic endosomes. These findings are all consistent with FMDV infection proceeding via clathrin-dependent endocytosis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1976

Cell-free translation of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA into identifiable non-capsid and capsid proteins.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (a member of the picornavirus group) RNA could be translated effectively in an S-30 extract from Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. This translation was inhibited by aurintricarboxylic acid, cycloheximide, puromycin and RNase. Cell-free products of translation were identified by disc gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation with specific antisera. Gel electrophoresis of the products without prior immunoprecipitation suggested the synthesis of some of the non-capsid proteins and capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 of the virus. Immunoprecipitations with antisera against whole virus and VP3 indicated the synthesis of VP3 and of at least two additional peptides of 100 000 and 56 000 daltons containing antigenic sites of VP3. Gel electrophoresis after immunoprecipitation with antiserum against virus infection-associated antigen indicated the synthesis of a different 56 000-dalton protein appearing to resemble non-capsid protein NCVP5. The amount of foot-and-mouth disease virus and VP3-specific peptides in the virus RNA-directed products were measured by immunoprecipitation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Recent outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in countries of east Asia.

Japan regained the status of freedom from foot and mouth disease (FMD) without vaccination in September 2000 and the Republic of Korea likewise obtained this status in September 2001. However, new outbreaks of FMD caused by the pan-Asian topotype have occurred in pigs in the Republic of Korea since May 2002. Taipei China has not experienced an outbreak of FMD since February 2001 and the country is currently implementing an eradication programme. These countries had been free from FMD for many decades when in 1997, the FMD virus (FMDV) once again invaded the region, particularly in 2000; this resulted in widespread occurrence of the disease. The types of FMDV were investigated by genome analysis, and in each case the virus concerned was found to be a member of the pan-Asian O lineage. The authors present the recent situations and the characteristics of FMD in countries of east Asia.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Selection of foot and mouth disease vaccine strains--a review.

The choice of the most appropriate strains of foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus vaccines to use in FMD control programmes and to store in vaccine antigen reserves is based on the matching of representative field isolates from outbreaks around the world to available vaccine strains. However, those involved in FMD control at a national level do not always give this work a high priority, while in countries without effective control of FMD there is little incentive to collect samples or to overcome the constraints on submission to international reference laboratories. In the short term, specific initiatives for targeted collection can provide samples on a periodic basis, but a long-term solution requires the development of FMD control measures. This must be underpinned by the strengthening of local Veterinary Services and laboratories, and by demand-driven provision of sufficient amounts of high-quality vaccine. Difficulties may be increased by commercial constraints on disclosure of the strains used for vaccine production and on the supply of reagents needed for matching tests. Vaccine matching tests are mainly based on in vitro methods - such as virus neutralisation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with polyclonal antibodies and complement fixation - and are performed in a relatively small number of laboratories around the world. In addition to the difficulties of gathering representative field and vaccine strains, neither the reagents nor the methods used for vaccine matching are fully harmonised. Consequently, there is no strict equivalence in the results obtained. Alternative approaches using monoclonal antibody panels and/or viral capsid gene sequencing are being developed and could complement the currently employed serological tests. However, there is limited in vivo cross-protection information, more of which is essential for future validation of the vaccine matching methods. In response to the funding and leadership deficit for vaccine strain selection, a network of World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and Food and Agriculture Organization FMD reference laboratories has been established; this gives these laboratories the potential to strengthen the coordination of their work and reporting and thereby improve recommendations on vaccine strain selection.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Foot-and-mouth disease: detection of antibodies in cattle sera by blocking ELISA.

A blocking ELISA was developed for the detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3 and for the quantification of antibodies on a single dilution of serum. The avidin-biotin system was used. The test was compared with the liquid-phase ELISA executed at the World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease. It was found to have favourable logistics and combined high specificity with high sensitivity. The quantitative test using a single dilution of serum was resource saving and proved to be a reliable and precise method for the assessment of antibody levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Epidemiological, virological, and clinical features of an epidemic of hand, foot, and mouth disease in England and Wales.

We describe the epidemiological, virological, and clinical features of an epidemic of hand, foot, and mouth disease, attributed to coxsackie A virus serotype 16, that occurred throughout England and Wales in the last quarter of 1994. Nine hundred and fifty-two cases were reported by spotter practices that make weekly returns to the Royal College of General Practitioners, which made this the largest epidemic of hand, foot, and mouth disease in England and Wales reported to date. Most patients were aged 1 to 4 years and lived in central or southern regions. Clinical features were unavailable from the weekly returns but were described in detail for 39 patients, mostly by means of a questionnaire to general practitioners near the PHLS Coxsackie Reference Laboratory. All cases had a rash on their hands and 23 also had rashes on their feet and in their mouths. Most cases were mild. Severity was associated with the degree of mouth involvement. Secondary cases in family members were rare. Data from the Royal College of General Practitioners since 1963 reveal a period between epidemics of two to three years. The epidemics in 1988 and 1990 also occurred in the last quarters of these years and cases were concentrated in the central and southern regions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Expressions of Bovine IFN-gamma and foot-and-mouth disease VP1 antigen in P. pastoris and their effects on mouse immune response to FMD antigens.

As a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) may cause a considerable social-economic loss in those countries affected. IFN-gamma has a wide range of antiviral and immune modulating functions. Thus, to study the immune enhancing effects of recombinant Bovine IFN-gamma (rBoIFN-gamma) on a recombinant FMDV vaccine, BoIFN-gamma, FMDV VP1 and BoIFN-gamma/VP fusion genes were cloned, expressed, co-expressed in pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) respectively, and subsequent immune effects have been evaluated in this study. The results showed that the genes encoding for BoIFN-gamma, VP1 and BoIFN-gamma/VP1 are successfully expressed in P. pastoris and their products are directly secreted into the cultural supernatant at a high level of 1.0 g/L analyzed by thin-layer scanning. In addition, rVP1 alone could induce both humoral and marginal cell-mediated immune responses in mice, while the group with co-inoculations of rBoIFN-gamma could markedly enhance both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses; even more dramatic immune responses were observed with the group inoculated with the fusion product, rBoIFN-gamma/VP1. The fusion product could be further investigated for its utility of FMDV vaccine development.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Serological comparison of type A foot and mouth disease virus isolates from Thailand.

Antigenic variation of type A foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus in Thailand was examined using a total of 82 field viruses isolated between 1986 and 1989. A two-dimensional serum microneutralisation test was used to compare these isolates to a reference strain, A15 Bangkok 1960 (A BKK/60). Viruses regarded as unrelated to A BKK/60 were compared to another reference strain, A22 Nakhon Pathom 1986 (A NPT/86). This approach divided the viruses into two groups. Most of the viruses shared a close antigenic relationship with A BKK/60. Only twelve viruses were regarded as unrelated to A BKK/60, and these were related to A NPT/86. All but one of these twelve isolates were from two provinces in one administrative region of the country. Future type A vaccines in Thailand will need to confer protection against both groups of viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Fusion expression of O type foot-and-mouth diseases virus VP1 gene and HSP70 gene and induction of immune responses in mice].

Vp1 gene of O type foot-and-mouth diseases virus and M. tuberculosis HSP70 were expressed in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris expression system. The results of cellular immune responses and humoral immune response were examined after BALB/c mice were immunized with fusion protein expressed in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The genes was cloned into the vector pPICZalpha-A by routine molecular technique. The plasmid fusion (pPICZalphaA-vp1-HSP70) was created that HSP70 located downstream of VP1 gene of O type foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vp1 was expressed by fusing to the amino terminus of M. tuberculosis hsp70 in yeast Pichia pastoris. The recombined fusion plasmid was transformed into methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris X-33 by electrophoration. The recombinant transformants were selected by Zeocin and induced by the addition of methanol every 24h. The expressived product analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The result indicated that the fusion protein(vp1-HSP70) has specific antigenicity. Mice were inoculated transcutaneous three times at a two-weeks interval with fusion protein, PBS and conventional inactivated vaccines. To evaluate the prophylaxtic efficacy of fusion protein, Titers of antibodies was detected by ELISA and proliferation of lymphocytes were determined by MTT. The results indicated that fusion protein could elicit specific humoral immune and cellular immune responses. Compared with conventional inactivated vaccines, fusion protein elicited slightly lower FMDV antibody level but stronger T cell proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Control of a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Argentina.

A major epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease affected Argentina during 2001. The epidemic was controlled by mass-vaccination of the national herd and movement restrictions. The median herd disease reproduction ratio (RH) decreased significantly from 2.4 (before the epidemic was officially recognized) to 1.2 during the mass-vaccination campaign and < 1 following the mass-vaccination campaign. The largest distance between two outbreaks was similar during (1905 km) and after (1890 km) the mass-vaccination. However, after mass-vaccination was completed, the proportion of herd outbreaks clustered decreased from 70.4% to 66.8%, respectively. Although a combination of vaccination and livestock-movement restrictions was effective in controlling the epidemic, 112 herd outbreaks occurred up to 6 months after the end of the mass-vaccination campaign. Mass-vaccination and movement restrictions might be an effective strategy to control FMD; however, the time taken to end large, national epidemics might be > 1 year.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Genetic determinants of altered virulence of Taiwanese foot-and-mouth disease virus.

In 1997, a devastating outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Taiwan was caused by a serotype O virus (referred to here as OTai) with atypical virulence. It produced high morbidity and mortality in swine but did not affect cattle. We have defined the genetic basis of the species specificity of OTai by evaluating the properties of genetically engineered chimeric viruses created from OTai and a bovine-virulent FMD virus. These studies have shown that an altered nonstructural protein, 3A, is a primary determinant of restricted growth on bovine cells in vitro and significantly contributes to bovine attenuation of OTai in vivo.

Amino Acid Sequence↗