Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MOTIVATION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Lack of opioid or dopaminergic effects on unconditioned sexual incentive motivation in male rats.

The effects of dopaminergic and opioidergic drugs on sexual incentive motivation were evaluated in sexually inexperienced male rats subjected to a choice procedure. Various parameters of ambulatory activity were recorded as well. Two drugs stimulating dopaminergic neurotransmission, amphetamine and apomorphine, failed to affect sexual incentive motivation, although ambulatory activity was enhanced by amphetamine. The dopamine antagonist cis(Z)-flupenthixol reduced sexual incentive motivation, but only at a dose that severely disrupted motor function. Morphine had marginal effects on sexual motivation but reduced ambulatory activity. These effects were not reduced by a peripheral opioid antagonist, methylnaloxone. Loperamide, a peripheral opioid agonist, reduced sexual motivation through an opioid-independent action. Naloxone was ineffective. Neither dopamine nor opioids seem to be important for sexual incentive motivation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Motivation for smoking cessation among pregnant women.

The authors evaluated an expanded measure of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for smoking cessation in a population-based sample of 897 pregnant smokers (500 current smokers and 397 recent quitters). The measure assessed motivation related to pregnancy and parenthood in addition to general intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions. Current smokers at baseline who quit smoking by 28 weeks of pregnancy (n = 102) had significantly higher baseline levels of pregnancy-related motivation than continuing smokers. Extrinsic and pregnancy motivation dropped between baseline and 28 weeks of pregnancy among continuing smokers. Higher levels of intrinsic relative to extrinsic motivation at baseline were associated with sustained abstinence during the first 2 months postpartum. Results suggest that both general and pregnancy-specific motivation are important for smoking cessation and relapse prevention during pregnancy. Interventions to enhance the salience of health benefits over and above those related to pregnancy and other intrinsic benefits of a greater sense of self-control could protect against postpartum relapse.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Employee commitment and motivation: a conceptual analysis and integrative model.

Theorists and researchers interested in employee commitment and motivation have not made optimal use of each other's work. Commitment researchers seldom address the motivational processes through which commitment affects behavior, and motivation researchers have not recognized important distinctions in the forms, foci, and bases of commitment. To encourage greater cross-fertilization, the authors present an integrative framework in which commitment is presented as one of several energizing forces for motivated behavior. E. A. Locke's (1997) model of the work motivation process and J. P. Meyer and L. Herscovitch's (2001) model of workplace commitments serve as the foundation for the development of this new framework. To facilitate the merger, a new concept, goal regulation, is derived from self-determination theory (E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan, 1985) and regulatory focus theory (E. I. Higgins, 1997). By including goal regulation, it is acknowledged that motivated behavior can be accompanied by different mindsets that have particularly important implications for the explanation and prediction of discretionary work behavior.

Employment↗
PubMed2000

Responsiveness of children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder to reward and response cost: differential impact on performance and motivation.

Using a within-subject design and both high- and low-interest tasks, this study examined the effects of reward (R), response cost (RC), and no contingency (NR) on performance and motivation of 22 children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 22 controls. Dependent variables included performance measures, self-rated performance and motivation, and a new measure of behavioral motivation based on a 2-min postcontingency task. Both contingencies benefited some aspects of the performance of ADHD children; relative to R, RC showed stronger effects but at the expense of decreased self-rated motivation on the low-interest task. The performance of controls did not differ across tasks, whereas ADHD children performed relatively better on the high-interest task. Neither contingency decreased motivation measures relative to NR for either group. For ADHD children, motivational effects appeared to be influenced by self-perceptions of performance.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Examining the role of drinking motives in college student alcohol use and problems.

A motivational model of alcohol involvement (M. L. Cooper, M. R. Frone, M. Russell, & P. Mudar, 1995) was replicated and extended by incorporating social antecedents and motives and by testing this model cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a sample of college students. Participants (N = 388) completed a questionnaire battery assessing alcohol use and problems, alcohol expectancies, sensation seeking, negative affect, social influences, and drinking motives. Associations among psychosocial antecedents, drinking motives, and alcohol involvement differed from those found by M. L. Cooper et al. (1995). These findings point to the importance of social influences and of positive reinforcement motives but not to the centrality of drinking motives in this population.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Social influences in motivated drinking among college students.

This study tested whether drinking motives mediate the relation between personality and alcohol use and whether these predictors affected drinking in these individuals' friends. College students and their friends participated in the study as dyads (n = 43 dyads, 86 participants). Each person completed surveys and a 28-day experience sampling protocol. Structural equation analyses found that (a) social motives mediated the relation between extraversion and alcohol outcomes, (b) coping motives mediated the relation between neuroticism and alcohol outcomes, and (c) enhancement motives mediated the relation between extraversion and alcohol outcomes. Moreover, young adults' alcohol use, but not their problem use, was influenced by their own drinking motives as well as the drinking motives of their best friends.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

An affective-motivational model of marijuana and alcohol problems among college students.

The study examined models of marijuana (n = 309) and alcohol (n = 731) problems. Impulsivity was directly associated with both marijuana- and alcohol-related problems. Negative mood regulation expectancies were indirectly associated with marijuana problems through coping motives. Sensation seeking was indirectly associated with alcohol problems through enhancement motives. Affect lability and negative affect were indirectly associated with alcohol problems though coping motives. In both models, coping motives were directly associated with use-related problems. A multigroup analysis indicated that the association between negative affect and coping motives as well as use and problems was stronger among participants using both alcohol and marijuana relative to alcohol only. Enhancement motives were a stronger predictor of alcohol use among participants using alcohol only.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Overweight men's motivations and perceived barriers towards weight loss.

OBJECTIVE: To explore motivation and perceived barriers towards weight loss among Danish men. DESIGN: The study was of an explorative nature, using qualitative focus group interviews as a method. SETTING: Copenhagen, Denmark. SUBJECTS: Twenty-two overweight men, at the age of 25-44 years and motivated for weight loss, were recruited and distributed into four focus groups. The men were primarily unskilled workers. Overall 13 men participated and each group contained three or four participants. INTERVENTION: The interview guide was partly structured, partly unstructured and the themes of the interviews were motives and perceived barriers towards weight loss. RESULTS: Main barriers for losing weight appeared to be lack of motivation and the perception of the slimming diet. The men had a desire to have a lean appearance and avoid illness, but in all the interviews it appeared that the strongest motive for losing weight was a strong desire to become more effective and a greater asset for one's workplace. Overweight subjects were considered less effective and attractive for the labour market. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that if men from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are to be motivated to weight loss the focus should not be on leanness and good health but rather on increased effectiveness and performance, and the arena should include the working place. SPONSORSHIP: The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University supplied the necessary equipment and conference rooms.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Tryptophan depletion disrupts the motivational guidance of goal-directed behavior as a function of trait impulsivity.

Serotonin (5-HT) is well known to affect the motivational properties of stimuli predictive of rewards as well as the inhibitory control of behavior. Here, central 5-HT depletion was induced by the acute tryptophan (TRP) depletion (ATD) procedure in young healthy volunteers to examine the role of 5-HT in motivated action and prepotent response inhibition. A novel reaction-time task, tailored to individual differences in general cognitive speed, was employed to measure the guidance of behavior by motivationally relevant signals predictive of reinforcement likelihood, while the stop-signal reaction-time task was used to measure response inhibition. Following the TRP-balancing control drink, cues predictive of high-reinforcement certainty induced faster, but less accurate responses compared with cues predictive of lower reinforcement certainty. Depletion of central 5-HT modulated this coupling between motivation and action by slowing responses and increasing accuracy as a function of incentive certainty. These effects of ATD on motivated action correlated highly with individual differences in the personality trait of Nonplanning Impulsiveness (Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11)), so that strongest effects on motivated action were observed in high-impulsive individuals. By contrast, ATD left unaltered the ability to inhibit prepotent responses. Our findings may have implications for a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders including impulsive aggressive disorders and depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A comparative study of mastery motivation in young children with Down's syndrome: similar outcomes, different processes?

BACKGROUND: Findings from previous research into motivation in young children with Down's syndrome (DS) have been mixed. Some studies have suggested that development is merely delayed, while others have proposed that there are inherent differences or deficits. Using the mastery motivation paradigm, studies of young children have often found that those with DS are just as persistent and goal-directed as typically developing children of the same mental age (MA). However, research involving children with DS with MAs above 2 years is very limited. The major aim of the present study was to extend previous research by focusing on children with MAs between 24 and 36 months. A secondary aim was to investigate issues which would advance conceptual knowledge about the construct of mastery motivation. METHOD: The participants were 25 children with DS and 43 typically developing children, matched for MA (24-36 months). The main measures of mastery motivation were persistence with structured mastery tasks (i.e. puzzles and shape-sorters) and maternal reports. RESULTS: With the challenging tasks, children with DS were just as persistent as the typically developing children. Correlations of persistence measures in the group with DS suggested that persistence for these children represented a more generalized approach rather than a task-specific response. Maternal ratings of persistence were lower in the group with DS. CONCLUSIONS: The main conclusion was that children with DS in the MA range of 24-36 months do not differ in their persistence with challenging tasks when compared with typically developing children of the same MA. The implication is that motivational development is delayed for children with DS, rather than deficient. However, there were some indications of possible differences in the processes underlying mastery behaviour in the two groups. The study addresses a number of conceptual and methodological issues associated with mastery motivation research, and stresses the important contribution that future longitudinal studies could make.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Association between ratings of facial attractivess and patients' motivation for orthognathic surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the judgments of facial esthetics, defects and treatment needs between laypersons and professionals (orthodontists and oral surgeons) as predictors of patient's motivation for orthognathic surgery. DESIGN: Two panels of expert and naïve raters were asked to evaluate photographs of orthognathic surgery patients for facial esthetics, defects and treatment needs. Results were correlated with patients' motivation for surgery. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Fifty-seven patients (37 females and 20 males) with a mean age of 26.0 +/- 6.7 years were interviewed prior to orthognathic surgery treatment. Three color photographs of each patient were evaluated by a panel of 14 experts and panel of 18 laypersons. EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES: Each panel of raters were asked to evaluate the facial morphology, facial attractiveness and recommend surgical treatment (independent variables). The dependent variable was the patient's motivation for orthognathic surgery. Outcome measure--Reliability of raters were analyzed using an unweighted Kappa coefficient and a Cronbach alpha coefficient. Correlations and regression analyses were used to quantify the relationship between variables. RESULTS: Expert raters provided reliable ratings of certain morphological features such as excessive gingival display and classification of mandibular facial form and position. Based on the facial photographs both expert and naïve raters agreed on facial attractiveness of patients. The best predictors of patients' motivation for surgery were the naïve profile attractiveness rating and the patients' expected change in self-consciousness. CONCLUSIONS: Expert raters provide more reliable ratings on certain morphologic features. However, the layperson's profile attractiveness rating and the patients' expected change in self-consciousness were the best predictors for patients' motivation for surgery. These data suggest that patients' motives for treatment are not necessarily related to objectively determined need. Patients' decision to seek treatment was more correlated to laypersons' rating of attractiveness because they see what other laypersons see, and are directly or indirectly affected by others reactions to their appearance. These findings may provide useful information for clinicians in counseling patients who seek orthognathic surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of five measures of motivation to quit smoking among a sample of hospitalized smokers.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the predictive validity of several measures of motivation to quit smoking among inpatients enrolled in a smoking cessation program. METHODS: Data collected during face-to-face counseling sessions included a standard measure of motivation to quit (stage of readiness [Stage]: precontemplation, contemplation, or preparation) and four items with responses grouped in three categories: "How much do you want to quit smoking" (Want), "How likely is it that you will stay off cigarettes after you leave the hospital" (Likely), "Rate your confidence on a scale from 0 to 100 about successfully quitting in the next month" (Confidence), and a counselor assessment in response to the question, "How motivated is this patient to quit?" (Motivation). Patients were classified as nonsmokers if they reported not smoking at both the 6-month and 12-month interviews. All patients lost to follow-up were considered smokers. MAIN RESULTS: At 1 year, the smoking cessation rate was 22. 5%. Each measure of motivation to quit was independently associated with cessation ( p <.001) when added individually to an adjusted model. Likely was most closely associated with cessation and Stage was least. Likely had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and likelihood ratio of 70.2%, 68.1%, 39.3%, 88.6%, and 2.2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The motivation of inpatient smokers to quit may be as easily and as accurately predicted with a single question as with the series of questions that are typically used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Utilization of psychotherapy depending on treatment motivation during the diagnostic stage assessed in an outpatient clinic].

OBJECTIVES: So far treatment motivation of patients who have not yet started psychotherapy has been widely neglected. The present study investigates treatment motivation in an outpatient clinic of a university hospital. METHOD: Treatment motivation (FPTM) and emotional distress (SCL-90-R) were assessed before and three weeks after the diagnostic interview. A six months follow-up focussed the utilisation of psychotherapy. 155 patients were included in the study. RESULTS: Patients who suffer from emotional distress before the interview were more likely to seek professional help. Three weeks after the interview hope, sufferance and initiative were related to seeking behaviour and taking up psychotherapy. The relationship between treatment motivation and health care seeking behaviour was not influenced by age, sex and symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment motivation plays a decisive role in the utilisation of psychotherapy. Patient motivation for psychotherapy has to be strengthened in the decision making stage. Hope for amelioration is a crucial factor in the process of health care seeking behaviour.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Gender differences in achievement motive: a facet analysis of Hungarian samples.

We devised an achievement motive questionnaire (Elizur 1979, 1986; Shye 1978a) based on a facet definition of achievement motive. We then administered it to 165 women and 362 men employed by a large industrial corporation in Hungary in order to examine achievement motivation. Although we found significant differences in the frequency of responses to the achievement motive items, the basic structure of the achievement motive domain was similar for women and men. We detected no special tendency for women to score higher than men on affective responses. These results support the view that gender differences in achievement motive are rooted in socialization processes rather than in basic differences between women and men.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

The relationship between exercise motives and psychological well-being.

The aim of the present study was to use the self-determination model of exercise motives to examine the relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic motives for exercise and a number of measures of psychological well-being. Undergraduate students purporting to exercise regularly (N = 227; 102 men, 125 women) were split into 2 groups: those exercising for less than 6 months and those exercising for 6 months or more. The respondents were asked to complete measures of exercise motivation, self-esteem, psychological well-being, and stress. Among individuals exercising for less than 6 months, a number of extrinsic motivations for exercise were significantly related to poorer psychological well-being. Among individuals exercising for 6 months or more, a number of intrinsic motivations were significantly related to better psychological well-being. The present findings suggest that researchers can use self-determination theory to understand the relationship between exercise motivation and psychological well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A framework for modelling fertility motivation in couples.

We present a theoretical framework that organizes individual-level fertility motivations into a couple-level model. One feature of this framework is the Traits-Desires-Intentions-Behaviour (TDIB) sequence through which the fertility motivations of individuals produce instrumental behaviours that are designed to promote or prevent childbearing. A second feature of this framework is the cognitive capacity of individuals to perceive a partner's motivational structure. We combine these two features into a dyad-level model that addresses interactions between partners at each step of the motivational sequence. We elaborate this model first with respect to the perception of partner's motivational structure and second with respect to the combination of partner's and own motivational structure. In the process we consider how couple-level processes of communication, influence, and disagreement can be measured and studied through these interactions. We conclude with a summary discussion of the framework and a consideration of the implications it has for a theory of reproductive psychology, population surveys, and family planning services.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Testing the simplex assumption underlying the Sport Motivation Scale: a structural equation modeling analysis.

Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) suggests that motivational orientation or regulatory styles with respect to various behaviors can be conceptualized along a continuum ranging from low (a motivation) to high (intrinsic motivation) levels of self-determination. This pattern is manifested in the rank order of correlations among these regulatory styles (i.e., adjacent correlations are expected to be higher than those more distant) and is known as a simplex structure. Using responses from the Sport Motivation Scale (Pelletier et al., 1995) obtained from a sample of 857 college students (442 men, 415 women), the present study tested the simplex structure underlying SMS subscales via structural equation modeling. Results confirmed the simplex model structure, indicating that the various motivational constructs are empirically organized from low to high self-determination. The simplex pattern was further found to be invariant across gender. Findings from this study support the construct validity of the SMS and have important implications for studies focusing on the influence of motivational orientation in sport.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Motivation profiles in sport: a self-determination theory perspective.

The present study examined the link between motivation profiles among adult sports participants and the consequences of enjoyment, effort, positive and negative affect, attitude toward sport participation, intention to continue sport participation, satisfaction, and frequency of attendance in sport. Two samples of participants (n = 590 and n = 555) completed the Sport Motivation Scale and a range of self-report measures to assess the outcome variables. Exploratory cluster analyses applied to Sample 1 and confirmatory cluster analysis applied to Sample 2 identified two clusters of sport participants. The first comprised participants with high scores on both nonself-determined and self-determined motives. The second comprised participants with high scores on self-determined motives but low scores on nonself-determined motives. Participants in the first cluster scored higher on all outcome variables. The results are discussed with reference to a more in-depth understanding of the motivation dynamics of sport participation based on Self-Determination Theory.

Adolescent↗