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PubMed1997

Construct validity of the MMPI-168(L) with mentally retarded adults and adolescents.

Fifty-three persons residing in an institution and diagnosed with mild or moderate mental retardation were assessed with a modification of the MMPI-168. Forty-one of the residents also had psychiatric diagnoses. Construct validity of the MMPI-168(L) was examined by correlating T scores obtained on the scales of this instrument with the results of an 8-item "Behavioral Survey." The survey required unit clinicians to rate the severity of behavioral disturbance in eight categories. Six of the items on the "Behavioral Survey" were found to correlate with one or more MMPI scales. Stepwise multiple regression procedures revealed additional collective relations between elevations on the MMPI and ratings of behavioral disturbance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

MMPI-2 profiles of women differing in sexual abuse history and sexual orientation.

Four groups of women (N = 115) self-identified as having histories of childhood sexual abuse or no such histories and self-identified as either heterosexual or lesbian were compared using a questionnaire and the MMPI-2. Subjects ranged in age from 21-60 years with 60% between ages 30-50 years. Results of a Three-Way MANOVA for abuse history and sexual orientation repeated across MMPI-2 clinical scales showed a between-subjects effect for abuse, and within-subjects effects for orientation and abuse. T scores of women with abuse histories were significantly higher than those of women without abuse histories on Hs, D, Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc, and Ma scales of the MMPI-2. Profiles indicated an 8-4 codetype and a Scarlett O'Hara V configuration for the group with abuse history. Heterosexual women obtained significantly higher t scores than did lesbians on the Depression scale. Results show that the MMPI-2 can be used to help detect lesbian as well as heterosexual adults who were sexually molested as children.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

MMPI-2 profiles of Gulf and Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder.

The current study examined service era differences in a sample of 172 Gulf and Vietnam outpatient veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants completed the MMPI-2 and several additional self-report measures of symptom severity (PTSD, depression, anxiety, hostility, and health complaints). Results indicated that MMPI-2 profiles differed significantly according to service era with Vietnam veterans scoring higher on scales 2, 8, and 0 and lower on scale 9 than did Gulf veterans. Examination of group means derived from parametric analysis of MMPI-2 data suggested a mean two-point code type of 2-8/8-2 for Vietnam veterans and 1-8/8-1 for Gulf veterans. In contrast, when the data were examined using descriptive techniques based on frequency counts of individual MMPI-2 profiles, the most frequently occurring two-point codetype was 7-8/8-7 for Vietnam veterans, and 6-8/8-6 for Gulf veterans. In addition, Gulf veterans reported a greater number of total health complaints than Vietnam veterans, whereas Vietnam veterans reported a greater number of physician-diagnosed physical conditions. Potential advantages of incorporating descriptive approaches versus parametric methods when examining profile data are also presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

MMPI changes following behavioral treatment of chronic low back pain.

A large sample of patients with chronic low back pain were studied on admission to a behaviorally oriented in-patient pain program, at program completion, and at 1 month follow-up. Cluster analysis of admissions MMPI scores were used to identify 4 patient subgroups each for males and females. There were no subgroup differences found on any of the admissions demographic, pain report, or physical function measures, or differential treatment outcome based on subgroup. All groups began with high levels of pain and disability, yet improved dramatically following treatment. There was a general normalization of the MMPI reflected by elevated MMPI scales found at admission showing significant decreases at follow-up testing. Subgroups derived from follow-up MMPI testing were related to physical functioning at follow-up and pain report measures, with the elevated subgroups showing higher levels of continued pain and disability.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

A comparison of sexually abused and non-sexually abused adolescents in a clinical treatment facility using the MMPI-A.

OBJECTIVE: In the current study, the adolescent version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the MMPI-A, was used to address concerns voiced about the mixing of different developmental ages, use of inadequate comparison groups, and the lack of reliance on reliable and valid measures of psychological, behavioral, and psychosocial problems used in previous studies of sexually abused children and adolescents. METHOD: A total of 107 adolescents in residential treatment (73 boys and 34 girls) were included in the study. Seventy-two of these adolescents had reportedly been sexually abused (42 boys and 30 girls); 35 had not been abused (31 boys and 4 girls). Predictions based on previous research with adolescents were made and tested regarding which MMPI-A validity, clinical, and content scales would differ between the sexually abused and non sexually abused groups of adolescents. RESULTS: Overall, and consistent with many predictions, sexually abused adolescents had both statistically and clinically higher elevations on several MMPI-A scales than did their non-abused counterparts. No scales were more elevated for non-abused adolescents than for abused adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Sexually abused adolescents in residential treatment, as a group, present with concerns that their non-abused counterparts did not have, or did not share to the same extent. Treatment recommendations based on the MMPI-A scale elevations are provided, limitations of the current study discussed, and directions for further research are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The MMPI in neuropsychological assessment: a murky measure.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is commonly used in neuropsychological assessment in hope of ferreting out the presence of psychiatric disorders and "emotional factors". This paper discusses whether or not the MMPI can in fact do this intended task. The conclusion is that the MMPI is a poor measure of emotional adjustment and a poor aide to differential psychiatric diagnosis because the question pool is contaminated by questions that can be endorsed by neurologic and other medical patients for reasons other than emotional maladjustment or psychiatric disorder. Several MMPI scales may be elevated in a neurologic patient's profile simply because his/her symptoms are consistent with a neurologic disorder and are not necessarily a reflection of pathological adaptation or poor emotional adjustment. The safe assumptions to make in interpreting the MMPIs of neurologic patients are presented. The need to use a comprehensive assessment process to understand personality, psychological reaction, and psychiatric disorder is emphasized.

Editorial↗
PubMed1999

A neurocorrective approach for MMPI-2 use with brain-damaged patients.

Conventional administration of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) to aetiologically distinct brain-damaged out-patients (n = 137) revealed significant indications of psychological maladjustment. An adjustment for the endorsement of aetiology-specific items pertaining to traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, and whiplash was considered necessary, however, because these items may represent potentially valid symptoms or manifestations of neurological damage or dysfunction. These so-called neurologically relevant items (NRIs) were identified in a previous study. With this corrective approach, based on the complete MMPI-2 item pool, it was shown that T-score elevations could at least in part be attributed to symptoms associated with brain injury, regardless of the type of brain damage. Similarly, after prorated correction for the endorsement of NRIs, code-typing appeared to be substantially changed with respect to both occurrence and content of the MMPI-2 defined code-types. The validity of the NRI concept was supported by comparing NRI/non-NRI endorsement ratios of traumatically brain-injured patients with those of non-neurological patients, and with those having anxiety and somatoform disorders. To prevent unjustified interpretations when administering the MMPI-2 to brain-damaged patients, an adjustment procedure for NRI-endorsement is proposed, and difficulties in interpretation are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Malingered and Defensive Response Styles on the MMPI-2: An Examination of Validity Scales

The MMPI and more recently the MMPI-2 have been held to be the clinical standard for assessing both fake-good and fake-bad response styles. In a contrasted-groups design, we compared simulators under fake-good (n = 67) and fake-bad (n = 58) instructions to controls (n = 90) and psychiatric patients (n = 95) under standard instructions. For fake-good profiles, we found that F-K < -12 had a hit rate of 80.6% and was partly supported by earlier research (Austin, 1992). For fake-bad profiles, F > 89 and F-K > 7 were the optimum cutting scores with hit rates of 86.2% and 87.0%, respectively. Unfortunately, previous research fails to confirm these cutting scores and leading proponents of the MMPI-2 substantially disagree on what methods to employ. Therefore, we recommend in cases of suspected malingering that the MMPI-2 be used only for screening purposes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

MMPI scale development methodology.

A multitude of special MMPI scales have been developed without sufficient consideration for the methodology of empirical scale construction. Suggestions are presented in this article regarding the selection of items for a new MMPI scale and the tasks needed for the evaluation of a new scale. An investigator who develops a new MMPI scale should consider (a) the need for K corrections of scale scores, and (b) the possibility that the information provided by the special scale can also be obtained from the standard MMPI scales.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Use of local norms to improve configural reproducibility of an MMPI short form.

Short forms of the MMPI have been criticized due to their inability to adequately reproduce the profiles of the full length version of the MMPI Oftentimes these short forms are used with subject populations dissimilar to the population upon which the short form was originally standardized. This study evaluates the effect of using local norms with one of these short forms (the FAM) upon the concordance rates of profile code-types with the original full-length MMPI profile. Single point, first 2 high-point and first 3 high-point code-types were found to have higher concordance rates when using local norms. Use of local norms for short MMPI forms may compensate, in part, for information lost in the shortening.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of English and Spanish (Nuñez) translation of the MMPI.

As more Hispanics seek help in mental health centers, the need arises for a reliable Spanish translation of the MMPI. This present research is a preliminary attempt to study the validity of the Nuñez translation of the MMPI, the translation most widely used in Latin America. This translation and the English MMPI were administered to a volunteer sample of 18 teenaged bilingual Hispanic women. A split-plot factorial ANOVA with one between-subjects factor(form of test) was used to analyze the K-corrected T scorns from each scale separately. On scales F, K, Hs, Pa,.and Sc, the Spanish means were significantly (p < .05) higher than the English means. Order of administration had no significant effect, and there was no significant interaction effect. These findings demonstrate that the Nuñez translation cannot be used interchangeably with the English form of the MMPI.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Clinical considerations in the conjoint use of the Rorschach and the MMPI.

Contemporary clinical and research findings concerning the Rorschach and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) indicate that (a) objectivity and subjectivity are relative and not categorical dimensions of these two instruments; (b) apparent contradictions between Rorschach and MMPI results are generative and not invalidating; (c) within limits, false negative findings are not cause for concern in the clinical application of Rorschach and MMPI variables; and (d) differences between the Rorschach and the MMPI in how they are structured and what they measure demonstrate considerable advantage in using them in complementary fashion to support clinical inferences.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Graphomotor interpretation of the MMPI-2?

Although clinicians may attribute various personality features to patients who complete paper-and-pencil instruments (e.g., the MMPI-2) with notable neatness (compulsivity?) or sloppiness (oppositionalism?), such inferences have not been empirically examined. In our investigation, MMPI-2 protocols of 154 psychiatric inpatients (74 female and 80 male, M age = 36.7) were examined. A scoring system was developed to categorize the degree of neatness with which each patient had filled in the MMPI-2 response sheet (interrater Cohen Kappa = 0.86). Degree of neatness was not found to be correlated with clinical or content scales on the MMPI-2, with any Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II) scales, or with various Rorschach (Comprehensive System) variables. These results imply that, clinical lore notwithstanding, clinicians should refrain from drawing unwarranted inferences about patients' personality features on the basis of the apparent neatness or sloppiness of patients' protocols.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

A Review of MMPI and Rorschach interrelationships in adult samples.

The MMPI and Rorschach are consistently ranked among the most widely used psychological assessment instruments across adolescent and adult clinical settings. Although there is an extensive research literature available on each instrument individually, relatively little research attention has been focused on the interrelationships between these measures. This article reviews the literature derived from 37 studies that have reported interrelationships between MMPI and Rorschach variables in adult populations. The results of these studies generally indicate limited or minimal relationships between the MMPI and Rorschach. A number of methodological issues, however, prevent drawing firm conclusions from the literature at this time. Directions for future research are discussed, including consideration of issues related to sources of alpha and beta error and the need for studies examining the incremental validity of combinations of Rorschach and MMPI data in prediction to relevant external criteria.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Detecting fake-bad MMPI-A profiles.

This study examined the extent to which the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A; Butcher et al., 1992) could identify adolescents who were faking-bad. This study also examined the extent to which the validity scales could differentiate between nonclinical adolescents instructed to fake-bad and both clinical and nonclinical adolescents who received standard instructions. Participants were 58 male and 80 female high school students and 58 male and 80 female adolescents from clinical settings. Results indicated that the mean profiles resembled those previously reported for adults on the MMPI (Graham, 1987) and MMPI-2 (Graham, Watts, & Timbrook, 1991) and for adolescents on the original MMPI (Archer, Gordon, & Kirchner, 1987). Accurate identification of students who were faking-bad was achieved. It was possible to differentiate between the clinical adolescents and nonclinical adolescents who were faking, and it was possible to differentiate between nonclinical adolescents who were faking and nonclinical adolescents with standard instructions; however, different cutoff scores were needed for these two discriminations. Optimal cutoff scores were presented.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Detection of a Cry for Help on the MMPI-2: an analog investigation.

We compared Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) results from 2 groups of mildly to moderately disturbed psychiatric outpatients (N=60) answering under either Standard or Cry for Help instructions. Results from previously completed intake MMPI-2 protocols were obtained for each participant. The two groups were comparable on intake MMPI-2 variables and demographic characteristics. Analysis of feedback data from the second, experimental observation indicated that the two groups had equivalent self-estimates of understanding of their role and success in simulating their role. Significant differences were found between the two groups on their experimental MMPI-2 protocols. The Cry for Help group had significantly higher scores on F, F-K, Fb, Ds2, and Fp scales as well as significantly lower scorns on the K scale. The Cry for Help group also had significantly higher scores on all clinical scales with the exception of 5, which was not tested. Cutting scores derived by Rogers, Sewell, and Ustad (1995) for the detection of a Cry for Help in outpatients were cross-validated with fairly positive results. Although these results are promising, particularly in light of the shrinkage expected on cross-validation, further research is needed in this area.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Assessment feedback integrating MMPI-2 and Rorschach findings.

Many clinicians are committed to giving feedback to clients about assessment results, but puzzle over how to integrate Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and Rorschach findings when talking to clients. When the two tests agree, findings may be combined and assessors may use the language of clients' Rorschach percepts to frame findings from the MMPI-2 or the Structural Summary. When the Rorschach shows more disturbance than the MMPI-2, assessors may discuss "levels of personality," praise clients for their usual coping mechanisms, and raise the possibility of underlying problems. When the Rorschach depicts less psychopathology than the MMPI-2, clinicians may talk with Clients about factors influencing them to present as needing help. Alternatively, assessors may hypothesize that clients constrict emotionally in interpersonal, unstructured situations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

MMPI-Rorschach interrelationships: proposed criteria for evaluating explanatory models.

An extensive empirical literature, spanning 50 years and 45 published investigations, leads to the conclusion that the Rorschach and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) bear little or no meaningful relationship to each other. An inherent tension exists between these empirical findings and the widespread clinical practice of integrating MMPI and Rorschach results. At least three perspectives have been advanced concerning the relationship between these two instruments. One view holds that variables from the two measures will demonstrate significant patterns of convergence only in carefully designed research studies that involve specific, well-constructed and theoretically derived predictions. A second view postulates that although variables from the Rorschach and MMPI do not bear a high intercorrelation with each other, these variables may be combined to contribute significantly to the prediction of outcome variance. In this view, the combined use of the two instruments yields clinically useful increases in incremental validity not achievable by the use of either instrument in isolation. A third approach is reflected in the proposition that although the MMPI and Rorschach do not produce significant interrelationships under general conditions, meaningful relationships may be yielded under specific psychometric conditions, for example, under conditions in which the response styles are consistently displayed across those two instruments. This article will review research evidence related to each of these perspectives, with particular emphasis on the importance of clearly specifying the criteria to be applied in evaluating these models. The concepts of parsimony and heuristic value are proposed for these evaluation purposes.

Journal Article↗