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PubMed1980

Antigen--antibody complexes related to the baboon endogenous virus in humans with acute lymphoblastic leukemia--hand mirror variant (ALL-HMC).

Hand mirror cells are a morphological configuration that are seen in immunologically stimulated lymphocytes and can be induced by antigen--antibody complexes. Therefore, the bone marrow and peripheral blood plasma of two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia--hand mirror variant were evaluated for the presence of antigen--antibody complexes. Both patients had antigen--antibody complexes in the bone marrow plasma and not in the peripheral blood plasma as determined by double counter-current immunoelectrophoresis. The antigen moiety of these complexes appears immunologically related to components of the baboon endogenous virus (BaEV), and the antibody moiety also appears related to structural components of the BaEV. Bone marrow plasmas from patients without leukemia were evaluated for the presence of antigen--antibody complexes and found to be negative. The antigen--antibody complexes may account for the presence of hand mirror cells in the bone marrow of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia--hand mirror variant.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

[Mirror-drawing technic as a diagnostic element in the study of personality].

This paper begins outlining a short history of mirror-drawing used as a psychological technique, related at fist to the learning process, then extended to the field of personality. From this later point of view, the obligatory inversion of the spatial schemes acts as a conflictual and frustrating stimulus and elicits specific responses based on the personality traits. As a psychological test the mirror-drawing may be evaluated according to the speed and accuracy in tracing, as well as can be judged in terms of qualitative reactions (blockage, task abandonment, effort to control, etc.) After such an introduction our first personal experience with this technique 11, 12 is commented. It consisted in exploring the relations between the motivational level, the manifest anxiety and the mirror-drawing performance, all this within the Yerkes-Dodson Law formulations. The main conclusions emphasize the interaction of the two independent variables (motivation and anxiety) as they affect strongly and differentially the speed and accuracy in the mirror-drawing. However, the principal purpose of this paper is to present a study in which a voluntary sample of 39 adults is described according to their speed and accuracy performance in tracing a star-shaped figure in two trials. Owing to this learning progress in both aspects can be evaluated. Our main findings do not agree with Fraisse's postulate of a hypothetical dimension between "speed-inaccuracy" and "slowness-accuracy" ends and our resultas rather suggest a "speed-accuracy" and "slowness-inaccuracy" continuum. It seems that a good performance involves the two requirements, and the subjects do not show preference for either of them. It also seems that the speed may be due to the situational factors and more influenced by learning, while the accuracy stems from the personality characteristics and can hardly be improved by a voluntary effort.

Female↗
PubMed1977

Dream mirrors.

The mirror is not so rare a dream element as has been thought; and its appearance may mark a critical point in an analysis. Intact mirrors with clear images are reported when the dreamer has made a creative integration of previously threatening material, while mirrors that are shattered or multiplied or without reflection are accompanied by evidence of terror and a lower level of psychological organization. Study of mirror dreams can further clarify the nature of the dream screen and the role of illusion in early interactions and development.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Adult acute leukemia: hand mirror cell variant.

Two patients with numerous hand mirror cells in the bone marrow were investigated by morphologic, cytochemical, immunohistochemical, flow cytometric, cytogenetic, and gene rearrangement analysis. Both demonstrated a mixed immunophenotype with expression of myeloid and T-lymphoid features. Interestingly, both strongly expressed CD2 (adhesion molecule) and CD7. Review of the literature uncovered additional cases of acute mixed leukemia--hand mirror variant with strong expression of CD2, CD7, and CDIIb, suggesting a unique subset. Under normal physiologic conditions lymphoid cells and monocytes assume a hand mirror configuration when adhesion molecules (i.e., CD2, CDIIb) are triggered by their corresponding ligands. Evidently not all acute leukemias with surface adhesion molecules form hand mirrors, which suggests an additional stimulatory event. The presence of adhesion molecules on these activated cells is important to homing, trafficking, spread of the malignant cells, clinical course, prognosis, and treatment. Therefore all HMC cases require detailed analysis to ensure accurate diagnosis. In-depth evaluation of such cases should give new insights into clinical presentation, prognosis, and treatment of these unusual cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The social biofeedback theory of parental affect-mirroring: the development of emotional self-awareness and self-control in infancy.

The authors present a new theory of parental affect-mirroring and its role in the development of emotional self-awareness and control in infancy. It is proposed that infants first become sensitised to their categorical emotion-states through a natural social biofeedback process provided by the parent's 'marked' reflections of the baby's emotion displays during affect-regulative interactions. They argue that this sensitisation process is mediated (similarly to that of adult biofeedback training) by the mechanism of contingency-detection and maximising. Apart from sensitisation, affect-mirroring serves three further developmental functions: (1) it contributes to the infant's state-regulation; (2) it leads to the establishment of secondary representations that become associated with the infant's primary procedural affect-states providing the cognitive means for accessing and attributing emotions to the self; (3) it results in the development of a generalised communicative code of "marked' expressions characterised by the representational functions of referential decoupling, anchoring and suspension of realistic consequences. They consider the clinical implications of our theory, relating it to current psychodynamic approaches to the functions of parental affect-mirroring. Using their model they identify various types of deviant mirroring styles and speculate about their developmental consequences. Finally, they discuss what role their social biofeedback model may play as a mediating mechanism in the therapeutic process.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Mirror-image optic nerve dysplasia with associated anisometropia in identical twins.

BACKGROUND: Monozygotic (MZ) or "identical" twins arise from a single fertilized egg, which divides into two embryos at an early stage of development. As a result, MZ twins have identical genomes and are always of the same sex. METHODS: A case of optic nerve hypoplasia and anisometropia, in association with mirror-image presentation in a set of 12-year-old identical twins, is reported. The monozygotic twinning event responsible for identical twins--as well as the rare phenomenon of mirror imaging--is described. RESULTS: The combined occurrence of anisometropia and optic nerve hypoplasia in mirror-image presentation in a set of monozygotic twins provides a unique opportunity to study the genetic versus environmental influences on the development of optic nerve hypoplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Although the cause of optic nerve hypoplasia remains unclear, its associated mirror-image presentation in this case suggests a possible genetic predisposition.

Anisometropia↗
PubMed1997

[A case of porencephaly with mirror movements: pathophysiological investigation by using long-latency long-loop reflex and dipole tracing method].

We report a 42-year-old left-handed woman with congenital right hemiparesis and bilateral mirror movements in the hands. She had a porencephaly of the left hemisphere and the brain MRI demonstrated cortical and subcortical defect of the left hemisphere from Brodmann's area 6 to 40 including the left motor cortex. By electrical stimulation of the left median nerve at the wrist, N20 of the somatosensory evoked potential was recorded in the right postcentral gyrus by using the dipole tracing method. Long-loop reflexes from the bilateral thenar muscles were recorded and their latencies were almost the same. The stimulation of the right median nerve did not evoke N20, nor long-loop reflex. These electrophysiological findings suggest that the reorganization of the motor system made the right motor cortex to innervate bilateral hands, and caused bilateral mirror movements. In other words, the mirror movements managed to relieve the paralysis of the right hand though the damage of the left motor cortex was present. In the previous literature we are able to find hypotheses regarding the mechanism of mirror movements in congenital hemiparesis. Here we discussed about the reorganization of the motor system in the damaged brain.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1997

[Bimanual mirror letter writing: a post-traumatic case].

Mirror writing is inverse writing that can only be read with the help of a mirror. It is generally associated with dominant hemisphere lesions and affects only one hand. We describe the case of a patient who, after cranial injury, developed bimanual mirror writing for letters but no other focal neurological symptom. The only abnormal complementary finding was a zone of left parieto-occipital hypoperfusion visibly by SPECT. No signs of psychological disorder were present to which the dysgraphia could be attributed. Symptoms disappeared after three months. We conclude that isolated bimanual mirror letter writing may be an expression of reversible parieto-occipital dysfunction of the dominant hemisphere.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The mirror transference in the psychoanalytic psychotherapy of alcoholism: a case report.

The development of a mirror transference in the successful outpatient psychoanalytic psychotherapy of an alcoholic patient is described in this paper. Important features of the case were a very severe initial period of resistance, a dramatic shift from a climate of bitterness and rancor to one of quiet and satisfaction that coincided with the establishment of the mirroring relationship, then recall of important genetic material, and finally, a period of many gains in the patient's contemporary relationships. Very few interpretations were given. The psychotherapy was chiefly an attempt to provide the object relationship that would be therapeutic, an archaic relationship of the grandiose self and the mirroring self-object. The theoretical work of Balint and Kohut was applied to this problem (with the alcoholic patient) and proved extremely helpful in predicting the major turning points in the psychotherapy and in guiding the strategy of the therapist. The principal difficulty not fully predicted was the extent and depth of the resistance to a positive transferace; once this resistance was overcome, the psychotherapy proceeded in a way similar to that generally described by Kohut with regard to patients who became involved in a mirror transference.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Non-mirror-symmetric patterns of callosal linkages in areas 17 and 18 in cat visual cortex.

In the cat, callosal connections in area 17 are largely confined to a 5-6-mm-wide strip at the 17/18 border. It is commonly thought that callosal fibers extending from between the 17/18 border regions interconnect loci that are mirror-symmetric with respect to the midline of the brain, but this idea has not been tested experimentally. The present study examined the organization of callosal linkages in the 17/18 border region of normal adult cats by analyzing the patterns of connections revealed in one hemisphere after small injections of different fluorescent tracers into the opposite 17/18 callosal region. The location of the injection sites within areas 17 and 18 was assessed by examining architectonic data and by inspecting the labeling pattern in the ipsilateral visual thalamus. Area 17 and 18 were separated by a 1-1.5-mm-wide zone of cytoarchitectonic transition rather than by a sharp border. The results show that, in general, callosal fibers interconnect loci that are not mirror-symmetric with respect to the midline. Thus, area 17 injections placed nearly 3 mm away from the 17/18 transition zone produced discrete labeled areas located preferentially within the contralateral 17/18 transition zone. However, when the injection site was within the 17/18 transition zone, labeled cells were found primarily medial and lateral to, but not within, the 17/18 transition zone in the contralateral hemisphere. Previous studies have indicated that the 17/18 transition zone contains a representation of a strip of the ipsilateral visual field. Comparison of the retinotopy of the 17/18 border region with the mirror-reversed pattern of callosal linkages found in the present study suggests that callosal fibers link points that are in retinotopic correspondence in both hemispheres.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Hand-mirror variant of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Evidence for early T-cell lineage in two cases by evaluation with monoclonal antibodies.

Lymphoid cells from two patients with hand-mirror variant of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were studied with various monoclonal antibodies in attempts to determine their derivation and differentiation. The predominant feature of the malignant bone marrow cells was strong reactivity with antibody 3A1, which stains the majority of normal T-cells and is apparently present on all T-ALL cells. In addition, a less intense binding was observed with antibody 4F2, which reacts with activated or rapidly dividing cells, and antibody 10.2, which reacts with all thymocytes and most peripheral T-cells. Most other antibodies with a wide variety of specificities were not reactive or, in the case of a few anti-T-cell antibodies showed, by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis only weak staining on some cells. Sequential bone marrow studies in one patient, before and during treatment with chemotherapy, revealed a reduction of 3A1-positive cells, concordant with a decrease of malignant cells in the marrow. When involved lymph nodes, peripheral blood, or marrow were studied, similar reactivity patterns were found in all locations. The data obtained suggest that in both patients with hand-mirror variant of ALL, the malignant lymphoid cells were immature cells of early T-lymphocyte lineage. The relation of phenotype by monoclonal antibody analysis to hand-mirror morphologic type and biologic function is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A neurophysiological study of mirror movements in adults and children.

The mechanism underlying mirrored activity/movements in normal individuals is unknown. To investigate this, we studied 11 adults and 39 children who performed sequential finger-thumb opposition or repetitive index finger abduction. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded from the left and right first dorsal interosseous muscles (1DI) during unilateral sequential finger-thumb opposition (voluntarily activated muscle, 1DIvol) showed mirrored EMG activity (homologous muscle of the opposite hand, 1DImm) that decreased with increasing age. The time of onset of involuntary compared with voluntary EMG activity was variable but could start at the same time. A significant increase in E2 (transcortical component) size of the cutaneomuscular reflex recorded from the 1DImm indicated increased excitability of the motor cortex ipsilateral to the 1DIvol during active index finger abduction compared with the 1DIvol relaxed. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, using the Bistim technique, indicated that the transcallosal inhibitory pathway in children may not operate in the same way as in the adult. Cross-correlation analysis did not detect shared synaptic input to motoneuron pools innervating homologous left and right hand muscles. We conclude that the mirrored movements/activity observed in healthy adults and children are produced by simultaneous activation of crossed corticospinal pathways originating from both left and right motor cortices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia--hand mirror cell variant: a detailed cytological and ultrastructural study with an analysis of the immunologic surface markers.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was observed in a 22-year-old white female patient and was manifested by normal palelet counts, 50--60% hand mirror cells (HMC) in the bone marrow, and prolonged survival without treatment. The characteristic neoplastic cell had a nucleus within the "mirror" portion and a cytoplasmic uropod forming the "handle" portion. The presence of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity suggested that the cell was a T cell lymphoblast. However, extensive immunologic surface marker studies indicated the cells were non-T, non-B. Terminal transferase activity further supported the lymphoid nature of the cell. The hand mirrow cells were considered a real phenomenon since they were demonstrated on phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The cells did not grow in tissue culture and cytogenetics revealed a normal female karyotype. From the above observations, the HMC is a lymphoblast with morphological, cytochemical, and immunological features which may differentiate it from the usual cell in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Therefore, cases involving increased numbers of hand mirror cells in the bone marrow and acute lymphoblastic leukemia require further investigation to elucidate the full importance of this cell. This study represents the first attempt to investigate this cell in detail.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2003

Selection of D-amino-acid peptides that bind to Alzheimer's disease amyloid peptide abeta1-42 by mirror image phage display.

A mirror image phage display approach was used to identify novel and highly specific ligands for Alzheimer's disease amyloid peptide Abeta(1-42). A randomized 12-mer peptide library presented on M13 phages was screened for peptides with binding affinity for the mirror image of Abeta(1-42). After four rounds of selection and amplification the peptides were enriched with a dominating consensus sequence. The mirror image of the most representative peptide (D-pep) was shown to bind Abeta(1-42) with a dissociation constant in the submicromolar range. Furthermore, in brain tissue sections derived from patients that suffered from Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques and leptomeningeal vessels containing Abeta amyloid were stained specifically with a fluorescence-labeled derivative of D-pep. Fibrillar deposits derived from other amyloidosis were not labeled by D-pep. Possible applications of this novel and highly specific Abeta ligand in diagnosis and therapy of Alzheimer's disease are discussed.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2006

Biomolecular mirror-image recognition: reciprocal chiral-specific DNA binding of synthetic enantiomers of zinc finger domain from GAGA factor.

To experimentally demonstrate the mirror-image recognition in protein and DNA interaction, we have designed a small DNA-binding peptide based on the zinc-finger domain of GAGA transcription factor. Circular dichroism data suggest that the conformations of peptide enantiomers as well as the DNA enantiomers have a mirror-image relationship. The gel mobility shift assay showed that the synthetic enantiomers of the peptide showed reciprocal chiral-specific interactions with the DNA; the natural L-peptide binds specifically with the natural D-DNA substrate, and the unnatural D-peptide binds specifically with the unnatural L-DNA substrate. The present data imply that the folding of the L- and D-enantiomers of the peptide as well as the DNA substrates are exact mirror images of each other in 3-D structure and biological activity, and generalize the chiral-specific nature of biomolecular interaction.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Body image treatment within an inpatient program for anorexia nervosa: the role of mirror exposure in the desensitization process.

OBJECTIVE: This pilot study examined the role of mirror confrontation in the desensitization process of a body image treatment within an inpatient program for anorexia nervosa. METHOD: A within-subjects design was used. It compared the impact of two modes of group body image treatment on body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and avoidance behaviors. Both treatments followed a set format of exposure exercises and homework, but the modified treatment also included mirror confrontation as an exposure exercise. RESULTS: Standard treatment did not produce any significant changes. Modified treatment produced a significant and sustained improvement in body dissatisfaction and a significant reduction in body anxiety and avoidance behaviors. DISCUSSION: Mirror confrontation is a more effective form of exposure because of the strong emotional response it elicits. Patients' pronounced emotional response to this exercise allowed easier identification of the affective and behavioral components of body dissatisfaction and more cogent links into a developmental body image timeline.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Mirror-image artifact mimicking epidural hematoma: usefulness of power Doppler sonography.

During sonographic examination, a mirror-like interface can scatter the ultrasound beam, producing mirror-image artifacts. We describe a case of bilateral parietal cephalhematoma in the parietal region of a 2-day-old neonate that mimicked bilateral epidural hematoma on routine sonographic examination. Forceps had been used during delivery, and the neonate had been experiencing episodes of apnea since birth. Gray-scale coronal sonograms showed anechoic structures resembling epidural hematomas in the left and right parietal regions. However, color and power Doppler sonography showed normal vascular findings, thus permitting identification of the mirror-image artifact.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1994

An 1H NMR determination of the three-dimensional structures of mirror-image forms of a Leu-5 variant of the trypsin inhibitor from Ecballium elaterium (EETI-II).

The 3-dimensional structures of mirror-image forms of a Leu-5 variant of the trypsin inhibitor Ecballium elaterium (EETI-II) have been determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy and simulated annealing calculations incorporating NOE-derived distance constraints. Spectra were assigned using 2-dimensional NMR methods at 400 MHz, and internuclear distances were determined from NOESY experiments. Three-bond spin-spin couplings between C alpha H and amide protons, amide exchange rates, and the temperature dependence of amide chemical shifts were also measured. The structure consists largely of loops and turns, with a short region of beta-sheet. The Leu-5 substitution produces a substantial reduction in affinity for trypsin relative to native EETI-II, which contains an Ile at this position. The global structure of the Leu-5 analogue studied here is similar to that reported for native EETI-II (Heitz A, Chiche L, Le-Nguyen D, Castro B, 1989, Biochemistry 28:2392-2398) and to X-ray and NMR structures of the related proteinase inhibitor CMTI-I (Bode W et al., 1989, FEBS Lett 242:285-292; Holak TA et al., 1989a, J Mol Biol 210:649-654; Holak TA, Gondol D, Otlewski J, Wilusz T, 1989b, J Mol Biol 210:635-648; Holak TA, Habazettl J, Oschkinat H, Otlewski J, 1991, J Am Chem Soc 113:3196-3198). The region near the scissile bond is the most disordered part of the structure, based on geometric superimposition of 40 calculated structures. This disorder most likely reflects additional motion being present in this region relative to the rest of the protein. This motional disorder is increased in the Leu-5 analogue relative to the native form and may be responsible for its reduced trypsin binding. A second form of the protein synthesized with all (D) amino acids was also studied by NMR and found to have a spectrum identical with that of the (L) form. This is consistent with the (D) form being a mirror image of the (L) form and not distinguishable by NMR in an achiral solvent (i.e., H2O). The (D) form has no activity against trypsin, as would be expected for a mirror-image form.

Amino Acid Sequence↗