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PubMed1982

Immediate and delayed reinforcement on WISC-R performance for mentally retarded students.

Thirty white mentally retarded children were administered the WISC-R under one of three conditions: standardized testing conditions, standardized plus immediate reinforcement, standardized plus delayed reinforcement. One reinforcement group earned tokens immediately after each correct response and the other reinforcement group received their earned tokens halfway through and at the end of the IQ test. Both reinforcement groups exchanged their tokens for a variety of backup reinforcers at the halfway point and at the end of the test. Both the immediate and delayed reinforcement groups showed significantly better performance than the standardized testing group, although the two reinforcement groups did not differ from one another. Half of the children in each of the groups that earned tokens scored above the mentally impaired range while only one child in the standardized testing group scored above the mentally impaired level. Implications for the use of intelligence tests for mentally retarded students are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Effects of fluoxetine on aggressive behavior of adult inpatients with mental retardation and epilepsy.

Nineteen mentally retarded inpatients with epilepsy and a history of current or recent aggressive behavior were treated with 20 mg of fluoxetine daily. All were concurrently taking other psychotropic medications, including carbamazepine and neuroleptics. A standardized rating scale (MOAS) was used to assess the effects of fluoxetine on aggressive behavior. There were wide individual differences in drug response. In nine patients, fluoxetine treatment was associated with increased aggression, while drug withdrawal led to a decrease to below pretreatment levels. Two hypotheses concerning the apparent association between fluoxetine and increased aggression are discussed: 1) adverse effects secondary to either drug interaction or fluoxetine overmedication; and 2) a specific serotonergically mediated effect on the regulation of aggression. This study suggests that the clinician who treats mentally retarded patients with impulsive aggressive behavior should remain aware that fluoxetine may have diverse effects on aggression that vary over time and interindividually.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Group home designs for initiating community-based treatment with mentally retarded adolescent offenders.

Increasingly, mentally retarded adolescent offenders are being diverted into community-based residential treatment. Thus, many of these aggressive youths, who would previously have been institutionalized are now diverted into available group home settings. Implementing restrictive aspects of treatment regimens with this population frequently evokes intense escape/avoidance behaviors which cannot be controlled at those open sites. As a result, in traditional group homes these adolescents readily avoid therapy, run away recurrently, and thus pose serious risks to themselves and the community. The authors describe two secure group home designs which seem to promote consistent treatment of this difficult population, while protecting the local community. Preliminary evidence is presented indicating that these specially designed environments are essential adjuncts to the initial phase of treatment of mentally retarded adolescent offenders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Patterns of leisure activities of young adults with mild mental retardation.

Leisure activities were examined for young adults with mild mental retardation. Some had disappeared from mental retardation services after leaving school; others were in adult day services. Peers without mental retardation (comparison subjects) were also included. Various leisure activities were combined using cluster analysis. Some adults with mental retardation and some comparison subjects were found in each of the 13 clusters obtained but proportions varied. Leisure patterns were strongly influenced by gender and marital status as well as mental retardation, except for one cluster, Socially Isolated, Impoverished, where there were more adults with mental retardation, irrespective of gender and marital status.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Visual acuity testing with preferential looking in mental retardation.

Twenty-six mentally retarded children and young adults, most of them with severe neurological deficits, in the age range 5-24 years, were examined ophthalmologically, and their binocular visual acuities were tested with 'operant preferential looking' according to the technique of Mayer & Dobson (1980). Five of the subjects did not co-operate sufficiently for visual testing, although 3 had no ocular abnormalities that would affect binocular acuity. The visual acuity levels determined with 'preferential looking' ranged from 1.29 to 0.03 in the 21 subjects that could be tested. Two children with high myopia showed substantial increase in acuity with appropriate correction (from 0.1 to 1.06 in one child and from 0.05 to 0.31 in the other). Inability to fixate light or objects was found in subjects, who at acuity testing showed values of 0.15 or less. In patients with suspected or definite optic atrophy, visual acuities 0.28 or less were obtained. In general there was a good correlation between ophthalmological abnormalities (in fixation, pupil reactions to light, ocular motility, fundus appearance and refraction) and poor visual acuity. It is therefore concluded that visual acuity testing with 'preferential looking' techniques can give valid information on central visual function in mentally retarded children and young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Anthropology and mental retardation: research approaches and opportunities.

Although mental retardation is largely a sociocultural phenomenon, anthropological interest in this field has been slow to develop. In recent years, anthropological concepts and methods have been used in study of the community adaptation of mentally retarded persons and societal reactions to them. As an illustration, research developments at the Mental Retardation Research Center, UCLA, are discussed. The need for expanded, collaborative research by social and biomedical scientists is examined. The research puzzles include the links between poverty, ethnicity, schools, families and mental retardation, as well as the nature of intelligence and adaptation.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2001

Molecular genetics of X-linked mental retardation: a complex picture emerging.

Mental retardation or intellectual disability is a heterogeneous group of disorders of the human brain affecting 2-3% of the general population. It is becoming evident that a large proportion of mental retardation is genetically determined, which means that it can be molecularly defined and thus precisely diagnosed. Building knowledge and understanding about molecular processes leading to 'malfunction of human brain' will clearly bring benefits to patient management, disease prevention and ultimately disease treatment and will also assist in tackling much harder questions of the molecular basis of human cognitive ability. In this review the current knowledge of the molecular genetics of X-chromosome-linked mental retardation and its nonspecific forms in particular is discussed, together with limitations affecting diagnosis and likely new approaches that need to be implemented.

Genotype↗
PubMed2007

Mutations in autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) in patients with mental retardation.

We report on three unrelated mentally disabled patients, each carrying a de novo balanced translocation that truncates the autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) gene at 7q11.2. One of our patients shows relatively mild mental retardation; the other two display more profound disorders. One patient is also physically disabled, exhibiting urogenital and limb malformations in addition to severe mental retardation. The function of AUTS2 is presently unknown, but it has been shown to be disrupted in monozygotic twins with autism and mental retardation, both carrying a translocation t(7;20)(q11.2;p11.2) (de la Barra et al. in Rev Chil Pediatr 57:549-554, 1986; Sultana et al. in Genomics 80:129-134, 2002). Given the overlap of this autism/mental retardation (MR) phenotype and the MR-associated disorders in our patients, together with the fact that mapping of the additional autosomal breakpoints involved did not disclose obvious candidate disease genes, we ascertain with this study that AUTS2 mutations are clearly linked to autosomal dominant mental retardation.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1995

Developmental differences in the symptomatology of psychiatric inpatients with and without mild mental retardation.

The symptomatology of psychiatric inpatients with mild mental retardation was compared with that of a matched sample of inpatients without mental retardation. An integration of the developmental position on mental retardation with the developmental approach to adult psychopathology generated the hypotheses that, compared to patients without mental retardation, patients with mild mental retardation would display (a) more symptoms indicative of turning against others and fewer symptoms indicative of turning against the self, (b) more symptoms involving expression in action rather than thought, and (c) psychotic symptom pictures that more frequently involve hallucinations without delusions and infrequently involve delusions alone. All hypotheses were confirmed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

On the definition and classification of mental retardation.

A classification system of mental retardation was proposed based on etiology and IQs at least 2 SDs below the population mean. Social competence and performance capabilities of individuals with subaverage IQs were removed from definitional status and given prominence as correlates of class membership. The reliance on IQs to define mental retardation was predicated on the view that the behavioral sciences currently have no better measure of intellectual functioning, although promising efforts continue. The proclivity to avoid using the label "mentally retarded" was seen as ill-conducive to the betterment of knowledge in the field and detrimental to unlabeled individuals who are denied access to beneficial services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Phonemic support in comprehension: comparisons between children with and without mild mental retardation.

Whether children with and without mild mental retardation matched on word recognition skills rely similarly on phonemic processes during comprehension was examined. In a word memory task, children with mental retardation showed no decrement in performance with phonemically similar word lists, whereas children without mental retardation recalled fewer words from lists containing phonemically similar words. In a listening comprehension task, both groups evidenced similar decreases in accuracy when sentences contained phonemically similar words. In a reading comprehension task, although neither group evidenced effects of phonemic similarity, children with mental retardation read more slowly overall. Results suggest that ineffective use of phonemic coding in working memory may contribute to comprehension difficulties of children with mental retardation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Attention and attentional shift efficiency in individuals with and without mental retardation.

Adults with and without mental retardation and equal-MA children were presented with a modified Stroop paradigm to assess both attention and attentional shift efficiency. The lateralized presentation of Stroop color words, neutral words, and the subject's usual first name (Stroop/name trials) revealed that although the adults with mental retardation and the equal-MA subjects were comparable in terms of correct response latencies for the Stroop and the name trials, the former were significantly less accurate relative to the equal-MA subjects and adults without mental retardation. The random placement of low frequency name trials among the Stroop trials permitted the assessment of the subject's ability to shift attention. The lack of a greater left hemisphere interference across groups for the Stroop/name trials was not consistent with the left hemisphere advantage obtained for the reading trials. This finding was discussed in relation to the right hemisphere's involvement in tasks requiring attention.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Mutations in the ZNF41 gene are associated with cognitive deficits: identification of a new candidate for X-linked mental retardation.

Nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation (MRX) is defined by an X-linked inheritance pattern of low IQ, problems with adaptive behavior, and the absence of additional specific clinical features. The 13 MRX genes identified to date account for less than one-fifth of all MRX, suggesting that numerous gene defects cause the disorder in other families. In a female patient with severe nonsyndromic mental retardation and a de novo balanced translocation t(X;7)(p11.3;q11.21), we have cloned the DNA fragment that contains the X-chromosomal and the autosomal breakpoint. In silico sequence analysis provided no indication of a causative role for the chromosome 7 breakpoint in mental retardation (MR), whereas, on the X chromosome, a zinc-finger gene, ZNF41, was found to be disrupted. Expression studies indicated that ZNF41 transcripts are absent in the patient cell line, suggesting that the mental disorder in this patient results from loss of functional ZNF41. Moreover, screening of a panel of patients with MRX led to the identification of two other ZNF41 mutations that were not found in healthy control individuals. A proline-to-leucine amino acid exchange is present in affected members of one family with MRX. A second family carries an intronic splice-site mutation that results in loss of specific ZNF41 splice variants. Wild-type ZNF41 contains a highly conserved transcriptional repressor domain that is linked to mechanisms of chromatin remodeling, a process that is defective in various other forms of MR. Our results suggest that ZNF41 is critical for cognitive development; further studies aim to elucidate the specific mechanisms by which ZNF41 alterations lead to MR.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Study on etiological factors on mental retardation in Kathmandu.

The study of etiological factors on mental retardation was conducted at family counselling and resource school of Association of Welfare of Menta+lly Retarded (AWMR), Hattisar, Kathmandu. A total of 91 mental retarded cases were studied in the year 2000 and 2001 for etiological factors. The present study shows significant relationship of mental retardation and age in both the year. The higher rate of mental retardation in the 0 to 5 years age group in both the year. About 70.0% with mental retardation (MR) are first born babies in both the year. Majority of the families have unfavourable attitude towards the mentally retarded individual.

Attitude↗
PubMed2006

Gitelman's syndrome with mental retardation.

A 56-year-old mentally retarded Japanese woman (intelligence quotient: 49) was admitted to our hospital with the chief complaints of headache, dizziness, vomiting, and lower limb paralysis. Laboratory tests showed severe hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalciuria. These findings suggested a diagnosis of Gitelman's syndrome (GS). We examined the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (TSC) gene for the mutations that can be responsible for Gitelman's syndrome, and confirmed the diagnosis. After potassium and magnesium supplementation, her paralysis improved dramatically. The marriage of her parents was consanguineous. She had nine siblings (all with mental retardation), among whom five had died of unknown causes during childhood. Familial mental retardation has never been detected before in Gitelman's syndrome. Here we report a rare case of Gitelman's syndrome with familial mental retardation.

Alkalosis↗
PubMed1991

[The mentally retarded dental patients. Who are they?].

More than 30,000 Norwegians are mentally retarded and about 50% of them are severely retarded and often multihandicapped. Before 1975 the majority of the severely retarded resided in large institutions. New legislation has led to an increasing emphasis on decentralization and integration in local communities. Mental retardation is caused by prenatal brain damage in 90% of the cases. Chromosomal aberrations like Down and Fragile-X syndromes are the most common causes. A high proportion of individuals with autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and sensory defects are mentally retarded, and the most common additional diagnoses in mental retardation are speech defects, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, congenital heart disease, sight and hearing impairment and hydrocephalus. Almost 1/3 of the mentally retarded adults have developed psychiatric disturbances. Families with mentally retarded children are affected emotionally, socially and economically, and the burden increases as the mentally retarded individual grows older.

Dental Care for Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of depression in mentally retarded adolescents.

The performance of 25 mentally retarded and 25 normal IQ adolescents was investigated on self-report and informant versions of three childhood depression measures. These measures included the Children's Depression Inventory, the Bellevue Index of Depression, and the Reynolds Child Depression Scale. Adolescents with mild to severe levels of mental retardation were studied. Strong correlations between total scores of measures were found. Analyses of variance comparing mentally retarded and intellectually average adolescents differed significantly only on the Bellevue Index of Depression. Finally, the relationship between self-report and informant versions of these measures were correlated, with mixed results. Implications for the use of these scales in assessing depression of mentally retarded adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Emotion specificity in mental retardation.

The emotion-specificity hypothesis states that mental retardation is associated with deficits in decoding facially expressed emotions that cannot be fully accounted for by MA. Research has demonstrated repeatedly that subjects with mental retardation do not perform as well on emotion recognition tasks as do control subjects but not whether those performance deficits are specific to affective cues. The emotion-specificity hypothesis was tested further with three groups of 16 subjects: adults with mild to moderate mental retardation, similar age adults without mental retardation, and children without mental retardation matched for mental age (MA). Subjects completed the Facial Discrimination Task, which has two subtasks consisting of 40 monochrome facial photographs, and rated stimuli on scales ranging from happy to sad or from young to old. Results supported the emotion-specificity hypothesis: The retarded group was significantly less accurate on the emotion task than were both control groups. On the age task the retarded adult group and nonretarded child group were less accurate than the adult control group.

Adult↗