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PubMed1996

Streptobacillus moniliformis infection in Swiss white mice.

An epizootic of disease attributed to infection with Streptobacillus moniliformis occurred in a colony of Swiss white mice. The mortality rate among the 180 breeding females in the 6 affected pens was 100%, and most of the sucking young died from starvation. Acute septicemia, subacute septicemia, and polyarthritis were the 3 forms of disease observed. Clinically, septicemic mice either were found dead or were depressed and hunched for 1-2 days prior to death. About a half of these mice had brown skin crusts overlying the mammae. Pathologic findings in cases of acute septicemia were few; in mice with subacute septicemia, there was acute, multifocal, suppurative, embolic interstitial nephritis, and the arthritic form was characterized by many subcutaneous and periarticular abscesses. Severe, acute, diffuse neutrophilic dermatitis was responsible for the brown skin crusts. The S. moniliformis isolate conformed morphologically and physiologically to classical descriptions of the organism. The infection may have gained entry to the colony via wild rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Logistics of referral, diagnostic assessment and treatment of patients with breast symptoms and signs.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The logistics of diagnosis and treatment in a hospital with slightly above 400 new cases of breast cancer per year is analysed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patient flow from referral, through the diagnostic procedures and through surgical treatment is described. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The basic principle of the diagnostic assessment is the triple diagnostic procedure including mammography supplemented by ultrasonography, fine needle aspiration cytology and clinical examination. The radiologist and pathologist are working together in the breast diagnostic centre and are thus able to give a "single visit diagnosis" in most cases. The surgeon sees the patient either the same day or the next. A "consensus meeting" held each week with representatives for all specialities present has an important function in quality assurance and education. If one or more of the triple diagnostic components reach conclusion level "suspicious lesion", surgery is indicated. In hospital management is based on day surgery for all biopsies, wide excisions with or without sentinel node and some ablatio simplex mammae. For wide excision and ablation with complete axillary node clearance, the patients are transferred from the day surgery unit to a patient hotel after 3-4 hours of observation and stay till the drain can be removed. Only in rare case of high cardiopulmonary risk, beds in ordinary wards are used. This is a highly cost efficient logistic saving the hospital approximately 400,000 EUR a year compared to ordinary in hospital treatment.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of a strict protocol approach in managing women with severe disease due to hypertension in pregnancy: a before and after study.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate whether the introduction of a strict protocol based on the systemic evaluation of critically ill pregnant women with complications of hypertension affected the outcome of those women. METHOD STUDY GROUP: Indigent South African women managed in the tertiary hospitals of the Pretoria Academic Complex. Since 1997 a standard definition of women with severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM), also referred to as a Nearmiss, has been used in the Pretoria Academic Complex. All cases of SAMM and maternal deaths (MD) were entered on the Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Audit System programme (MaMMAS). A comparison of outcome of severely ill women who had complications of hypertension in pregnancy was performed between 1997-1998 (original protocol) and 2002-2003 (strict protocol). Data include women referred from outside the Pretoria Academic Complex area to the tertiary hospitals. RESULTS: Between 1997-1998 there were 79 women with SAMM and 18 maternal deaths due to complications of hypertension, compared with 91 women with SAMM and 13 maternal deaths in 2002-2003. The mortality index (MI) declined from 18.6% to 12.5% (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.27-1.45). Statistically significant fewer women had renal failure (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21-0.66) and cerebral complications (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.34-0.81) during the second period, and liver dysfunction (RR 0.27 95% CI 0.06-1.25) tended to be lower. However, there tended to be an increase in the number of women, who had immune system failure (RR 4.2 95% CI 0.93-18.94) and respiratory failure (RR 1.42 95% CI 0.88-2.29) although it did not reach significance. Cardiac failure remained constant (RR 0.84 95% CI 0.54-1.30). CONCLUSION: The strict protocol approach based on the systemic evaluation of severely ill pregnant women with complications of hypertension and an intensive, regular feedback mechanism has been associated with a reduction in the number of patients with renal failure and cerebral compromise.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cytostatic activity of aeroplysinin-1 against lymphoma and epithelioma cells.

(+/-)-Aeroplysinin-1, an optically active 1,2-dihydroarene-1,2-diol, was isolated from the marine sponges Verongia aerophoba (+-isomer) and Ianthella ardis (- -isomer). For the experiments presented we used the +-isomer from Verongia aerophoba. Here we describe the hitherto unknown biological and pharmacological property of this compound to display pronounced anticancer activity against L5178y mouse lymphoma cells (ED50: 0.5 microM). Friend erythroleukemia cells (ED50: 0.7 microM), human mamma carcinoma cells (ED50: 0.3 microM) and human colon carcinoma cells (ED50: 3.0 microM) in vitro. Furthermore, aeroplysinin caused a preferential inhibition of [3H]thymidine (dThd) incorporation rates in L5178y mouse lymphoma cells if compared with murine spleen lymphocytes in vitro. At concentrations between 1.1 and 28.5 microM, the [3H]dThd incorporation rates in L5178y cells were suppressed to 28%-0% but only to 78%-18% in murine spleen lymphocytes. The same differential effect in vitro was found with the following epithelial cells: 14.70 microM of the compound were required to inhibit normal human fibroblasts to 50%, but only 2.9 microM in the assays with human malign keratinocytes or malignant melanoma cells to observe the same inhibitory effect. Moreover, aeroplysinin-1 displayed antileukemic activity in vivo using the L5178y cell/NMRI mouse system; administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg for five consecutive days, the T/C (%) value was determined to be 338. Preliminary toxicology studies revealed an acute LD50 of 202 mg/kg and a subacute LD50 of 150 mg/kg. Aeroplysinin-1 is neither a direct mutagen nor a premutagen in the umu/Salmonella typhimurium test system.

Acetonitriles↗

PubMed2005

A two-generation reproductive toxicity study of dicyclohexyl phthalate in rats.

The reproductive toxicity of dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) was evaluated in a two generation test in which male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of parental (F0) and F1 generation were exposed to DCHP in the diet at concentrations of 0 (control), 240, 1200 or 6000 ppm. With regard to the effects on the F0 and F1 parental animals, changes included inhibition of body weight gain and food consumption, diffuse hypertrophy of hepatocytes, and hypertrophy of thyroidal follicular epithelial cells at the doses of 1200 ppm and 6000 ppm. The following changes were observed in the 6000 ppm group: increase weights of the liver and thyroid, increased hyaline droplets in the renal proximal tubular epithelium (F0 and F1 males), reduction of prostatic weight (F1 males), and diffuse and/or focal atrophy of testicular seminiferous tubules (F1 males). In addition, slight prolongation of the estrous cycle was noted in the F0 females of the 6000 ppm group, along with reduced spermatid head counts in the testes (homogenation-resistant spermatids) in F1 male receiving doses of 1200 ppm or 6000 ppm. It is thought that the prolonged estrous cycle was secondary to the suppression of body weight gain. There were no test substance related changes in clinical signs and reproductive capability (mating, fertility, gestation and birth index), or in data for the delivery and lactational periods, or serum hormone levels. With regard to effects on the offspring, inhibition of body weight gain was found in the F1 and F2 6000 ppm, and decrease of anogenital distance (AGD) and appearance of areola mammae were observed in the F1 male 6000 ppm and F2 male receiving doses of 1200 ppm or 6000 ppm. No effects of DCHP treatment on the offspring were observed on results of clinical signs, the number of the pups delivered, sex ratio, viability, physical development, reflex and response tests, external abnormalities, organ weights, or necropsy findings. From the present study of DCHP administered to rats over two-generations, the no observed effect level (NOEL) for effects on the parental animals including the endocrine system, is considered to be 240 ppm. With regard to the reproductive toxicological effects on the parental animals, the NOEL is 240 ppm for males and 1200 ppm for females. For offspring, the NOEL values are concluded to be 240 ppm for males and 1200 ppm for females.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1991

Caffeine administered during pregnancy augments subsequent lactation in mice.

Mice were administered caffeine (500 mg/liter of drinking water) from d 1 until d 18 of pregnancy. Before and after receiving caffeine, mice were given distilled water for drinking, as were controls. Litter size, birth weight, and offspring survival were not affected by caffeine, but litter weight on d 15 of lactation was increased by caffeine 84.0 +/- 3.1 g (n = 8) in controls vs 98.3 +/- 3.7 g (n = 7) in caffeine-treated mice (P less than .05). Mammary gland cell number, measured by the DNA content of mammae, was increased by giving caffeine during pregnancy (P less than .05). On d 18 of pregnancy, mammary DNA was .47 +/- .07 mg (n = 6) in controls vs .71 +/- .11 mg (n = 6) in caffeine-treated mice. On d 15 of lactation, mammary DNA was .96 +/- .12 mg (n = 8) in control vs 1.26 +/- .11 mg (n = 7) in caffeine-treated mice. RNA increased (P less than .05) parallel to DNA. In additional experiments, litters were cross-fostered and standardized to eight pups per litter. Mice were bred and caffeine was administered as described previously. At birth, eight pups from mice treated with caffeine or as controls during the preceding pregnancy were fostered to a control or caffeine-treated mother. In these experiments, litter weight on d 15 of lactation was 82 g for control litters nursing control mothers, 84 g for caffeine litters nursing control mothers, 96 g for control litters nursing caffeine mothers, and 99 g for caffeine litters nursing caffeine mothers (n = 7 per groups, pooled SE = +/- 3.4 g).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Estrogen and progesterone augment growth responsiveness of mammary tissue to cholera toxin.

Second (thoracic) mammary glands of endocrine intact mice were removed intact and incubated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented with insulin, aldosterone, and cholera toxin. Insulin and aldosterone resulted in relatively little mammary development. However, insulin, aldosterone, and cholera toxin substantially increased mammary development, as assessed by development scores and DNA after 6 d of culture. Ovariectomy abolished the ability of cholera toxin to augment mammary development in vitro. Estradiol and progesterone injections for 3 d partly restored responsiveness of mammary tissue to cholera toxin, whereas responsiveness was greater after 6 d of injection than in endocrine-intact mice. Additionally, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (kinase A) activity of fourth (inguinal) mammae was increased after as little as 3 d of estradiol and progesterone treatment. Cholera toxin induced phosphorylation of at least one protein was also increased by estradiol and progesterone. Because cholera toxin is a potent activator of adenylate cyclase, these findings suggest that estradiol and progesterone interact with cyclic AMP active agents to promote mammary development. This interaction may be mediated, at least in part, by increased kinase A activity and increased kinase A substrate availability.

Aldosterone↗

PubMed1998

[Oncoplastic variations in surgical treatment of pT2 breast carcinoma].

UNLABELLED: We retrospectively reviewed 156 cases with pT2-breast cancer (tumorsize 2-5 cm) who where treated between 1.1.1993 and 1.10.1997 our hospital. We evaluated in how many cases and with the usage of which techniques we where able to perform breast-conserving surgery. With this tumor size we almost exclusively used oncoplastic mammoplasties and flaptechniques which where shaped individually depending on the modality of tumorspread, the size of the breast and the personal wishes of the patient. With this method of altering the treatment according to the needs of the individual depending on the tumor size and tumor location and including adjuvant therapies as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, we where able to save the breast in 106 (67.9%) of all patients with pT2-tumors. CONCLUSION: At our hospital we are able to offer many of the patients with pT2-breast cancer, who are usually still often treated with ablation of the mamma, breast-conserving procedures. We do this with the help of individualized patient-orientated and tumor-adaptive treatment plans and linked with the departments of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed1999

[Post-therapeutic lymphedema of the arm--possibilities and limits of diagnosis and therapy].

The post-therapeutical secondary arm lymphedema is the most frequent complication after a curatively treated cancer of mamma. For the diagnosis and therapy the knowledge of physiology and pathophysiology of lymphedema and of specific anatomy are necessary. The diagnosis facilities are essentially limited to a basic diagnosis (anamnesis, inspection, palpation, sonography, functional-diagnosis). Specific apparative diagnostics like lab, sonography, CT, MRI and PTE have to be applied especially at an early stage of the secondary arm lymphedema for the differential diagnosis between the secondary malign and secondary benign arm lymphedema. Specific apparative examinations like lymphscintigraphy and lymphography are limited and solely indicated for special questions. As a therapy possibility of the secondary arm-lymph edema, a conservative therapy, that is, the complex two-stage-decongestive physiotherapy (CDP) is recommended as first choice. Surgical therapies such as autologous lympho-lymphostatic anastomoses and lymphovenous anastomoses are only recommended in selected individual cases. The secondary malignant arm lymphedema must be primarily treated oncologically; lymphological therapy measures have to be postponed. Diagnosis and therapy are limited through lymphological incompetence and insufficient patient compliance. In this respect the provision of financial resources through National Health policy ist regarded as utterly important.

Arm↗

PubMed1978

[Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in patients with malignant diseases: frequency of occurrence and immunological characterization (author's transl)].

We report about the occurrence and importance of antinuclear antibodies in patients with malignant diseases. - We analyzed 110 sera of patients with tumors and found in 42% ANA. In contrast a corresponding control group contained ANA in 1.8%. - Patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and those of the digestive tract possessed ANA in a comparable percentage of 36 and 39, respectively. - Sera of patients with mamma- and uteruscarcinoma contained ANA in nearly 50%. - A connection between the type of the tumor and occurrence of ANA can be assumed. - Antibodies were directed against different antigens of the nucleus, often simultaneously occurring. Antibodies which we have detected, belong to different classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA). In most cases we found a combination of antibodies. In 51% of positive cases antibodies were able to fix complement.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[Synthesis of tumor affinity label Yb-169- and Y-90- porphyrin complexes and animal experimental investigations with various Yb-169-porphyrins].

AIM: It should be shown, that it is possible to insert radioactive isotopes of Yb and Y into some selected porphyrins. Besides, first informations about the biodistribution of Yb-169-por-phyrin-complexes should be obtained. METHODS: Carrier added radioactive isotopes were used for the synthesis of the metal porphyrin complexes. The animal experiments were done with mamma carcinoma bearing mice. The activity of the organs was determined 5 and 24 h after i.v. injection in a well counter. RESULTS: Four Yb-169-porphyrin complexes and Y-90-porphyrin complexes could be synthesized in non-carrier-free form. This was verified by absorption spectra, TLC and HPLC. Depending on the complex, the average tumour/background ratios were between 2 and 20. CONCLUSION: The synthesized radioactive metal-porphyrin complexes showed a clear tumour-affinity which could be used for tumour scintigraphy or perhaps therapy if the synthesis is improved (goal: reduction of carrier, other radionuclides).

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Fluorescence methods for studying cell damage].

We have been studying some properties of the new generation photosensitizers--phthalocyanines. The influence of the certain phthalocyanine concentrations at combination with laser irradiation doses (semiconductor laser, lambda = 670 nm, P = 50 mW) have been studied by in vitro fluorescent methods. Cytotoxicity assay LIVE/DEAD for fluorescence microscopy and measurements of cells viability with multi-well plate scanner was used. The optimal phototoxic effect on MCF7--mamma carcinoma cells was observed 8 micrograms/ml ZnPcS2, 10 micrograms/ml ClAlPcS2 in combination with laser irradiation 50 J/cm2 and 100 J/cm2 respectively. This concentration and dose killed MCF7 carcinoma cells.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed2000

[Rehabilitation of women with breast cancer].

BACKGROUND: Previous studies on effects of rehabilitation programmes for women with breast cancer are rare, but promising. This study aimed to examine the physical and psychological conditions for these patients before and after a rehabilitation programme at Red Cross Haugland Rehabilitation Centre in Norway. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Included in the study were a total of 50 women, aged 31-66 (mean 49) years, who had undergone surgical treatment, chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer mammae stage 1 and 2 (limited to the breast only or spread to the axillary lymph nodes, respectively). They received a three-week rehabilitation programme, followed by a three-month period at home and a one-week follow-up at the rehabilitation centre. Examinations of physical and psychological status were performed before and after the three-week stay and at follow-up. RESULTS: Maximum oxygen uptake increased from 67% to 77% of predicted value, the mental status and subjective rating of life quality improved, the physical activity level increased, and 36 out of 46 subjects returned to their jobs during the three-month follow-up. The women themselves reported subjective positive effects of participating in the programme. INTERPRETATION: Although the present study was non-controlled, the positive results were so promising that further controlled studies should be encouraged, as well as rehabilitation programmes for women with breast cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

[Prolactin in male reproduction].

Prolactin (PRL), a peptide hormon from the hypophysis, becomes more interesting, since it can be determined by radioimmunassays. The release of prolactin is controlled by two not yet identified factors, the prolactin-releasing-factor and the prolactin-inhibiting-factor. The latter predominantes. Many pharmacological substances can alter the release. The normal serum levels in the man are 6-13 ng/ml. Prolactin affects many organs, f.e. kidney, mamma, ovary, testis, hepar and skin. For clinical tests the raise in the serum levels after TSH or chlorpromacin and the drop after application of 2-brom-alpha-ergocryptin is used. Increased serum levels are found in patients with prolactin-producing tumors. In the male this is followed by disturbances of the sexual potency. Relations between prolactin and male infertility of gynecomastia are not yet known.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Factors influencing the cosmetic outcome in early breast cancer patients following salvage surgery and radioisotope teletherapy].

It is the purpose of the report to analyze the factors exerting effect on the cosmetic outcome in breast cancer patients (I-II clinical stage), following organ-salvaging operation in conjunction with telegammatherapy. Assessment of the cosmetic results in 100 female patients with early mammary gland cancer is done 5 years after complex treatment (conservative surgery, postoperative radiotherapy, and chemo- and/or hormonotherapy when indicated). The influence of eight factors on the cosmetic outcome attained is evaluated through correlative statistical analysis, namely: breast size, scope of the surgical intervention, number of lymph nodes dissected, type of operative cicatrix, dose exposure of the entire mamma, homogeneity of radiation dose distribution in tre entire mammary gland, dose exposure of the tumor bed and adjuvant therapy. The analysis performed points to the important practical implications of three of the factors: size of operative intervention (axillary dissection range), breast volume and homogeneity of the irradiation dose in the entire breast.

Axilla↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Papilloma virus and c-erbB-2 expression in diseases of the mammary nipple.

PURPOSE: The detection of low/intermediate/high risk genital groups of human papillomavirus (HPV) in correlation with a growth-factor receptor c-erbB-2 in benign tumors of the mammary nipple. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten nipple duct adenomas (NDAs) and twenty papillomas, all embedded in paraffin and taken from the breast, were analyzed for HPV DNA of the low- and high/intermediate-risk groups. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with HPV consensus primers (types 6/11/16/18/33) and dot-blot hybridization with type-specific primers were used for the detection of these HPV-DNA sequences. Indirect in situ PCR (ISPCR) was also used in one case of an HPV-DNA-positive papilloma. In addition, we examined c-erbB-2 oncogene expression in NDAs and central carcinomas of the mamma from an immunohistochemical perspective. RESULTS: Using PCR and dot-blot hybridization we could not detect the gene sequences that are specific for the low- and high/intermediate-risk groups in any of the ten NDAs. Regarding the 20 cases of papilloma, a positive result for HPV types 6/11 was detected by indirect ISPCR; in one case in combination with a condyloma of the skin around the mammary nipple. The oncogene expression of c-erbB-2 displayed a strong signal in the papilloma cells and in the NDAs of the breast. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the HPV-DNA types of the low- and high/intermediate-risk groups are without relevance for the pathogenesis of benign diseases of the nipple. It was, therefore, not possible to establish a correlation between the oncogene expression of c-erbB-2 and the HPV-DNA types.

Adenoma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Hypostasis-induced changes in the breast area].

When the anterior thoracic wall is within the hypostatic area, postmortem lividity in the region of the nipples and their immediate vicinity is less intense or absent. Where hypostatic skin haemorrhages (so-called vibices) are present, these are also found outside the areola of the nipple only. This phenomenon is visible not only externally, but is particularly pronounced on the cut surface. A possible explanation may be the different distribution pattern of connective tissue, smooth muscles and blood vessels inside and outside the areola mammae. Based on 13 cases from the forensic autopsy material--mostly drug related deaths--the macromorphological findings and their histological correlates are presented.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

[Tumor frequency in autopsy cases. I: frequency, age and sex distribution, primary localization (author's transl)].

The analysis is based on the catalogue of neoplasms notifiable in the German Democratic Republic (ICD-Code Nrs. 140-209, 210.2, 211.3, 211.9, 225, 226.2, 226.3, 253.0, 253.2, 702, 757.2). At the Medical Academy of Erfurt 22,155 autopsies (12,212 males, 9,943 females) of adults (15 years and upwards) were registrated in the period from 1950 to 1966. 7,533 malignant tumours (34.2%) were observed. 99 cases were eliminated because of an unknown localization of the primary tumour. The remaining 7,442 cases (33.6%) are distributed among 3,987 males (326% of males) and 3,455 females (34,7% of females). The frequency difference based on the autopsy frequency of males or females, is distinct. Malignant epithelial tumours were observed in 5,559 cases (253% of autopsies; 752% of malignant tumours); 2,945 males and 2,654 females. The frequency difference also is distinct. Malignant nonepithelial tumours were observed in 1,843 cases (83% of autopsies, 24.8% of malignant tumours); 1,042 males and 801 females. There is no difference in frequency. Age and sex distribution as well as the relative curve of age distribution (Dormanns 1933) are presented for all the tumours, epithelial and nonepithelial neoplasms. The frequency of primary tumour-localization is reported for males and females, too. In males the frequency is in the following order: lung, stomach, hemopoetic-lymphatic system, colon and central nervous system; in females: sex organs (without mamma), stomach, colon, hemopoetic-lymphatic system and central nervous system.

Adolescent↗