Psychophysiological processes in delinquency-prone young adults.
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Adolescent↗
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Requiem for the "general acceptance" standard in forensic science.
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Expert Testimony↗
A description and analysis of the operation and validity of the psychological stress evaluator.
A detailed description and analysis are presented of the psychological stress evaluator (PSE), an instrument purported to measure accurately and to portray graphically differential levels of stress in human speech. In addition, two studies are presented that attempt to validate this instrument against better known measures of stress or A-state anxiety. The PSE measures were compared with heart rate and State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) A-state scores obtained under conditions where the level of stress was experimentally manipulated through threat of shock or the presentation of taboo words. The first study revealed that PSE, STAI, and heart rate measures accurately reflect different levels of stress and are significantly correlated with one another. The second study failed to replicate the validity of the PSE. This failure to replicate is attributed to lower levels of induced stress and a reduction in baseline measures of stress.
Acoustics↗
Evaluation of psychological stress as an investigative tool.
Involuntary physiologic changes are related to psychological stress, and their analysis has broad applications in psychophysiologic and pharmacologic research as well as other fields. Analyzing patterns of significant stress by means of Psychological Stress Evaluation testing provides an accurate assessment of a person's psychological set in a controlled situation.
Child Abuse↗
[Correlations between polygraphic and hemodynamic parameter changes induced by high concentrated oxygen administration in patients with mitral valvulopathy (author's transl)].
The goal of this study was to identify, utilizing apexcardiogram, other noninvasive parameters useful to evaluate the functional condition of the pulmonary vascular bed in patients with mitral stenosis and insufficiency. The patients of both sexes with mitral stenosis and insufficiency underwent left and right heart catetherization and simultaneously a polygraphic study was performed. Recordings of polygraphic as well as hemodynamic parameters were performed under control condition and after 5 min breathing of 100% Oxygen administered by facial mask. These results indicate that changes in rapid filling angle have a close relationship with changes in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and variation of rapid filling interval are correlated with changes in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and variation of rapid filling interval are correlated with changes in cardiac output.
Administration, Intranasal↗
Incest hoax: false accusations, false denials.
Expertise in investigating incest accusations is essential for psychiatrists because the law requires the reporting of sexual abuse of children. In such cases persistent and methodical investigation tends to yield a consensually credible view of what really happened without resort to special forensic techniques of truth-finding. In order to make a diagnosis of incest hoax, the investigator must thoroughly understand the mechanics of the hoax and the psychodynamics of the perpetrator. Failure to recognizing a delusional hoax can delay treatment for the perpetrator of the hoax. Failure to recognize a child's fabrication can subject the family to unnecessary legal action and unwittingly support the use of a similar manipulative technique by other susceptible children. Failure to recognize the false retraction of an incest accusation may leave the victim in danger of further sexual abuse or of physical punishment for having revealed the secret.
Adolescent↗
[Effectiveness of audioanalgesia in dental procedure (III)--observation of children's internal behavior in tooth drilling by polygraph (eight channels) (author's transl)].
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Audioanalgesia↗
Differentiation of truthful and deceptive criminal suspects in Behavior Analysis Interviews.
The Behavior Analysis Interview (BAI) is a commonly used procedure designed to assist investigators in distinguishing between suspects who are concealing their involvement in a criminal event (deceptive) from those who are not (truthful). During a BAI a protocol of questions is asked and suspects' verbal responses and accompanying nonverbal behaviors and attitudinal characteristics are assessed. Based on this assessment the likelihood of involvement in the criminal event is determined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness with which trained evaluators were able to distinguish between truthful and deceptive suspects undergoing BAIs. Sixty videotaped interviews, 30 of truthful and 30 of deceptive suspects, were observed by four evaluators, each of whom independently scored suspect's behaviors and attitudes and judged the suspect's truthfulness. The results showed that, excluding inconclusive decisions, evaluators' average accuracy on truthful suspects was 91% and on deceptive suspects, 80%. Suspects' status did not affect confidence of evaluators' decisions but confidence was greater when correct as opposed to incorrect calls were made. Deceptive suspects manifested "theoretically" predicted behaviors and attitudes of "deceptiveness" to a significantly greater degree than did truthful suspects. The BAI appears to be useful for investigative purposes in order to differentiate between suspects who are concealing involvement in a criminal offense from those who are not.
Adult↗
The effect of selected variables on interpretation of polygraph records.
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Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena↗
Psychophysiologic testing for post-traumatic stress disorder: forensic psychiatric application.
The validity of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis is limited by both the illusory objectivity of the traumatic event and the subjectivity of the ensuing syndrome. These limitations are especially problematic in the forensic setting. Psychophysiologic measurements may strengthen PTSD's forensic value by offering a more objective assessment technique for cases that find their way into the courtroom. Based upon the results of published research studies conducted in a range of military and civilian, PTSD and non-PTSD subjects, psychophysiologic data can provide evidence helping to establish or refute the presence of the DSM-III-R PTSD arousal criteria, as well as aid psychiatric experts in estimating the probability of the disorder's presence in a given claimant. Psychophysiologic testing should be viewed as one component of a multimethod forensic psychiatric evaluation for PTSD. It is likely that it will soon be offered and, given current legal standards, admitted as evidence in civil and criminal litigation.
Arousal↗
Revictimization by polygraph: the practice of polygraphing survivors of sexual assault.
Sexual assault survivors are scrutinized in a manner unlike that meted out to any other victims of crime. Law enforcement officers or prosecutors may subject the survivor to a polygraph exam in an attempt to ascertain the truth or as a prerequisite to further investigation of the case. In a survey conducted with rape crisis centres across the United States, 63 centres in 17 states reported working with survivors of sexual assault who had been polygraphed. Rape crisis centres in 11 states reported that children had been polygraphed. This article examines the practice of polygraphing survivors of sexual assault.
Civil Rights↗
Ethics, Malingering, and a lie-detector at the bedside.
A psychiatric consultation is presented in which the physician uses a cardiac monitor in the manner of a lie-detector. Ethical analysis of a clinician's duties in cases of suspected malingering addresses both the standard of informed consent necessary for such assessments and the potential forensic consequences of unanticipated clinical findings.
Duty to Warn↗
A description of an accelerometer-based mobility monitoring technique.
Accurate monitoring of the mobility status of older adults, over the long-term, is important in rehabilitation medicine, as regular physical activity is central to maintaining both physical and mental health, as well as evaluating quality of life. This technical note describes an accelerometer-based mobility monitoring technique, which can distinguish between static and dynamic activities and can detect the basic postures of sitting, standing and lying. The technique allows thresholds for these postures to be set and two different posture threshold methods are described: mid-point and "best estimate". Preliminary results from using these methods are presented. This preliminary evaluation of the technique was carried out over the long-term (>29 h) in an uncontrolled environment and the method used to carry out the evaluation is described in detail. The two different posture thresholding methods were tested on long-term mobility data from one older adult subject. The subject did not have to follow a specific activity protocol during the recording period (4 days) and was shadowed by an observer in order to evaluate the accuracy of this technique. The monitoring hardware consisted of two accelerometer devices, one on the trunk and the other on the thigh and a pocket-sized ambulatory data-logger. Applying 'best estimate' thresholding, as opposed to mid-point thresholding, improved sitting detection accuracy by 18%, to 93% and lying detection accuracy by 5%, to 84%. Thus, based on these preliminary data, an accurate mobility monitoring system for older adults is described and it was observed that the actual posture threshold limits applied have a high impact on the mobility monitoring system's accuracy and are particularly important for accurately detecting postures when used over the long-term, in an uncontrolled environment.
Acceleration↗
Detecting deception: the promise and the reality of voice stress analysis.
Within the past decade a number of so-called voice stress analyzers have been marketed for law enforcement and forensic science purposes. These devices are said to extract from the vocal spectrum a subaudible microtremor signal that is useful in detecting stress in a speaker's voice; thus, it is claimed these devices have great utility as lie detectors and are as accurate as the traditional polygraph instrument. A review of the evidence now accumulated about these devices shows that the evidence for the existence of a microtremor in the voice is problematic and that the capability of these devices in detecting stress is equally questionable. Without exception, however, the scientific evidence reported to date shows that voice stress analyzers are not effective in detecting deception; none of these devices has yet been shown to yield detection rates above chance levels in controlled situations. A brief comparison of voice stress analysis and polygraphic testing as methods of lie detection is made.
Forensic Medicine↗
Automatic column chromatographic analysis of saccharides and uronic acids.
Using n-proponal/water as the eluting solvent, a flow rate of 50 ml/h and a 90 degrees C column temperature, the separation of a complex mixture of 11 monosaccharides could be much improved over the procedure described by v. Wilm and Sordé using isopropanol/water, 70--100 ml/h flow rate and temperatures of 83--90 degrees C. With a small total error of 3%, the saccharide analysis lies in the region of reproducibility that has also been reached in amino acid analysis. The limit of detection for saccharides lies at 1 x 10(-9) mole/ml.
Autoanalysis↗
[The effectiveness of fiberoptic endoscopic swallow study and modified barium swallow study techniques in diagnosis of dysphagia].
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) and the modified barium swallow test (MBST) in patients with dysphagia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty patients with dysphagia were evaluated in three groups consisting of 27 patients with oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal masses; 26 patients with neurogenic dysphagia; and 27 patients with no distinct pathology. All the patients underwent FEES and MBST to examine elevation of the soft palate, nasal regurgitation, pharyngeal residue, penetration, aspiration, and pooling of secretions in the pyriform sinus and vallecula. RESULTS: In neurogenic dysphagia, MBST was more efficacious in detecting aspiration and pooling in the vallecula (p<0.05). Evaluation of the internal anatomy, visualization of masses, and laryngopharyngeal sensory discrimination were only possible with the FEES. On the other hand, evaluation of the elevation of the larynx and the hyoid, the relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter, and the oral phase of swallowing, and the detection of esophageal pathologies were only possible with the MBST. CONCLUSION: The leading advantages of the two evaluation techniques seem to lie in the detection of aspiration for the FEES, and dynamic evaluation of the oral and esophageal phases of swallowing for the MBST.
Adolescent↗