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[On approaches toward licensing and accreditation of the therapeutic-prophylaxis institutions in the Orlov region and certain results of this service].

A method of the experts' evaluation of the medical care quality in licensing and accrediting the therapeutic-and-prophylaxis institutions (TPI) in the Orel Region is presented; the dynamics of experts evaluations of the material-and-technical outfit and of the personnel potential in the region's during 1993-2002 is described. The influence (produced on promoting the medical care quality) of the structural-and-organizational standards used in licensing and accrediting the TPIs in the Orel Region is analyzed. A comparative analysis of dynamics of the medical care quality by region's TPIs (including district, city and region TPIs) is made for the period of 1993-2002 on the basis of experts' evaluations.

Accreditation↗

Relationship between academic achievement and student performance on the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA level 2.

The Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA (COMLEX-USA) is a three-part examination used for licensing osteopathic physicians. The relationship between performance on this examination and prior student academic performance has been unclear. This study explores the relationship between COMLEX-USA level 2 scores and student academic performance at Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine (OSU-COM). All first-time examination candidates from OSU-COM had a formal, weeklong board review in March 2000, and all passed the examination. Predictions about COMLEX-USA scores generated by the academic dean's office at OSU-COM underestimated student examination performance; results suggest a significant correlation between level 2 performance with (1) level 1 performance (.751); (2) grade point average (GPA) in basic science (.659); (3) total GPA (.672); and (4) Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores (.406). The correlation of level 2 scores to clinical GPA (.269) was lower but still significant. Results of this study suggest that performance on COMLEX-USA level 2 is strongly correlated with prior student academic performance in this population.

Educational Measurement↗

A registered nurse-licensed vocational nurse partnership model for critical care nursing.

The development, implementation, and evaluation of a program that incorporates a registered nurse and licensed vocational nurse partnership model into the critical care practice setting is described. This model can be used by nurse executives to alleviate some of the immediate consequences of the nursing shortage and potentially to achieve a longer-range solution by expanding the pool of registered nurses. Evaluation of the program revealed statistically significant increases in nurse job satisfaction; perceptions of reduced workload and stress; a perception by registered nurses and physicians of increased nursing care quality; decreased registered nurse turnover and sick time; and a positive perception of the role of the licensed vocational nurse in the critical care unit.

Absenteeism↗

Negative regulation of geminin by CDK-dependent ubiquitination controls replication licensing.

The replication licensing system ensures the precise duplication of chromosomal DNA in each cell cycle. In metazoans, a small protein called geminin plays a central role in negatively regulating licensing late in the cell cycle. Recent work using Xenopus egg extracts shows how geminin activity is downregulated on exit from metaphase in a process that requires mitotic cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Geminin is polyubiquitinated by the Anaphase Promoting Complex, but instead of being proteolysed-the normal fate of polyubiquitinated proteins-much of the geminin is deubiquitinated, leaving it inactive. These results suggest a simple model for how precise chromosome duplication is ensured in the Xenopus model system.

Anaphase↗

The use of correlates of immunity in European Union licensing of influenza vaccines.

Influenza vaccines are licensed in the European Union (EU) by means of the mutual recognition procedure, which includes a "fast track" variation for rapid approval of new vaccine strains. This "fast track" procedure involves an annual clinical trial and assessment of immunogenicity according to serological criteria published by the EU Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP). A survey of vaccine clinical trials in the elderly over the past four years has demonstrated that inter-laboratory differences in serology results can affect compliance with CPMP licensing criteria. Thus even well established immune correlates of influenza vaccine efficacy can be problematic. For the next generation of vaccines, however, where mucosal or cell-mediated immunity may contribute towards vaccine efficacy, the serological correlates may be inadequate.

Drug Approval↗

BioAsia Licensing and Deal-Making Summit-SRI Conference. Life science partnering and investment on the Pacific Rim 2-3 August, 2004, Coronado, CA, USA..

The Strategic Research Institute's inaugural BioAsia Licensing and Deal-Making Summit, co-organized by the BioMinerva Group, attracted industrial leaders in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals from both sides of the Pacific Ocean. Topics discussed at the 2-day conference spanned from trans-Pacific licensing and partnering trends led by Japan-US deals, the changing landscape of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry, and trans-Pacific partnering strategies to perspectives of Asia-Pacific markets and successful investment strategies. The emerging Chinese biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry was also covered prominently, including assessments of the Chinese market, discussions on intellectual property, regulatory and tax issues, as well as case studies of Sino-US collaborations and technology showcases from Chinese biotech companies.

Biotechnology↗

Wisconsin's experience with the Graduated Driver Licensing Law.

In 2000, Wisconsin enacted the Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) Law in an effort to reduce the number of teen deaths and injuries due to motor vehicle crashes. The GDL program targets high-risk teen driving behaviors by mandating more hours of supervised driving, limiting nighttime driving, restricting vehicle passengers, requiring seatbelt use, and mandating absolute sobriety for all teen drivers. In the first 3 years of graduated driver licensing, Wisconsin saw a 15% decrease in the number of motor vehicle collisions involving 16-year-old drivers. While this decline is encouraging, it lags behind the effectiveness documented by other states with GDL laws. The current study evaluates informational or attitudinal barriers that may prevent the effective implementation of Wisconsin's GDL law. Knowledge and attitude surveys were administered to 15-17 year olds and their parents. Parents (n=26) and teens (n=26) were knowledgeable about the 30 hours of supervised driving during the learner's permit phase and extremely knowledgeable about the 9-month nighttime and passenger restrictions of the probationary phase. While 76% of parents supported GDL, 70% of teens disapproved of the law. The reasons for disapproval varied, parents often cited inconvenience and restrictiveness. Teens most often cited passenger restrictions as the reason for disapproval. Overall, negative attitudes, more than lack of knowledge, may weaken compliance with Wisconsin's GDL law and, in turn, limit the reduction of teen crashes.

Accidents, Traffic↗

[Revoking the driver's license--ingenious discovery or anachronism].

There are good reasons to argue, that the withdrawal of the driving license is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition to change behavior. It is proposed to enrich the withdrawal through the offer of an traffic-psychological counselling, so that the time without license can be used more problem-solving.

Accidents, Traffic↗

Report on a flawed "report card": the public citizens ranking of medical licensing boards.

Any global ranking of states with respect to the health and safety of its citizens using specific, singular scales is fraught with difficulty and all such efforts should be interpreted with caution. It becomes even more problematic when one attempts to link physician discipline rates directly to either quality of care or injury and deaths of patients, as the Health Resource Group alleges. Any bona fide ranking of states with respect to health care or patient safety overall, whatever its source or its attempted correlations, would require a very complex, sophisticated equation with multiple, defined, distinct, quantifiable variables. The HRG report does not meet that high threshold. First, its report ranks states from best to worst using FSMB physician discipline action data despite the FSMB disclaimer that none of its numbers should be used to compare one state to another. Second, HRG sets up its own selective criteria for "seriousness" of discipline, and in so doing specifically excludes the category C disciplines, which Wisconsin uses often and responsibly in protecting the public and disciplining physicians. This arbitrary exclusion puts Wisconsin into an unwarranted "worst" state category. Third, HRG then links its worst states to practices that "injure or kill patients." However when one attempts to verify such allegations by comparing HRG rankings to specific quality-of-care rankings, using such measurements as Medicare data or Hospital HealthGrade data, such a sweeping allegation is unsupported. Finally, HRG's conclusion that "more is better" with respect to physician discipline rates needs to be examined and weighed very carefully. It may be, in fact, that in those states with lower rates of physician discipline ("worse" states by HRG standards) there are fewer complaints filed per capita in the first place, which would point toward a "better" level of practice in those states. Or it may be that a lower ("worse") record of disciplines is due to "better," more stringent screening of physicians in the initial licensing process, thus keeping out the problem physicians in the first place. Or those states with lower discipline rates may have more alternative programs and resources such as a voluntary impaired professional program, which has stringent monitoring but does not require formal discipline. HRG's ranking of Wisconsin as 49th in physician discipline rates is flawed in process and in fact. The accusation that such a low rating results in danger to patients or "not practicing medicine in the best manner" is an unsupported one. Comparison of the HRG ranking system with two other measures of quality of care--the Medicare Beneficiaries Quality of Care Study and the HealthGrades Hospital Quality in America Study--shows little consistency between those rankings and the HRG study. Overall, the Wisconsin Medical Examining Board continues to carry out its important mission of patient safety and physician licensing and discipline in a very responsible and accountable fashion, and a closer analysis of the Health Research Group report, which suggests otherwise, demonstrates it to be a flawed "report card".

Humans↗

Community-research collaboration between researchers and acupuncturists: integrating a participatory research approach in a statewide survey of licensed acupuncturists in California.

The Licensed Acupuncture Collaborative Study, a job analysis of licensed acupuncturists in California, provides a model for building community-research partnerships between university researchers and communities of non-physician clinicians. The study design used a project-management approach based on the core principles of community-based participatory research: 1) mobilizing shared expertise and resources to address issues of concern; 2) sharing power in the decision-making process; and 3) promoting mutual ownerships of resources and products derived from the collaboration. A project infrastructure involving the sharing of study responsibilities across university researchers, individual acupuncturists, and state community organizations was developed and cultivated over a three-year project period. Essential factors in the success of this project included shared objectives, addressing the concerns about collaboration among academic and community partners, inclusion of nontraditional viewpoints about healthcare policy, and participation by the acupuncturist community in performing the research. These activities helped to overcome mistrust and perceived power differences between researchers and the acupuncturist community.

Acupuncture↗

Non-voluntary licensing of antivirals under patent: options the Australian Government should consider in light of a potential bird flu pandemic.

In the face of a potential bird flu pandemic, Australian Federal Health Minister, Tony Abbott, has recently dismissed expert advice that the government should begin, or even publicly consider, authorising generic manufacturers to produce antivirals, such as Tamiflu and Relenza, under patent via non-voluntary licensing methods. This is despite the fact that the demand for antivirals in Australia, and throughout the world, cannot be met by manufacturers under the control of limited patent owners alone. This article proposes that Australian patent law, which allows for non-voluntary licensing when it comes to important public health issues that affect Australian citizens, is relevant in meeting the demand for increased antiviral treatments during a possible bird flu pandemic, domestically and abroad. It argues that the Australian Government must go beyond what is currently being done and investigate and pursue such options.

Acetamides↗

The licensing of medical practitioners in Tudor England: legislation enacted by Henry VIII.

The medical profession in all developed countries requires national licensing, to identify trained medical practitioners and to proceed against quacks and mountebanks. England began this process in 1421 in the reign of Henry V, but the required legislation was enacted much later, in the reign of Henry VIII. Seven acts of parliament, directed at different elements of medical practice are described, with comments on England under Henry VIII and the persons and institutions proposing these licensing requirements. Whilst some legal aspects of medicine remained unclear, no further legislation of any significance was undertaken in England until the Medical Act of 1858.

Barber Surgeons↗

Medical discipline and licensing in the State of New York: a critical review.

This review examines the current medical disciplinary process in New York State and assesses whether it protects the public and is fair to respondent physicians. Clearly there is urgent need for reform. Results of 1,036 disciplinary actions over the years 1982-1989 have been reviewed, with special attention to the 878 cases during 1985-89. The types of misconduct and their incidences among these physicians represent but a small segment of the more than 40,000 licensed practising physicians in this state. Extrapolations concerning their incidence should not be made from these limited data to the general population of physicians. The many flaws in the present system have been noted. A brief review of the process in 32 other states, Ontario, and Great Britain has shown that New York's is the most cumbersome and lengthy. Changes are suggested to modify the present system preserving some features of the current process but eliminating others. Licensing and disciplinary processes should be included in a single agency within the Health Department and this must be kept independent.

Fraud↗

[The analysis of national examination for the license of medical practice in Japan (reference to the hematological clinical laboratory data)].

It seems to us an important task to analyze the problems appeared in the national examinations of the license of medical practice in respect of clinical laboratory data. The national examination of medical license in Japan begun from 1946, about 45 years ago. In those days, clinical examination is not so developed, a pastoral era, so clinical pathology was not clearly distinguished from internal medicine. Recently it is widely emphasized that national examination for the practical medical practice should be focused on the primary care medicine, so on, which has evidently influenced the appearance rate and number of miscellaneous kinds of clinical laboratory data in the examination problems. On the other hand, We have studied the tendency and mode of appearance of clinical laboratory data in the question of above mentioned examination for several years, in general, and especially in the areas of hematology. The cardinal questions of hematological field were blood cell count (RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC, white cell differential, PLATELET), blood sedimentation rate, coagulation and fibrinolysis factor, bone marrow findings in miscellaneous diseases, classification and staging of malignant lymphomas, so on. In conclusion, the rate of appearance and significance of clinical laboratory data in the examination mentioned is more and more increased. However, comprehensive education of clinical pathology now is improved but not accomplished, which reflects tendency and styles of the problems of the examination. So more efforts will be needed to those who continuously study clinical pathology and educate them to the medical students.

Educational Measurement↗

A formal audit of continuing medical education activity for license renewal.

Formal audits of the continuing medical education activities of physicians licensed in Michigan were undertaken to assess compliance with a law mandating participation in 150 hours of continuing medical education each 3 years. A random sample of all physicians renewing their licenses in 1987 and 1988 were asked to provide documentation of their continuing medical education activities. The average physician participated in 175 hours of category I approved activities; 53.1% of the hours were obtained in a different state, and only 27.6% were obtained in the home community. A total of 13.7% (132/967) of the physicians were initially unable to document 150 hours of credit. Documentation deficiencies and addition errors were found on 72.5% of forms. If formal audits of compliance with legislation are to be undertaken, early notification of the participants and specific instructions for compliance are needed. Because of problems with documentation, only category I approved activities, with exclusions for trainees, should be used to assess compliance.

Adult↗

Limited licensing: why is the ARRT involved? Part II.

Due primarily to economic factors, the concept of the limited scope operator would exist regardless of any organization's position on the wisdom of the concept. Most states that have passed laws as encouraged by federal legislation have been reluctant to legislate people out of existing jobs and have, therefore, incorporated limited categories of practice into their laws. This further assures the survival of the concept of the limited scope of practice. Acknowledging the existence of the position and working to establish reasonable training and competence assessment procedures is in the best interest of the public as well as of the radiography profession. The ARRT is therefore committed to developing examinations for use by states licensing the limited scope of practice operator. The examinations are based upon the philosophy that those persons having a scope of practice that is limited to radiography of the chest or extremities must be as knowledgeable in those particular areas as is the general staff radiographer at entry level as defined by the ARRT Job Analysis Project. Examinations developed using this philosophy will enable states to restrict limited licensing to only those persons having met realistically high standards that are consistent across the country.

Licensure↗

Opinions of physicians assisting births in Ottawa-Carleton about the licensing of midwives.

The Ontario Ministry of Health announced in January 1986 that midwives would be licensed to practise in Ontario. In September of that year we surveyed all physicians in Ottawa-Carleton who were assisting at births to determine their opinions on midwifery. A total of 78 (74%) of the eligible physicians completed the questionnaire. Almost half thought that midwives should be licensed. Most felt that midwives should be trained as nurses first and should work under the supervision of a physician in hospital-based clinics or in a group practice with physicians. A small proportion thought that midwives should be able to practise as independent practitioners. Some obstetricians thought that legalization of midwifery would allow them to concentrate on high-risk obstetrics, and some family physicians thought this would make it easier for them to continue to be involved in maternity care. Those opposed to the introduction of midwives did not think the public would benefit, and some were concerned that midwives would reduce the size of their own obstetric practices.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

The licensing system of Dutch hospitals: a method for quality assurance in health care.

The Dutch licensing system for hospitals is an outstanding example of quality assurance through indirect legislation. In this method the government sets the general frame within which hospitals are free to establish their own procedures. Some requisites for effectiveness and efficiency of a licensing system are formulated. It is argued that if hospitals and health professionals do not fulfil certain requirements when establishing regulatory mechanisms on a voluntary basis, the government will have to intervene with a view to protect the patient.

Hospitals↗