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PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of lordosis-relevant neuropeptides on midbrain periaqueductal gray neuronal activity in vitro.

Certain neuropeptides can facilitate lordosis by acting on midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) in estrogen-primed female rats. Here, we investigated responses of individual PAG neurons in vitro, to five neuropeptides: substance P (SP), luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), prolactin (PRL), oxytocin (OT), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Substance P, OT, and TRH excited spontaneous activity of PAG neurons through neurotransmitter-like actions in a dose-dependent manner, whereas LHRH and PRL virtually never affected PAG neurons this way. Oxytocin acted through oxytocin receptors located on the recorded PAG neurons, since excitatory actions of OT were 1) not abolished by synaptic blockade, 2) mimicked by the OT-specific agonist [Thr4, Gly7]OT but not by arginine vasopressin, and 3) blocked by the OT-specific antagonist [d(CH2)5,Tyr(Me)2,Orn8]vasotocin. Although LHRH had no neurotransmitter-like action on spontaneous activity of PAG neurons, it, as well as SP, could modulate responses of some dorsal PAG neurons to GABAA and GABAB agonists or norepinephrine. Neuromodulatory actions of LHRH and SP could help facilitate lordosis through PAG neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Hypothalamic co-localization of substance P receptor and transneuronal tracer from the lordosis-relevant lumbar epaxial muscles in the female rat.

Previous studies indicated that within the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-containing neurons express substance P (SP), but do not comprise the majority of projection neurons. The present study tested the hypothesis that projection neurons within the VMH express SP receptors (NK1), allowing responsiveness to signals from ERalpha-containing neurons. Pseudorabies virus was transneuronally transported from the lordosis-relevant lumbar epaxial muscles to the VMH, labeling 28% of the NK1-containing neurons in the VMH and surrounding area. Thus, SP may influence sexual behavior through its release from the ERalpha-containing neurons, perhaps synaptically affecting NK1 receptor-labeled lordosis-relevant projection neurons within the VMH.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of the effects of lordosis on the thoracic spine using the Milwaukee and Gschwend brace in scoliosis and kyphosis].

64 patients in Milwaukee-Brace and 32 patients in Gschwend-Brace have been assessed for creating lordosis of the thoracic spine. In both types of braces induction of lordosis can be observed although there did not seem to exist a directly proportionate relationship towards the period of treatment. The degree of correction in the thoracic spine depends on the kyphosis at the onset of treatment. In marked kyphosis exceeding 60 degrees or corresponding kyphotic components in scoliosis the Milwaukee-Brace is preferred over against the Gschwend-Brace. In a pure kyphosis with minimal scoliotic curve the Gschwend-Brace remains the treatment of choice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Reliability of clinical measurements of lumbar lordosis taken with a flexible rule.

The purpose of this study was to examine the intratester and intertester reliability of lumbar lordosis measurements taken with a flexible rule. Two physical therapists (Tester 1 and Tester 2) took measurements on 40 subjects without low back pain (LBP) and on 40 subjects with LBP. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to determine the degree of agreement between repeated measurements taken by the same therapist and between measurements taken by the two therapists. The ICC values for intratester reliability of Tester 1 were .84 for subjects without LBP and .94 for subjects with LBP. The ICC values of Tester 2 were .73 for subjects without LBP and .83 for subjects with LBP. Intertester reliability generally was poor, with ICC values of .41 for subjects without LBP and .50 for subjects with LBP. The results suggest that measurements of lumbar lordosis with a flexible rule may be reliable if taken by the same physical therapist. The degree of reliability, however, may vary from therapist to therapist. The intertester reliability of these measurements appears to be poor, but these conclusions must be interpreted carefully because of the limited number of therapists participating in this study.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Severe lumbar lordosis after dorsal rhizotomy.

Two children with spastic quadriplegia who developed excessive lumbar lordosis after selective dorsal rhizotomy are described. The rhizotomy did not change the ambulatory status of either child (one nonambulator, one household ambulator). Preservation of unopposed hip flexion in the presence of multiple laminectomies may lead to the development of a lordotic deformity in children who sit most of the time. Excessive lumbar lordosis may cause pain and difficulty in sitting. Surgical correction of this deformity is complex because of the removal of posterior elements during the rhizotomy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surgical management of severe thoracic lordosis. A new technique to restore normal kyphosis.

A technique of combined anterior and posterior surgery for correction of severe thoracic lordosis with the restoration of normal kyphosis is described. The results in three patients are presented. Preliminary results suggest that this is a valid procedure for obtaining a normal thoracic kyphosis, and that correction of thoracic lordosis may result in improved pulmonary function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Radiographic analysis of lumbar lordosis: centroid, Cobb, TRALL, and Harrison posterior tangent methods.

STUDY DESIGN: Delayed, repeated measures, with three examiners each twice digitizing thirty lateral lumbar radiographs. OBJECTIVES: To determine the reliability and clinical utility of the centroid, Cobb, tangential radiologic assessment of lumbar lordosis (TRALL), and Harrison posterior tangent line-drawing methods for analysis of lumbar lordosis. BACKGROUND DATA: Cobb's method is commonly used for curvature analysis on lateral lumbar radiographs, whereas the centroid, TRALL, and Harrison posterior tangent methods are not widely used. METHODS: Thirty lateral lumbar radiographs were digitized twice by each of three examiners. To evaluate reliability of determining global and segmental alignment, all four vertebral body corners of T12-S1 and the superior margin of the femur head were digitized. Angles created were segmental and global centroid, (two-line) Cobb angles, and intersections of posterior tangents. A global TRALL angle was determined. Means, standard deviations, mean absolute differences, interclass and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: The interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities of measuring all segmental and global angles were in the high range (ICCs > 0.83). The mean absolute differences of observers' measurements were small (0.6 degrees -2.0 degrees ). Distal segmental (L4-S1) and global angles of lumbar curvature were dependent on the method of measurement. CONCLUSIONS: All four radiographic methods had high reliability and low mean absolute differences of observers' measurements. Because it lacks a segmental analysis, the TRALL method is not recommended. The centroid, Cobb, and Harrison posterior tangent methods provide global and segmental angles. However, the centroid segmental method requires three segments and is less useful for a stability analysis.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

Excessive thoracic lordosis and loss of pulmonary function in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.

Idiopathic thoracic lordoscoliosis is more common and more productive of respiratory compromise than is kyphoscoliosis. In some patients with idiopathic scoliosis, thoracic lordosis is the predominant component of the disease. Five such patients, all of whom had idiopathic scoliosis with excessive thoracic lordosis, progressive deformity despite Milwaukee brace treatment, and significant compromise of pulmonary function, are presented. Harrington instrumentation (distraction rod only) and spine fusion improved the deformity and respiratory function. The recommended treatment for this type of idiopathic scoliosis is early recognition and prompt surgical correction. The Milwaukee brace should be avoided. Postoperative management must include early ambulation combined with vigorous breathing exercises.

Child↗
PubMed1976

Effect of lordosis on the stress in the lumbar spine.

A simple mathematical model is used to explore the influence of lordosis on the stress in the human spine. It is shown that flatter spines would tend to fail by flexion while spines with more lordosis would tend to fail by torsion.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1991

The role of lordosis.

A majority of degenerative changes in the vertebral discs, the facet joints or even the interspinous ligaments, as in Baastrup's disease, are probably caused by pressure damage. Among the various causes of overloading, hyperlordosis--alone or in combination with other adjuvant causes--is presumably the most important one. Its detrimental influence is most noticeable in some peculiar situations, where lordosis is the common denominator of malformations of different origins, as, for instance, dorsal and dorsolumbar kyphosis, L4-5 facetarthrosis with L5-S1 spondylolisthesis, and posterior or posterolateral distraction arthrodesis. It is now recognized that arthrodesis in the lumbar spine should be done in normal lordosis or even slight hyperlordosis in order to respect, or even to improve the stress distribution in the mobile segments. After lumbosacral arthrodesis, as well as in common "everyday" low back pain problems, protection of the disks and facet joints from prolonged continuous loading is essential for the prevention of continuing degeneration.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of a flexible ruler technique for measuring lumbar lordosis in the clinical assessment of low back pain.

This preliminary study was designed to evaluate a possible objective technique for the clinical measurement of spinal mobility using a flexible ruler. Thirty-one manual workers employed by British Steel Corporation suffering from low back pain were examined using this technique. The results were compared with those obtained from a matching group of workers who did not suffer from low back pain. The technique proved to be simple, accurate and highly reproducible as a clinical tool in the measurement of spinal mobility. A comparison of the observed spinal profile measurements demonstrated a significant difference in lumbar lordosis between the two groups. This suggested that the previously under-rated clinical sign of loss of lumbar lordosis might provide a useful measurement in evaluation of low back pain. Other findings were that low back pain was associated with decreases in extension measurements. There was also a correlation between height and the low back pain group.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Upper esophageal dysphagia due to marked cervical lordosis.

A 62-year-old patient had upper esophageal dysphagia secondary to curvature and marked lordosis of the cervical spine. Hypertrophic spurring and cervical osteophytes are known to cause difficulty in swallowing solids, but cervical lordosis is an unusual cause of upper esophageal dysphagia.

Cervical Vertebrae↗
PubMed1983

Age changes in kyphosis and lordosis of Jat-Sikh and Bania females of Punjab (India) from 20 to 80 years.

The age changes in spinal curvature of the trunk region in females of the two important communities of Punjab Jat-Sikh and Bania have been studied in the present paper. These two communities are traditionally engaged in different types of occupations, the former being agriculturist and the latter being the trading community. The results are based on a cross-sectional data collected on 502 Jat-Sikh and 510 Bania females ranging in age from 20 to 80 years. A flexicurve has been used to measure kyphosis and lordosis. The kyphosis has been observed to be influenced by weight and spinal length. Therefore, various indices were examined to test their suitability as estimates of measuring kyphosis due to age only. Linear regression of B/H index on age showed an increase in kyphosis with age from age-group 45-49 to 70+. Lordosis has been found to decrease after age-group 45-49.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[The fixed lumbar lordosis due to slipped disks].

The fixed lumbar lordosis is represented by a group of characteristic symptomes; they specifically happen to the LWS of adolescents which are in a specific pathogenic situation. The cause of the fixed lumbar lordosis is almost a slipped discus. The case of an adolescent is presented, who had two operations because of twice slipped discus in one year.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Time course of VMN lesion effects on lordosis and proceptive behavior in female hamsters.

Previous studies suggest that ultrasound production by female hamsters is better able than other reproductive behaviors to recover from an initial drop caused by damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMN). At the same time, few studies have examined the time course of such lesion effects. To remedy this, female hamsters were observed before and after control operations or VMN lesions. The behaviors considered were ultrasound production, lordosis, approach, and vaginal marking. Ultrasound production, lordosis, and approach were affected by lesions, permitting the description of the time course of each of these effects. Only ultrasound rates showed evidence of recovery, which culminated in rates significantly above those observed preoperatively in the same animals. This suggests that ultrasound production is unusual in its response to VMN damage and that the underlying mechanism could be of interest in studies of the processes that determine recovery from brain damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Physiology of somatosensory and estrogenic control over the lordosis reflex.

The simplest mechanism for lordosis behavior, as allowed by the present data, is as follows. Estrogen acts on the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMN) to induce a tonic facilitatory output, which is relayed by neurons in mesencephalic central gray and then the medullary reticulospinal tract to the spinal cord. To trigger the lordosis reflex, sensory inputs from cutaneous touch-pressure receptors located in rump-perineal skin are required. Neural pathways exist for transmitting these inputs to motor neurons in the spinal cord and to certain supraspinal locations, but our electrophysiological studies indicate that the most likely place where these sensory inputs interact with estrogen-influenced neural activity to elicit the reflex is the spinal cord itself.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of olanzapine infusions to the ventral tegmental area on lordosis and midbrain 3alpha,5alpha-THP concentrations in rats.

RATIONALE: The progesterone metabolite and neurosteroid 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha-ol-20-one (3alpha,5alpha-THP) facilitates sexual behavior of estradiol-primed rodents through its actions in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic, may exert some of its actions by increasing 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels. OBJECTIVE: If olanzapine has effects by increasing 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels, then olanzapine administration to the VTA should facilitate feminine sexual behavior of estradiol-primed rodents concomitant with increasing midbrain levels of 3alpha,5alpha-THP. METHODS. In experiment 1, ovariectomized rats with bilateral cannulae to the VTA were primed with estradiol at 0 h, infused with olanzapine (10 or 20 microg) or vehicle at 47 h, and tested for sexual behavior at 47.5 h. In experiment 2, estradiol-primed ovariectomized rats were infused with olanzapine (10 microg) or vehicle, tested for sexual behavior, then tissues were collected for measurement of midbrain progesterone and 3alpha,5alpha-THP, and plasma corticosterone, progesterone, and 3alpha,5alpha-THP. In experiment 3, estradiol-primed, ovariectomized rats were administered progesterone (500 microg, SC), tested for sexual behavior, then tissues were collected for midbrain and plasma progesterone and 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels. RESULTS: Infusions of 10 or 20 microg olanzapine to the VTA significantly increased the incidence and intensity of lordosis, and the occurrence of proceptive and aggressive behaviors. Rats infused with olanzapine to the VTA had significantly greater levels of midbrain 3alpha,5alpha-THP than did vehicle-administered rats. Olanzapine did not increase progesterone or corticosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS: Olanzapine increases lordosis and midbrain 3alpha,5alpha-THP when infused to the VTA which suggest that olanzapine's behavioral effects may result, in part, through actions of 3alpha,5alpha-THP, independent of progesterone or corticosterone.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1979

Electrophysiological studies on the neural networks among estrogen and progesterone effective brain areas on lordosis behavior of the rat.

The present study was performed in an attempt to elucidate the possible neural networks and their functional modification by progesterone among estrogen and progesterone effective brain areas for lordosis behavior of the rat. Single and multiple unit activities were recorded in the medial preoptic area (MPO), dorsomedial thalamic nucleus (MD), interpeduncular nucleus (IP) and ventral part of midbrain reticular formation (MRF), and single or train pulse stimulation was applied to the MPI, MD, IP, MRF, caudate-putamen (CP), habenular nucleus (HB), dorsal hippocampus (HPC), medial and lateral septum (m- and 1-SEPT) and lateral amygdala (1-AMYG). Unit activity was recorded under urethane anesthesia in ovariectomized rats pretreated with estrogen or with estrogen and progesterone. MPO units showed facilitatory responses to stimulation in the MRF, HB and 1-SEPT, and inhibitory responses to stimulation in the MD, HPC, m-SEPT and 1-AMYG in ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats. CP stimulation inhibited the MD unit activity. Stimulation in the IP had no effect on the MPO or MD units, while the IP units were affected by stimulation in the MPO, MD, CP and HB. MRF unit was accelerated by the MD and CP and inhibited by the MPO stimulation. In the ovariectomized, estrogen and progesterone-treated rat, the MPO unit responses to the MRF and MD stimulation, and the MD unit responses to the MRF and CP stimulation were different from those in the rat with only estrogen treatment. In addition, in the ovariectomized estrogen-primed rat, local application of progesterone to the MD prevented the inhibitory effect of the MD on the MPO unit. Progesterone, when given to the stimulated brain area, accelerated the MPO unit which was activated by the MRF stimulation, and inhibited the MD neuron which was inhibited by the CP stimulation. Multiple unit recordings showed similar results. Moreover, multi-unit activity in the HB and IP was elevated following a systemic progesterone application. On the basis of these results, the possible neural networks in the brain which participate in the lordosis control mechanisms are discussed.

Animals↗