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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Interaction of legislation and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases with focus on syphilis and gonorrhoea in the Czech Republic - review to year 2003.

INTRODUCTION: A large increase in syphilis prevalence was noted in the Czech Republic during the last decade. It was associated with prostitution in cities and especially in areas bordering more economically developed countries. Foreigners account for more than 50% of this increase. Absence of legislative regulations contributes to this situation. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the necessity of setting sexually transmitted disease (STD) fighting priority in the Czech Republic. METHODS: The authors review the development of legislation related to STDs in the context of geopolitical changes and the epidemiological situation in the Czech Republic by relating epidemiological, geopolitical and economic data. RESULTS: Venereal-diseases-related regulatory codes have existed in the Czech Republic for years; however, they became fragmented in several regulations and often do not have the status of law. It is a consequence of the transformation of the entire state health care delivery system to a private system. The treatment of foreigners, refugees and uninsured people is a major problem. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to focus on special populations, such as homeless people, immigrants and prostitutes. It is desirable to strengthen international cooperation in combating STD as well as prostitution. Relevant legislation should be introduced to correlate the existing regulations and bring them up to date.

Czech Republic↗
PubMed2002

Legislative issues impacting on the practice of the South African nurse practitioner.

PURPOSE: To present an overview of the impact of the nurse practitioner (NP) on the South African health care arena and describe the legislative framework for NP practice. DATA SOURCES: Statutes and laws of the government of South Africa; published professional guidelines; authors' experiences. CONCLUSIONS: The key challenges for NPs in South Africa lie in lobbying for enabling legislation, obtaining access to education and training opportunities, and managing risks within the rapidly changing environment. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Some aspects of the NP's accountability and responsibilities have as yet not been adequately addressed in the current legislative framework and will certainly increase the risk for malpractice. South African NPs will have to establish partnerships with important role players, not only in South Africa, but also internationally, to ensure that an enabling environment for quality health services is created.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Alcohol-related mortality and tribal alcohol legislation.

American Indian alcohol-related mortality rates differ widely among tribes, even within the same geographic region. In addition, there are many different legislative approaches to alcohol beverage control employed by tribes. This paper explores the association between alcohol legislation and alcohol-related mortality rates among American Indian tribes located in a region of the northwestern United States from 1979 to 1990. Both an unweighted analysis of alcohol-related mortality and a weighted analysis, using the Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) approach, are used. Alcohol-related mortality rates did not differ significantly between reservations with alcohol prohibition statutes or where alcohol was legal in this region. However, evidence suggests that more comprehensive tribal alcohol legislation may be correlated with lower alcohol-related mortality among American Indian tribes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Bicycle helmet prevalence two years after the introduction of mandatory use legislation for under 18 year olds in Alberta, Canada.

OBJECTIVE: To determine changes in helmet use in cyclists following the introduction of a bicycle helmet law for children under age 18. METHODS: Cyclists were observed by two independent observers from July to August 2004 (post-legislation) in Edmonton, Alberta. The data were compared with a similar survey completed at the same locations and days in July to August 2000 (pre-legislation). Data were collected for 271 cyclists in 2004 and 699 cyclists in 2000. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of helmet use increased from 43% (95% CI 39 to 47%) in 2000 to 53% (95% CI 47 to 59%) in 2004. Helmet use increased in those under 18, but did not change in those 18 and older. In the cluster adjusted multivariate Poisson regression model, the prevalence of helmet use significantly increased for those under age 18 (adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) 3.69, 95% CI 2.65 to 5.14), but not for those 18 years and older (APR 1.17, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.43). CONCLUSION: Extension of legislation to all age groups should be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Thailand--lighting up a dark market: British American tobacco, sports sponsorship and the circumvention of legislation.

OBJECTIVE: To examine how British American Tobacco (BAT) used sports sponsorship to circumvent restrictions on tobacco promotion in Thailand, both a key emerging market and a world leader in tobacco control. METHOD: Analysis of previously confidential BAT company documents. RESULTS: Since its inception in 1987, BAT's sports sponsorship programme in Thailand has been politically sensitive and legally ambiguous. Given Thailand's ban on imported cigarettes, early events provided promotional support to smuggled brands. BAT's funding of local badminton, snooker, football and cricket tournaments generated substantial media coverage for its brands. After the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs decision that obliged Thailand to open its cigarette market to imports, Thailand's 1992 tobacco control legislation established one of the world's most restrictive marketing environments. BAT's sponsorship strategy shifted to rallying and motorbike racing, using broadcasts of regional competitions to undermine national regulations. BAT sought to dominate individual sports and to shape media coverage to maximise brand awareness. An adversarial approach was adopted, testing the limits of legality and requiring active enforcement to secure compliance with legislation. CONCLUSIONS: The documents show the opportunities offered by sports sponsorship to tobacco companies amid increasing advertising restrictions. Before the 1992 tobacco control legislation, sponsored events in Thailand promoted international brands by combining global and local imagery. The subsequent strategy of "regionalisation as defensibility" reflected the capacity of international sport to transcend domestic restrictions. These transnational effects may be effectively dealt with via the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, but will require the negotiation of a specific protocol.

Advertising↗
PubMed2004

"If we can just 'stall' new unfriendly legislations, the scoreboard is already in our favour": transnational tobacco companies and ingredients disclosure in Thailand.

OBJECTIVES: To review the strategies employed by overseas cigarette manufacturers operating in Thailand to obstruct the passage and subsequent enforcement of national public health legislation, specifically the ingredients disclosure provision of the 1992 Tobacco Products Control Act. METHODS: Analysis of previously confidential tobacco industry documents relevant to non-compliance with the ingredients disclosure legislation. RESULTS: Requirement for disclosure of ingredients contained in cigarettes contained in the Tobacco Products Control Act was identified by transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) not only as a significant threat to their operations in Thailand, but as a dangerous global precedent. Industry documents reveal a determined campaign to block, stall, or amend the proposed regulation during the legislative process. Industry representatives petitioned the Ministry of Health to revise the requirement from by brand disclosure to a more palatable by company submission. Strategies were adapted in the wake of the passage of the Act. Most significantly, the industry in concert with embassies in Bangkok threatened the Thai government with appeals to international trade bodies on the grounds of violation of international agreements. Industry documents also reveal that as submission of ingredient lists appeared unavoidable, leading companies operating in Thailand endeavoured to confound the disclosure requirement by disguising ingredients and reformulating brand recipes. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence presented highlights the importance of ingredients regulation and demonstrates how health policy can be transformed during its implementation. A greater understanding of trade agreements emerges as a priority for global tobacco control.

Commerce↗
PubMed2005

Tobacco industry successfully prevented tobacco control legislation in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how transnational tobacco companies, working through their local affiliates, influenced tobacco control policymaking in Argentina between 1966 and 2005. METHODS: Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents, local newspapers and magazines, internet resources, bills from the Argentinean National Congress Library, and interviews with key individuals in Argentina. RESULTS: Transnational tobacco companies (Philip Morris International, British American Tobacco, Lorillard, and RJ Reynolds International) have been actively influencing public health policymaking in Argentina since the early 1970s. As in other countries, in 1977 the tobacco industry created a weak voluntary self regulating code to avoid strong legislated restrictions on advertising. In addition to direct lobbying by the tobacco companies, these efforts involved use of third party allies, public relations campaigns, and scientific and medical consultants. During the 1980s and 1990s efforts to pass comprehensive tobacco control legislation intensified, but the organised tobacco industry prevented its enactment. There has been no national activity to decrease exposure to secondhand smoke. CONCLUSIONS: The tobacco industry, working through its local subsidiaries, has subverted meaningful tobacco control legislation in Argentina using the same strategies as in the USA and other countries. As a result, tobacco control in Argentina remains governed by a national law that is weak and restricted in its scope.

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

Reductions in tobacco smoke pollution and increases in support for smoke-free public places following the implementation of comprehensive smoke-free workplace legislation in the Republic of Ireland: findings from the ITC Ireland/UK Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychosocial and behavioural impact of the first ever national level comprehensive workplace smoke-free law, implemented in Ireland in March 2004. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental prospective cohort survey: parallel cohort telephone surveys of national representative samples of adult smokers in Ireland (n = 769) and the UK (n = 416), surveyed before the law (December 2003 to January 2004) and 8-9 months after the law (December 2004 to January 2005). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Respondents' reports of smoking in key public venues, support for total bans in those key venues, and behavioural changes due to the law. RESULTS: The Irish law led to dramatic declines in reported smoking in all venues, including workplaces (62% to 14%), restaurants (85% to 3%), and bars/pubs (98% to 5%). Support for total bans among Irish smokers increased in all venues, including workplaces (43% to 67%), restaurants (45% to 77%), and bars/pubs (13% to 46%). Overall, 83% of Irish smokers reported that the smoke-free law was a "good" or "very good" thing. The proportion of Irish homes with smoking bans also increased. Approximately 46% of Irish smokers reported that the law had made them more likely to quit. Among Irish smokers who had quit at post-legislation, 80% reported that the law had helped them quit and 88% reported that the law helped them stay quit. CONCLUSION: The Ireland smoke-free law stands as a positive example of how a population-level policy intervention can achieve its public health goals while achieving a high level of acceptance among smokers. These findings support initiatives in many countries toward implementing smoke-free legislation, particularly those who have ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which calls for legislation to reduce tobacco smoke pollution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Forthcoming changes in the misuse of drugs legislation.

The effects of the new regulations on veterinary practice are minimal. Veterinarians are mainly concerned with drugs in schedules 2 and 3 to the regulations and the requirements relating to these drugs are virtually unchanged. Pentazocine (Fortral) has been added to schedule 3 and from April 1, 1986, veterinarians must comply with the following additional requirements with respect to this drug or any other in schedule 3: use of written requisition for purchase of supplies and the prescription requirements for controlled drugs. Further details of the legislation applying to the labelling and dispensing of medicinal products and the requirements relating to schedule 2 controlled drugs, can be found in 'Legislation Affecting The Veterinary Profession in the United Kingdom', 4th edn (1984) Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. For details of the legislation relating to schedule 3 drugs, see VR, December 22/29, 1984, p649.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Civil commitment trends in Ontario: the effect of legislation on clinical practice.

The rationale for and history of civil commitment legislation in Ontario are reviewed. The civil commitment rate in Ontario from 1926 to 1980 for provincial psychiatric hospitals, and from 1974 to 1980 for all psychiatric inpatient facilities was analyzed to detect variation in the rate over time and with relevant legislation. The findings indicate that mental health legislation has had little effect on commitment practices in Ontario. In addition, the variation in the commitment rate over the period reviewed cannot be ascribed to inconsistent application by physicians. The other variables affecting the rate are discussed in this context. The need for more descriptive studies of the major determinants of the commitment rate is emphasized.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed1997

The impact of legislatively imposed practice guidelines on cesarean section rates: the Florida experience.

Florida legislation implemented in the fall of 1992, unique in the nation, mandated that practice guidelines regarding cesarean section deliveries be disseminated to obstetric physicians. The law also required that peer review boards at hospitals be established to review cesarean deliveries and that the exact dates of implementation of the guidelines be reported to a state agency. To determine the impact of the legislation, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 366,246 total live births occurring in Florida hospitals during 1992 and 1993, before and after formal hospital certification of the implementation of the guidelines. Changes in primary and repeat cesarean rates were analyzed for 108 independent groups of births, controlling for the mother's age, race, payment source, and the timing of the implementation of the guidelines at hospitals. The guideline certification program did not accelerate the consistent but gradual downward trend in cesarean births which had already been evident in the three prior years. The data do suggest that the guideline program may have affected repeat cesareans more than primary cesareans, especially in the first quarter of 1993, immediately after the hospital certification period. Reductions in repeat cesareans involved both Medicaid and commercially insured births, whereas reductions in primary cesareans were found almost exclusively within commercially insured mothers, where the existing rates are highest. Although births with a prior cesarean represent only 12.5% of all births, significant decreases in repeat cesareans were found in groups representing 72.6% of this population. By comparison, significant decreases in primary cesareans were found in groups representing only 36.5% of the births without a prior cesarean. The date of guideline implementation reported by hospitals was not related to any systematic change in observed cesarean section rates. We concluded that the mere dissemination of practice guidelines by a state agency may not achieve either the magnitude or the specificity of the results desired without an explicit and thorough guideline implementation program. Blunt legislative mandates may be ineffective when multiple initiatives are already achieving desired outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Learning to lobby for probreastfeeding legislation: the story of a Texas bill to create a breastfeeding-friendly physician designation.

Legislation can reduce institutional barriers to breastfeeding. Lobbying is the process by which legislation is influenced by a special interest group. While generally thought of as an activity available only to the rich and powerful, lobbying by lactation activists can be an effective way to change public policy. A breastfeeding coalition in central Texas has been involved with lobbying efforts since 1995. Tactical lessons learned are shared to inspire and assist others seeking to pass probreastfeeding legislation.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occupational health and safety legislation and implementation in China.

This article reviews the current statistics of employment and work-related injuries and illness in China, as well as the history of occupational health and safety legislation in the country. Comprehensive, newly promulgated workplace health and safety legislation is described, and the specific responsibilities of employers, government agencies, trade unions, and employees are detailed. The government's implementation plan for this and prior legislation is also outlined.

China↗
PubMed2006

Impact of smoke-free workplace legislation on exposures and health: possibilities for prevention.

The aims of this study were to review experiences with national or statewide smoke-free workplace legislation and data on the occurrence of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure at work, to present the best estimates for health effects related to workplace ETS exposure, and to calculate corresponding population attributable fractions (PAFs) for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases for 14 European countries and the USA. Systematic searches of the Medline database were carried out, with a cut-off date of November 2005. PAFs for the main outcomes were calculated from the best disease-specific effect estimates and country-specific prevalences of work ETS exposure. Significant numbers of workers are exposed to ETS at work, i.e. approximately 7.5 million workers in 15 European Union countries and 24.6 million in the USA. Workplace ETS exposure is causally linked to lung cancer and coronary heart disease, and is related to an increased risk of asthma in adults and reduced birthweight in newborns. Relatively strong evidence links ETS exposure to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and stroke. PAFs in Europe and the USA showed that, at current workplace ETS exposure prevalences, the public health impact is substantial. Experience of national and statewide smoke-free workplace legislation from different countries shows that such legislation leads to significant reductions in employees' environmental tobacco smoke exposure at work, as well as improvements in respiratory and cardiac health.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2005

The impact of partial smokefree legislation on health inequalities: evidence from a survey of 1150 pubs in North West England.

BACKGROUND: The UK government claims that between 10 and 30% of pubs and bars will be exempt from proposed legislation to achieve smokefree enclosed public places across England. This arises from the contentious inclusion that pubs and bars that do not prepare and serve food and private members clubs, will be able to allow smoking. We aimed to survey pubs and bars across the North West of England to assess smoking policies and the proportion and variations by deprivation level of venues preparing and serving food. METHODS: We carried out a telephone survey of 1150 pubs and bars in 14 local authorities across the North West of England. The main data items were current smoking policy, food preparation and serving status, and intention to change food serving and smoking status in the event of implementation of the proposed English partial smokefree legislation. RESULTS: 29 pubs and bars (2.5%) were totally smoke-free, 500 (44%) had partial smoking restrictions, and 615 (54%) allowed smoking throughout. Venues situated in the most deprived quintiles (4 and 5) of deprivation were more likely to allow unrestricted smoking (62% vs 33% for venues in quintiles 1 and 2). The proportion of pubs and bars not preparing and serving food on the premises was 44% (95% CI 42 to 46%), and ranged from 21% in pubs and bars in deprivation quintile 1 to 63% in quintile 5. CONCLUSION: The proportion of pubs and bars which do not serve food was far higher than the 10-30% suggested by the UK government. The proportion of pubs allowing unrestricted smoking and of non-food venues was higher in more disadvantaged areas, suggesting that the proposed UK government policy of exempting pubs in England which do not serve food from smokefree legislation will exacerbate inequalities in smoking and health.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A moral justification for gay and lesbian civil rights legislation.

This essay explores, in two parts, the problems of justifying civil rights legislation for gays, lesbians, and bisexuals. Part I shows that discrimination against gays and lesbians at least in respect to employment, housing, and public accommodations is an evil unsupported by ethical traditions in utilitarianism, rights theory, and communitarianism. It also shows that two theories, Kantian theory and natural law theory, which do support such discrimination on the claim that homoerotic behavior is universally or objectively immoral only do so because of a failure to make precise the concept of "natural" which underlies those theories. Part II argues that anti-discrimination legislation is both an appropriate and effective means to promote the idea that discrimination against lesbians and gays in respect to most employment, housing, and public accommodations is sufficiently injurious to both individuals and society that it should not be tolerated. The section also explains how such legislation might succeed practically in eliminating discrimination in these areas.

Bisexuality↗
PubMed1992

For better or worse? The moral and policy lessons of Minnesota's HealthRight legislation.

Minnesota's recently enacted HealthRight legislation places the state at the forefront of American health reform. How did the state manage to overcome the policy gridlock in evidence in other states and at the national level? And how well does the legislation fare under close ethical scrutiny? Among the most important factors that permitted Minnesota to enact reforms were the explicit linkage in the legislative debate of the goal of cost containment to the desire to expand access, the public perception that HealthRight is incremental and consistent with earlier reform efforts in Minnesota, and the lengthy public debate that preceded the enactment of HealthRight. Although it endeavors to create a fair and efficient health care system, it is not at all certain that HealthRight, in its present form, will achieve these normative goals.

Cost Control↗