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PubMed2001

Hazards associated with the boat building industry in New Zealand: an OSH audit.

AIM: To randomly audit the boat building industry in New Zealand to assess the occupational health status and level of knowledge of employees. METHODS: A survey was conducted using a nurse and inspector administered questionnaire. 151 workers from 120 randomly selected firms participated in the survey. RESULTS: 31.5% respondents thought they had had some sort of work related health problem since working in that job. 22% reported wheezing during the last twelve months. 14-16% met criteria for occupational causation, and 4% met a measure of severe wheezing related to work. 25.6% of workers had dermatitis. Only a quarter of these met criteria for occupational causation. No respondents reported symptoms suggestive of chronic solvent neurotoxicity. Solvents and epoxy resins comprised the majority of chemicals with which there was contact. Observation suggested little use of Material Safety Data Sheets as a source of knowledge about toxicity of the chemicals used. Although 94.3% reported wearing gloves, this did not correlate with numbers reporting dermatitis suggesting non-compliance or glove failure. CONCLUSION: New Zealand boat builders and their employees remain at risk for occupational health problems by virtue of their employment.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Sexual socialization during early adolescence: the menarche.

It has been shown that during adolescence most information about sexual matters, generally colored with misconceptions, comes from the peer group, since cultural inhibitions often prevent discussion with parents or other adults. In addition, there is abundant evidence from anthropological data of diffuse negative beliefs across cultures concerning menstruation. In order to explore the early socialization of beliefs and attitudes toward menarche, 258 adolescents, aged 11 to 14 years, male and female pre- and postmenarcheal, from southern Italy, were interviewed by way of an open questionnaire method. The results showed a consistent lack of accurate information by a high percentage of subjects, both male and female; negative beliefs were held only by girls, pre- and postmenarcheal, while boys were more likely to ignore the subject. Half of the postmenarcheal girls expressed a negative evaluation of their first experiences with menstruation, generally due to lack of advance information. As to sources of information, importance of the peer group was confirmed, especially for boys; the influence of the mother and the cultural environment accounted for the positive acceptance of menarche. Fathers appeared to be uninvolved in the transmission of information about menstruation to either boys or girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Ghana social mobilization analysis.

In order to increase communication channels for child survival and development, the government and UNICEF Ghana undertook a "social mobilization analysis." This analysis included three studies that aimed to identify individuals and existing organizations with the potential to serve as health communicators and to determine the type of assistance that they needed to maximize their effectiveness in this role. The first study surveyed governmental institutions, trade unions, revolutionary organizations, traditional leaders, and others and found a largely untapped reservoir of capacities to promote child health, with varying levels of current involvement. The primary need identified was for information and training materials. The second study focused on the mass media and revealed a low coverage of maternal and child health topics and the need for better cooperation between journalists and health professionals. The third study assessed sources of health information for parents and found several sources, such as religious organizations, women's groups, and school teachers that could be mobilized to promote child health. Recommendations are made for the use of the findings.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1998

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of senior high school students regarding human immunodeficiency virus infection.

A survey of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding human immunodeficiency virus infection was performed on 899 students from 3 government-administered high schools located in the Bangkok Metropolitan area. Initially, all students completed a written questionnaire (pre-test) regarding HIV/AIDS. Following this, they attended a slide lecture presentation given by a specialist physician. The same test questionnaire was then completed by the same students six weeks (post-test) later for comparison of their previous KAP. The subjects composed of male to female ratio equal to that of the median age 15-16 years old. Sixty-seven per cent of the subjects were living with their parents, 16.3 per cent with relatives and 15 per cent with friends. Ninety nine per cent of the subjects had received information on HIV/AIDS before enrollment to this study. The source of knowledge ranged from television (89.1%), teachers (81.6%), pamphlets (80.2%), newspapers (75%), radio (55%), health care workers (53.4%), friends (38.6%) and only 32.5 per cent from their parents. The subjects' knowledge about HIV/AIDS and risk factors in the post-test questionnaire was significantly increased (P < 0.001) from the pre-test status. However, their attitudes to an HIV infected person were not significantly changed in the post-test questionnaire: only the "attending school" question showed significantly (P < 0.05) increased numbers of agreement. Similarly, the attitudes and practices to prevent HIV infection were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between pre-test and post-test questionnaires. The result of this study is to recommend regular school-based programs of education to increase awareness of preventive strategies for HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

[Contraception in Austria].

952 sexual active women between 15 and 44 years were investigated for their contraceptive behaviour. In 42% the pill was the first choice followed by the condom in 16%. 18% of all sexual active women in this age group did not use any contraceptives. Therefore the rate of unplanned pregnancies was very high: 34% reported about such unplanned pregnancies in their history. The main sources for informations in contraception are the gynecologist and the partner, but not the parents or the newspapers. Nearly half of all women did not know how the pill really works and quite a lot has still the opinion that there are really harmful side effects of oral contraceptives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Factors determining the choice of contraceptive methods at the Family Planning Clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.

In a study of 2000 women volunteers seeking contraceptive services at the Family Planning Clinic (FPC), University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, 66.2 per cent chose the intrauterine device (IUD) making it the most common method of contraception. Factors influencing choice of contraceptive methods were advice from friends and family members, intended duration of use and information from the media. Ignorance, fear and unfounded cultural beliefs were factors responsible for the delay in seeking contraceptive advice. The mass media was an important source of information for most of the women. We conclude that the IUD is the contraceptive of choice in our clinic because of the highly selective nature of our clients. In order to provide a service with a broader clientele, we suggest the incorporation of other priority reproductive health services such as cervical and breast cancer screening, prevention and treatment of reproductive tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Organ donation and transplantation: ethnic differences in knowledge and opinions among urban high school students.

PURPOSE: To assess knowledge and opinions about the process of human organ donation and transplantation among American teenagers. METHODS: A culturally sensitive 35-item self-administered survey assessing knowledge, opinions, and family discussion about organ donation and transplantation was conducted with 247 students in 13 separate classrooms encompassing three urban high schools in the same city. RESULTS: More than 50% of the students did not know the correct answers to 13 of the 16 questions on factual knowledge. The sources of information about organ donation and transplantation among students were primarily television and school. African-Americans and Asian-Americans were significantly less likely to want to become organ donors when compared to non-African-Americans and non-Asian-Americans, respectively. Asian-Americans were significantly less likely to have discussed the matter with family members. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate, up-to-date, culturally sensitive youth-oriented health education that emphasizes family discussions about organ donation and transplantation is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Pneumococcal vaccination: opinion of general practitioners and hospital doctors in Scotland, 1999-2000.

A cross sectional survey by postal questionnaire was carried out to examine general practitioners' (GPs) and hospital doctors' (HDs) knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) with regard to pneumococcal vaccination in primary and hospital care in Scotland. Most GPs and HDs considered patients with chronic medical conditions, as recommended by the Department of Health (DoH), to be candidates for pneumococcal vaccination. Although the DoH does not currently recommend the vaccine for all the elderly, 47% of GPs and 46% of HDs reported that the vaccine should be given to this group. GPs (61-85%) and HDs (48-55%) indicated that they considered the vaccine to be safe and effective. The acceptance of pneumococcal vaccine was much lower than for influenza vaccine however, and 79% of HDs and 17% of GPs had never used the vaccine. Documented policies (with or without set targets) for pneumococcal vaccine existed in only 14% of general practice and 3% of hospital settings. Over 70% of respondents indicated that GPs should take responsibility for pneumococcal vaccination. The main sources of knowledge about pneumococcal vaccines were stated to be discussion with colleagues, review of medical literature, past experience, and the DoH recommendations. A clear immunisation policy and financial support for vaccination were identified as important strategies to improve pneumococcal vaccine coverage. Strategies directed toward these factors could enhance vaccine delivery and coverage of vaccine in high-risk individuals.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1990

Environmentally mediated disorders of the respiratory tract.

Although much of the evidence in environmental lung disease remains equivocal, some environmental exposures are known to be clinically relevant. Ambient air pollution remains of concern as a source of morbidity, particularly for susceptible populations such as persons with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cardiac disease and the elderly. The adverse effects of several components of indoor air pollution have been established. Environmental tobacco smoke contributes to lower-respiratory illness in infants; office workers exposed to thermophilic actinomycetes contaminating ventilation systems have developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis; and in the home, components of house dust and fungus spores may provoke asthma via immediate hypersensitivity. The evidence is less compelling for a link between other exposures and disorders of the respiratory tract. For example, formaldehyde may be responsible for provoking vague respiratory symptoms and even nasal cancers; however, the associations are unproved. Likewise, the relation between low-level exposure to asbestos and the development of lung cancer, although a concern, is not conclusively established. The clinician should be aware of practical measures for patients who inquire about air cleaning. Often, relatively simple solutions are effective. A knowledge of sources and exposures as well as an understanding of the principles of inhalation lung injury should prove useful in directing patient care.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1988

Prostitutes: a high risk group for HIV infection?

Female prostitutes are at increased risk for sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection. However, the prevalence rate of HIV infection among prostitutes varies geographically, with the highest rates occurring in Africa and in areas with large numbers of HIV infected intravenous drug users (IVDU). In Europe the most important risk factors for HIV infection in prostitutes are intravenous drug use and unprotected intercourse with non-paying partners. Whereas in Europe, there is as yet no evidence that female prostitutes are a source of HIV infection for the heterosexual population, they are playing a major role in the spread of HIV in Africa. Education about safe sex practices should be included in prevention programmes aimed at IVDUs. HIV infection should be monitored in prostitutes, and health education on AIDS prevention should be offered to prostitutes and their clients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Choices and changes in contraceptive behaviour; the role of information sources.

One of the factors contributing to the fact that contraceptive behaviour in The Netherlands is more effective then in most other countries seems to be that Dutch women are very well informed about all aspects of contraception as a result of formal and informal education at school, in the families and by the media. In a population based survey more than 4500 women were followed during 5 consecutive years by means of a yearly questionnaire about contraceptive behaviour, choices and trends. With regards to information sources it is concluded that the general practitioner, who plays a central role as provider of contraceptive services, is viewed as the most important and reliable source of information. On the other hand Dutch women in general view their contraceptive choices as their own, they do not feel that they are very much influenced by the opinions of their physicians, who in general do not have a normative, patronizing and/or moralizing attitude regarding sexuality and contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family planning information sources and media exposure among Zimbabwean men.

This report describes, for a sample of Zimbabwean men, sources of family planning information, media exposure, media preferences, and whether they would like to learn more about family planning methods. The data are from the 1988 Zimbabwe Male Fertility Survey, a representative sample of 711 currently married men aged 20 and over. The analysis is restricted to the 512 men whose wives were aged 49 and under at the time of the survey. The radio and personal communications, followed by posters and newspapers, are the most frequently reported sources of family planning information. The radio is considered to be the best medium for learning about family planning, followed by community-based distributors. Nearly 85 percent of respondents indicated that they would like to learn more about family planning. Information from men should be included in information, education, and communication programs in order to enhance male involvement in the family planning process.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A peer-led AIDS prevention program for students in an alternative school.

School-based programs designed to measure health risk behavior and reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have not addressed adequately the needs of adolescents outside of main-stream schools. In Florida, these youth represent a sizable proportion of the population and have been shown to be at increased risk for acquiring sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus. This article describes a peer-led STD/HIV intervention for students in a dropout prevention program in Dade Country, Florida. Trained peer counselor/educators (PCEs) led schoolwide activities and classroom sessions covering STD/HIV information, community health resources, communication and negotiation skills, and safer sex strategies. Teachers and students rated the PCEs effective in promoting discussion and serving as sources of information about AIDS and community health resources. Pre/post intervention questionaire results demonstrated an increase in AIDS awareness and discussion among students as well as an increase in condom use. Based on this social influences approach, peer education appears to be a promising health education strategy for students in dropout prevention programs.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A conceptual explanation of risk-reduction behavior and intervention development.

This study used a new conceptual model of health behavior to examine a specific risk-reduction response. Known to be at risk for fetal abnormalities because of maternal age, 203 women were examined for their acceptance or rejection of an amniocentesis test on the basis of individual characteristics and external significant factors. The multivariate approach to analysis offered a fuller explanation for nonuse of prenatal diagnosis than was previously available. In addition to specific client factors, environmental factors such as financial support for the procedure, multiple information sources, social support, and aspects of the client-provider interaction were determined to be important in explaining client acceptance or rejection of the test. More importantly, the study demonstrated the advantages of using a conceptual model to direct the development of interventions.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Older, but not wiser: how men get information about AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases after high school.

CONTEXT: As they reach adulthood, young men are less likely to use condoms and are at increased risk for exposure to AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Little is known about which prevention efforts reach men in their 20s. METHODS: Longitudinal data from the 1988, 1990-1991 and 1995 waves of the National Survey of Adolescent Males are used to identify sources of information about AIDS and STDs among 1,290 young men aged 22-26. Information receipt from four main sources, the topics covered by each source and the personal characteristics associated with getting more information are all explored. RESULTS: Twenty-two percent of men surveyed discussed disease prevention topics with a health provider in the last year, 48% attended a lecture or read a brochure, 51% spoke to a partner, friend or family member, and 96% heard about AIDS or STDs from the media (e.g., television advertisements, radio or magazine). Excluding media sources, 30% of young men reported getting no STD or AIDS prevention messages in the last year. Being black or Hispanic, having had a physical exam or an AIDS test in the last year, and having discussions about AIDS or STDs with parents or a health care provider in the past were associated with receiving more information. CONCLUSIONS: Although young men who are at higher risk for STD or HIV infection are more likely than other young men to get information about disease prevention, young adult men are much less likely than adolescents to receive AIDS or STD prevention education. More prevention efforts need to be aimed at young adults.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

AIDS-related knowledge and attitude of high school students in Holon, Israel.

Four-hundred-and-eight high school students in the town of Holon, Israel, completed a questionnaire concerning their knowledge of HIV and AIDS, and their attitude towards the disease and the people affected by it. The highest scores for knowledge were amongst the 15-16 age group. Eighty-nine per cent of the students gave correct answers concerning the three major ways of HIV transmission: unprotected sex with HIV positive partner, sharing contaminated needles, and receiving contaminated blood transfusions. Students of the 14-16 age group expressed more tolerant attitude towards AIDS and HIV patients than the 16-18 age group (P < 0.002). Nineteen per cent of the pupils are of the opinion that students diagnosed as HIV positive should not be allowed to continue their regular studies as they can endanger their fellow students. Twenty-eight per cent of the students declared that they would sever their relations with close friends diagnosed as HIV positive. Thirty-six per cent think it is not justified to compel medical staff to treat HIV positive patients. The attitude of the students towards an HIV positive 1-year-old adopted baby was divided as follows: 30 per cent think that the baby should be returned to the agency that handled the adoption, while 48 per cent think that the adopting parents should continue to care for him. The five principal sources of knowledge from which the students have learned about AIDS were: television (93 per cent); newspapers and periodicals (90 per cent); school education and biology classes (40 per cent); parents (39 per cent); and books (popular medical) (36 per cent).

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Family planning practice in central Sudan.

Community and hospital based studies were conducted to assess the major factors related to the practice of family planning during 1989 and 1990 in Central Sudan. The mothers of 1592 births in the community and 1357 births in the hospital were interviewed by trained study workers. Prevalence of contraceptive use prior to current pregnancy was 13.0% and knowledge of a family planning method was 43.0% among hospital women and 51.0% among community women. The major predictors of use of a family planning method were parity, socioeconomic status, knowledge of source of service and maternal age. The average completed family size was 7.7 children and with the exception of a lengthy breast feeding duration, the factors examined favored a high fertility. Women preferred and apparently practiced behaviors conducive to spacing rather than limiting the number of their children. The results between the hospital, the community, and the Sudan Demographic and Health Survey 1989/1990 were consistent suggesting a minimal effect of selection bias and increasing the validity of these findings. Accessible and available family planning services coupled with wider information on family planning through health personnel and the media are needed. In particular, special efforts should be made to reach women of low socioeconomic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Metabolic profile testing.

Metabolic profiles have been used in efforts to predict periparturient problems and fertility, to diagnose metabolic disease, and to assess nutritional status. Results have been varied. Until knowledge and technology provide improved blood constituent panels, the metabolic profile should not be the first step in the diagnostic process. Rather, such profiles should follow an assessment of management practices and an evaluation of diet. However, these profiles may help to confirm the diagnosis, to convince dairy farmers that management changes are desirable, or to monitor improvement in herd animals. At this point, their major contribution has been to increase our understanding of the factors contributing to changes in blood constituent concentrations, which, in turn, has led to more efficient means of diagnosis. Except in cases of gross mismanagement, these profiles do not offer a "quick fix." In many of the reported cases in which diagnosis of herd problems was attributed to the metabolic profile, the clinician should have been able to identify the problem before the profile was conducted. Profiles are to be recommended when the cause of an existing problem is still not identified or resolved after a complete evaluation. The profile may aid in identifying a factor that has been overlooked. Profiles are not for clinicians who do not have an interest in upgrading their understanding of the factors involved, or who do not have a source of knowledgeable advice.

Animals↗