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PubMed1996

Comparison between menopause-related changes in bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and the proximal femur in Japanese female athletes: a long-term longitudinal study using dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry.

This longitudinal study examined whether bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and the proximal femur is maintained in pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal women by regular exercise. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Twenty-six Japanese women (mean age 47.8 years) were followed 4-5 years. Twenty-two subjects from volleyball or jogging clubs had participated in the same exercise for more than 5 years at the initial BMD measurement. Longitudinally, for these 22 athletes, the rate of change per year in BMD of the lumbar spine was -0.17% in the premenopause group and -2.60% in the perimenopause group. In the proximal femur of the athletes, BMD increased (rate of increase per year 1.80%) in the premenopause group, but decreased (rate of decrease per year 1.07%) in the perimenopause group. In the premenopause group, BMD of the proximal femur increased in all athletes. However, in the proximal femur, the nonexercise group showed a 0.31% decrease, a significant difference (P < 0.05) compared with the athletes. These findings suggest that women can achieve continuous gains in bone mass in the proximal femur before menopause by regular intense exercise. However, continued high-level physical activity in the perimenopausal women was not able to prevent bone loss.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1984

The influence of vigorous versus mild exercise on autistic stereotyped behaviors.

A major problem encountered in many autistic children is their high rate of stereotypic behavior, which has been shown to interfere with on-task responding and other appropriate behaviors. Since the experimental literature indicates that physical exercise can positively influence both appropriate and inappropriate behaviors, including the children's stereotypic behaviors, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether the specific type of exercise (i.e., mild vs. vigorous) would differentially affect subsequent stereotyped behaviors. The results demonstrated that (1) 15 minutes of mild exercise (ball playing) had little or no influence on the children's subsequent stereotyped responding, and (2) 15 minutes of continuous and vigorous exercise (jogging) was always followed by reductions in stereotyped behaviors. These results are discussed in relation to cognitive, physiological, and educational implications.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2004

Health benefits associated with exercise habituation in older Japanese men.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of exercise habituation (3-32 years, mean 13.2 years) on physical vitality among five different groups. METHODS: One hundred and two independent, community-dwelling elderly Japanese men, aged 64.6 +/- 6.6 years, were recruited as subjects. The vital age test battery consisted of various coronary heart disease risk factors and physical fitness elements. RESULTS: The results of analysis of variance revealed that vital age as an index of physical vitality was youngest in joggers (47.9 yr, N=18), intermediate in trekkers (55.8 yr, N=20) and walkers (59.1 yr, N=18), and oldest (69.6 yr, N=20) in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). The difference between chronological age and vital age was approximately 15 years (p<0.05) in joggers, and 8 years (p<0.05) in trekkers and walkers. The vital age of sedentary persons (N=26) was only 1.9 years (NS) younger than their chronological age, which was similar to the difference (vital age of 64.1 +/- 8.5 yr vs chronological age of 65.7 +/- 5.4 yr) previously observed in similarly aged exercising IHD patients. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that exercise habituation significantly affects the overall health status of most individuals, irrespective of mode of exercise. Among the three modes of exercise, jogging may be most beneficial. Furthermore, regularly exercising coronary patients may have physical vitality similar to that of sedentary men.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

[Blood pressure lowering through physical training--what can be achieved?].

In the meantime, the positive effect of physical training, both in primary and secondary prevention of hypertension, has been confirmed in numerous studies. In recent years, it has been shown that regular sports activity of moderate intensity suffices to bring about a lowering of blood pressure. Highly recommended forms of training include walking, jogging, cycling and dynamic power training. Over a period of three to four months,a gradual increase in activity--for example, a daily training period of 15 to 20 minutes--should be the aim. However, an intensification of general physical activities may also lower blood pressure, irrespective of other risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Exertion-related heat stroke. Lethal multiorgan failure from accidental hyperthermia in a 23 year old athlete].

We report the case of a 23-year-old rower who suffered from an exertional heatstroke while trying to lose 2 kg in weight by jogging before a competition. The development of this illness was favoured by clothes that were inappropriate for the environmental conditions and which the sportsman wore intentionally to enhance sweating. The maximum core temperature was over 43 degrees C. As a consequence the comatose patient developed a fulminant multi-organ failure with the liver ceasing its function, renal failure, massive rhabdomyolysis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. In addition, he suffered from pericardial effusion and acute pulmonary failure (ARDS). In spite of maximum intensive care with an extensive substitution of blood products, continuous hemodiafiltration, and inhalative administration of nitrous oxide the young sportsman died 48 h after his admission to the intensive care unit. This tragic course demonstrates the danger of the widespread habit of losing weight by vigorously exercising with inappropriate clothes. In this article, potential risk factors, symptomatology, therapy, and methods of preventing an exertional heatstroke are shown and discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Knee endoprosthesis: sports orthopedics possibilities and limitations].

Many patients would like to resume some sport activities after total knee replacement; however, most recommendations are based on subjective opinion rather than scientific evidence. The following paper presents a literature review of sports after total knee replacement and includes recommendations which are based on biomechanical laws. Most total knee designs show increased conformity near full extension. Beyond a certain knee flexion angle, the conformity ratio decreases due to a reduced femoral radius. Therefore, these designs accept higher loads near full extension than in flexion. In order to recommend suitable physical activities after total knee replacement, both the load and the knee flexion angle of the peak load must be considered. It has been shown that power walking and cycling produce the lowest polyethylene inlay stress of a total knee replacement and seem to be the least demanding endurance activities. Jogging and downhill walking show high inlay stress levels and should be avoided. Hence, for mountain hiking, patients are advised to avoid descents or at least use skipoles and walk slowly downhill to reduce the load on the knee joint. It must also be mentioned that any activity represents additional wear, which may affect the long-term results of total knee replacements. Further clinical studies are necessary to validate the biomechanical investigations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effect of aerobic exercise on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine and to ipsapirone in untrained healthy subjects.

RATIONALE: Several clinical studies suggest antidepressive and anxiolytic effects of regular aerobic exercise. OBJECTIVES: The present study examines the effects of a 10-week protocol of moderate aerobic exercise (3-4 miles jogging 3 times per week) on central serotonergic receptor sensitivity. METHODS: Neuroendocrine challenges using oral doses of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP; 0.4 mg/kg), ipsapirone (0.3 mg/kg), and placebo were performed in 12 untrained healthy volunteers before and after 10 weeks of moderate aerobic exercise. RESULTS: Before training, administration of the non-selective serotonergic agonist m-CPP, which exerts a number of well-reproducible effects mainly via its action on 5-HT2C receptors, was associated with a significant increase of cortisol and prolactin (but not adrenaline or noradrenaline) in comparison with the placebo condition. After the 10-week training period, administration of m-CPP was followed by a blunted cortisol response which was not significantly increased in comparison to the placebo challenge. In contrast, the increases of cortisol observed after administration of the 5-HT1A agonist ipsapirone were of the same magnitude during the pre- and post-training challenge sessions. The behavioral response to ipsapirone and the mean maximal increases of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline did not change during the training period. CONCLUSIONS: Regular aerobic exercise is associated with a blunted cortisol response to m-CPP, which might reflect a downregulation of central 5-HT2C receptors.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Maintenance of testosterone status in fitness joggers after increased training mileage.

The primary objective was to evaluate the early effect of increased training mileage on testosterone (T) status in recreational joggers. Serum total (T(tot)) and free (T(free)) concentrations at rest, overnight urinary T(tot) excretion, and the T(tot) and T(free) responses to maximal exercise were used as indicators of T status. A group of 13 male [mean (SD) age 24.5 (2.5) years] fitness joggers [maximal oxygen consumption, VO(2max), 52.9 (4.9) ml.kg(-1).min(-1)] qualified as subjects. The training intervention consisted of a 100% increase in the habitual distance run [12 (3) miles.week(-1)] for 2 consecutive weeks, while maintaining the customary training intensity. Blood samples were obtained at rest and after maximal exercise tests, at the beginning and end of a control week of habitual jogging (baseline) and also following the 1st and 2nd weeks of the intervention. The and treadmill exercise endurance time were unchanged across sampling times. Serum T(tot) and T(free) concentrations averaged 565 (62) and 24 (2.6) ng.dl(-1), respectively, at baseline and did not change significantly. Urinary T(tot) excretion averaged 1.5 (0.21) ng.min(-1) at baseline, and also remained unchanged during the intervention. Relative increases in T(tot) (23%) and T(free) (22%) were observed following maximal exercise compared to rest ( P<0.05). However, the exercise-related increases in serum T(tot) and T(free) were not evident after adjustment for the change in plasma volume. It was concluded, that the training intervention did not alter T status in these fitness joggers.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Further evaluation of physical fitness age versus physiological age in women.

The present study was conducted to examine further whether adult women who are in a state of high physical fitness possess high physiological functions, and also to investigate whether those who exercise regularly are able to maintain a high quality of various physiological functions. The subjects of this study were 249 healthy Japanese adult women (aged 20-70 years). Of these subjects 30 had jogged or walked regularly for more than 3 years. The physiological ages (PA) and physical fitness ages (FA) of the individuals were estimated from 17 physiological function tests and 5 physical fitness tests, respectively, by principal components analyses. The results indicated that there was a significant correlation between PA and FA (r = 0.76, P < 0.01). To examine this relationship in more detail, the subjects were classified into three physical fitness groups (high, normal and low) based on the deviation from the regression line of FA. Comparison of the mean PA among three physical fitness groups revealed that the high physical fitness groups demonstrated a much lower PA (physiologically younger), while the low physical fitness groups showed a relatively higher PA (physiologically older) in spite of their equivalent chronological ages. From this series of studies, a new concept is proposed where different individuals have different peak physiological capacities, but that these capacities change with age at similar rates. It is suggested that interventions such as exercise and a proper diet for promoting health could increase peak functional capacity but have little effect on the rate of decline.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Patients with fibromyalgia benefit from aerobic endurance exercise.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a disorder characterised by diffuse widespread musculoskeletal aching and stiffness and multiple tender points [1]. Its pathophysiology is poorly understood. The influence of aerobic endurance exercise on pain in patients with FM was investigated. Twenty-seven patients (25 female, 2 male) participated in a controlled clinical study and performed 12 weeks of jogging, walking, cycling or swimming following a given schedule. Twelve sedentary FM patients (11 female, 1 male) served as controls. Before and after training both the study and the control groups were evaluated spiroergometrically. Tender point pain was quantified by dolorimetry. The painful body surface was estimated by a pain body diagram, and its intensity by a visual analogue scale and a ranking scale. Patients trained for an average of 25 min two to three times a week, with an average intensity of 50% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Unlike the control group, the training group exhibited a decrease in heart rate and VO2 and an increase in respiratory quotient during submaximal workload. Maximal performance capacity and VO2max remained unchanged, whereas the wattpulse (watt/heart rate) improved at maximal workload. Pain parameters remained unchanged in the control group, but in the training group the mean number of positive tender points (15.4/12.7), the mean pain threshold of the gluteal tender point (2.89 kp/3.50 kp) and the painful body surface (18%/15% body surface) decreased significantly. Subjective general pain condition deteriorated in two patients but improved in 17. Our results suggest a positive effect of aerobic endurance exercise on fitness and well-being in patients with FM.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of gait between young adults fitted with the space foot and nondisabled persons.

Prosthetic feet having new keel configurations were specially designed to store deformation energy during early and midstance and release it at push-off. These prosthetic components display longitudinal symmetry favoring good energy storage/release capability in the sagittal plane. The need for inverters/everters either as independent components or within the foot structure has long been recognized. This article documents the walking and slow jogging performances of six young adults wearing below-knee prostheses fitted with the Space Foot, a flexible foot prosthesis that provides medio-lateral control at heel-strike and lateral and forward propulsion at push-off. Results indicate that the Space Foot behaves as a flexible keel foot prosthesis. Its gait performances are also good for fast walking; however, the Space Foot's actual design should be modified if used in sporting activities involving running.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Beta-endorphin and components of emotionality discriminate between physically active and sedentary men.

Differences between physically active and sedentary men were tested by profile comparison. The study identifies the relative importance of circulating beta-endorphin (BE), atherosclerotic disease risk (ADR) index, and selected components of emotionality in discriminating between physically active and sedentary men. The subjects were psychologically normal and medically healthy middle-aged men. Jogging activity was the subject classification criterion. The data were collected on selected physiological (treadmill), biochemical (blood collected from resting subjects), and psychological (Eysenck and MMPI) variables. The physical fitness score (PFS) was used as an index of fitness. Physically active men with a high PFS (n = 21), when compared to the sedentary men with a low PFS (n = 15), exhibited lower basal plasma BE, lower ADR, lower anxiety index (AI), and lower MMPI depression score (D). Canonical correlation analysis showed that PFS and BE in one set were correlated with D and neuroticism (NS) in another set of variables. Discriminant function analysis showed that the AI was the most powerful discriminator between the physically active and sedentary men, followed by BE and NS. Interestingly, BE and NS exhibited the same magnitude of discrimination power. The ADR exhibited less discrimination power, relative to AI, BE, and NS. In conclusion, the physically active men, compared to the sedentary men in this study, exhibited lower basal plasma BE, which appeared to be associated with less atherosclerotic disease risk, less neuroticism, less anxiety, and less depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Hip joint loading during walking and running, measured in two patients.

The resultant hip joint force, its orientation and the moments were measured in two patients during walking and running using telemetering total hip prostheses. One patient underwent bilateral joint replacement and a second patient, additionally suffering from a neuropathic disease and atactic gait patterns, received one instrumented hip implant. The joint loading was observed over the first 30 and 18 months, respectively, following implantation. In the first patient the median peak forces increased with the walking speed from about 280% of the patient's body weight (BW) at 1 km h-1 to approximately 480% BW at 5 km h-1. Jogging and very fast walking both raised the forces to about 550% BW; stumbling on one occasion caused magnitudes of 720% BW. In the second patient median forces at 3 km h-1 were about 410% BW and a force of 870% BW was observed during stumbling. During all types of activities, the direction of the peak force in the frontal plane changed only slightly when the force magnitude was high. Perpendicular to the long femoral axis, the peak force acted predominantly from medial to lateral. The component from ventral to dorsal increased at higher force magnitudes. In one hip in the first patient and in the second patient the direction of large forces approximated the average anteversion of the natural femur. The torsional moments around the stem of the implant were 40.3 N m in the first patient and 24 N m in the second.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Tendon action of two-joint muscles: transfer of mechanical energy between joints during jumping, landing, and running.

The amount of mechanical energy transferred by two-joint muscles between leg joints during squat vertical jumps, during landings after jumping down from a height of 0.5 m, and during jogging were evaluated experimentally. The experiments were conducted on five healthy subjects (body height, 1.68-1.86 m; and mass, 64-82 kg). The coordinates of the markers on the body and the ground reactions were recorded by optical methods and a force platform, respectively. By solving the inverse problem of dynamics for the two-dimensional, four-link model of a leg with eight muscles, the power developed by the joint (net muscular) moments and the power developed by each muscle were determined. The energy transferred by two-joint muscles from and to each joint was determined as a result of the time integration of the difference between the power developed at the joint by the joint moment, and the total power of the muscles serving a given joint. It was shown that during a squat vertical jump and in the push-off phase during running, the two-joint muscles (rectus femoris and gastrocnemius) transfer mechanical energy from the proximal joints of the leg to the distal ones. At landing and in the shock-absorbing phase during running, the two-joint muscles transfer energy from the distal to proximal joints. The maximum amount of energy transferred from the proximal joints to distal ones was equal to 178.6 +/- 45.7 J (97.1 +/- 27.2% of the work done by the joint moment at the hip joint) at the squat vertical jump. The maximum amount of energy transferred from the distal to proximal joints was equal to 18.6 +/- 4.2 J (38.5 +/- 36.4% of work done by the joint moment at the ankle joint) at landing. The conclusion was made that the one-joint muscles of the proximal links compensate for the deficiency in work production of the distal one-joint muscles by the distribution of mechanical energy between joints through the two-joint muscles. During the push-off phase, the muscles of the proximal links help to extend the distal joints by transferring to them a part of the generated mechanical energy. During the shock-absorbing phase, the muscles of the proximal links help the distal muscles to dissipate the mechanical energy of the body.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1988

Smoking, alcohol consumption, and endurance capacity: an analysis of 6,500 19-year-old conscripts and 4,100 joggers.

Using data from two Swiss studies, a 20% random sample (n = 6,592) of all 19-year-old army conscripts and all male participants in a 16-km popular race (n = 4,358), we studied the relationships among smoking, alcohol consumption, and endurance capacity using univariate and multivariate analyses. Alcohol was significantly correlated with endurance capacity among joggers in univariate analysis, but lost its significance in multivariate analysis. Among army conscripts, the distance covered in a 12-min endurance run was inversely related to daily cigarette consumption and years of smoking (P less than 0.001). This association was apparent even among light smokers who had been smoking for less than 2 years when they were compared with nonsmokers. Among joggers, even when the lower training activity of the smokers was controlled for, smoking retained a negative, independent association with endurance capacity, as measured by 16-km race time. In multiple regression analysis of endurance capacity, the standardized regression coefficient for smoking was -0.14 for distance covered in the 12-min run and 0.10 for 16-km running time, the latter despite the low prevalence (6.9%) of regular cigarette smokers among the joggers. Seventy percent of the 16-km race participants who smoked around the time they took up jogging quit smoking as joggers. Within the limits of this cross-sectional study design, these results suggest that smoking exerts a direct, biologically mediated, deleterious effect on endurance capacity. The lower levels of exercise of the smokers did not entirely explain the difference in endurance between smokers and nonsmokers. This observation of a short-term negative association between even light smoking and endurance capacity may have implications for health education and promotion efforts.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effects of physical activity on bone mineral content and muscle strength in women: a cross-sectional study.

Physical exercise is known to increase bone mass in men, whereas the effect is less predictable in women. In this cross-sectional report, effects of physical activity on women aged 38-64 years are studied. Bone mass and muscle strength were compared between 30 regularly exercising women jogging only once a week for at least three years and an equal number of controls matched for age. BMC of the distal third of the radius was significantly higher in the active women. The active women over age 50 also had higher trabecular bone mass in the distal end of the radius. Quadriceps strength and balance were also found to be better in the activity group. Active women had a different lifestyle than the non-active women, with less consumption of alcohol, oestrogens, and tobacco. This report supports the hypothesis that regular moderate physical activity might reduce bone loss in women.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Dynamic loads are determinants of peak bone mass.

This study investigated the association between non-invasive measurements of bone mass and markers of dynamic and static hip joint loads in subjects expected to be at peak bone mass. The bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of three proximal femoral sites (neck, greater trochanter, and total) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the peak external joint moments at the hip during walking and jogging were calculated from gait analyses of 31 normal human subjects ranging in age from 30 to 49 years (18 females, 13 males). Various multiple regression analyses were performed to determine how much of the variance in BMD and BMC was explained by height, body mass, and the peak hip joint moments. In total, the models explained up to 40% of the variance in BMD and 58% of the variance in BMC. Inclusion of height or body mass did not increase the explanatory power of the models for BMD and explained no more than 8% of the total variance in BMC once the joint moments from walking were allowed to enter the models. These data support the hypothesis that variance in peak bone mass is associated with variance in dynamic hip loads largely independent of the effect of static factors such as height and body mass.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

Use of anti-pronation taping to assess suitability of orthotic prescription: case report.

This case report describes a strategy for assessing the suitability of orthotic prescription for individual patients with lower limb overuse injuries. The case concerns a 32 year old male soccer player with a two-year history of Achilles tendinopathy. A functional assessment performed before, during, and after a trial period of anti-pronation taping showed that taping reduced symptoms markedly and resulted in a 10-fold increase in pain-free jogging distance. This was interpreted as an indication for favourable orthotic intervention. Subsequently, orthotic intervention was associated with a similar reduction in symptoms and improvement in function. This case study illustrates how a trial period of anti-pronation taping could assist therapists to make decisions about prescription of orthoses for lower limb overuse injuries.

Achilles Tendon↗