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PubMed2002

Differential expression and upregulation of interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 by freshly isolated human small intestinal epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND: Small intestinal epithelial cells (SIEC) may contribute to local immune regulation. AIM: To examine production of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 by freshly isolated human SIEC. METHODS: IL-1alpha and IL-1beta mRNA in epithelial layers (EL) prepared from small intestine and in intestinal epithelial cell (EC) lines were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 protein expression by SIEC was examined by flow cytometry before and after activation with lipopolysaccharide and epithelial growth factor. RESULTS: IL-1alpha and IL-1beta mRNA was detected in EL and EC lines. Background expression of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta protein by SIEC was observed, which did not increase even following activation. IL-6 protein was expressed by SIEC, in a proportion that increased in two out of three samples following activation. CONCLUSIONS: IL-6 expression and the presence of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta mRNA suggest a role for SIEC in the regulation of local inflammation.

Caco-2 Cells↗
PubMed1995

Ultrasonographic examination of the small intestine of cows.

The small intestine of 50 cows was examined ultrasonographically with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were examined on the right side, from the tuber coxae to the eighth intercostal space and from the transverse processes of the vertebrae to the linea alba. The appearance of loops of small intestine and their contents and motility were assessed. In the majority of cases, the intestine contained feed and the contents appeared hyperechoic, but in some cows, the intestinal lumen contained mucus or fluid which was hypoechoic. The cranial part of the duodenum could be viewed longitudinally and in cross-section: its largest diameter varied from 1.1 to 5.4 cm and it could be identified with certainty only medial to the gall bladder, which served as an acoustic window. The descending part of the duodenum was adjacent to the abdominal wall and was enveloped in the hyperechoic greater omentum, differentiating it from the jejunum and ileum. The largest diameter of the descending part of the duodenum varied from 0.9 to 3.7 cm. The ascending duodenum could not be identified because of its anatomical position. Loops of jejunum and ileum were usually viewed in cross-section and sometimes longitudinally; in contrast with the duodenum, they were constantly moving. The average diameter of the jejunum and ileum varied from 2.2 to 4.5 cm.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of Houttuyniae cordata and refinery final molasses on the development of offensive odor in porcine small intestine during storage.

Porcine small intestine evolved a specific offensive odor only 0.5 to 1 day after storage at 20 degrees C. We investigated the effects of Houttuyniae cordata (dokudami), refinery final molasses (RFM), green tea, and brown sugar on the evolution of methylmercaptan and ethanol, which were the main components of the volatiles which evolved from porcine small intestine in storage. Furthermore, we determined their antibacterial effect and deodorant activity against methylmercaptan, as possible factors in reducing the offensive odor. Addition of those materials reduced the offensive odor during storage. In particular, dokudami, green tea, and RFM markedly suppressed the evolution of methylmercaptan. RFM was most effective in suppressing the growth of bacteria. Dokudami had the highest deodorant activity, comparable to that of perilla leaves. However, the retardation of methylmercaptan evolution in situ cannot be simply explained by either of deodorant or antibacterial effect. It seems likely that the combined action of both effects affects the evolution of methylmercaptan in situ.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Prognostic factors of 28 leiomyosarcomas of the small intestine.

Leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine is a rare tumor, comprising 0.2 per cent of all malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. The charts of 28 patients were reviewed; the outstanding characteristics were a slow growing, but sometimes, fast growing locally malignant lesion, more than half being in the ileum. Arteriograms are better than a roentgenographic series of the small intestine for diagnosis. Adjuvant therapy is probably of no benefit. Between histologically benign leiomyomas and malignant leiomyosarcomas, there is a third group with histologic manifestations of malignancy and good prognosis, seven of ten patients surviving to five years. To define this group, we need an association of these three factors, duration of symptoms for more than one year, no metastasis and a tumor diameter of less than 9 centimeters.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Fibrin adhesive versus sutured anastomosis: a comparative intraindividual study in the small intestine of pigs.

The small intestine in each of ten pigs was subjected to three anastomoses: one sutured anastomosis and two non-suture fibrin adhesive anastomoses in an intra-individual controlled comparison. There was no significant difference in the in vivo bursting strength after 7 days. Thus, the two types of anastomoses were of equal strength. It is concluded that it appears possible to achieve a safe sutureless anastomosis in the small intestine, with fibrin adhesive alone.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Gene transfer of human manganese superoxide dismutase protects small intestinal villi from radiation injury.

Small bowel toxicity represents a major dose-limiting side effect of radiation treatment for many malignancies. We examined the effects of overexpressing human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the small intestine in mice to prevent radiation enteritis. Mice were treated with the human MnSOD gene delivered enterally using a nontoxic, replication-defective herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1-based vector. HSV vectors containing the human MnSOD transgene and green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene, or GFP transgene alone, were constructed and injected intraluminally into a 2cm length of small intestine of C3H/HeNsd mice. Total body irradiation of 15 Gy was delivered to mice inoculated 24 hours earlier with either HSV-MnSOD (10(3) to 10(8) plaque-forming units), control HSV-GFP, or no vector. At 24 or 72 hours after irradiation, mice were killed and villi areas were measured from appropriate segments of the small intestine. Control irradiated mice showed a decreased villi area of 82% by day 3 after irradiation, whereas treatment of mice with HSV-MnSOD 10(8) plaque-forming units led to only a 16% decrease in villi area (P < 0.001) before radiation. Similar findings were seen on day 3 and were associated with a significant (P < 0.001) preservation of enteric protein content in HSV-MnSOD-treated mice. A dose-dependent effect of MnSOD in preventing radiation-induced small bowel injury was evident. These data demonstrate that overexpression of human MnSOD via a replication-defective herpes viral vector is an efficacious method of protecting the small intestine from ionizing radiation damage.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1977

Cavitating metastases of the small intestine.

Ten patients with small intestinal excavating metastatic lesions are described. Cavitation of a mass is a generally unrecognized appearance of metastatic disease to the small intestine and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of small bowel excavation.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Elevation of plasma neurotensin during lipid perfusion of rat small intestine.

Perfusion of the small intestine with a lipid solution results in elevated plasma neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in blood collected from the superior mesenteric vein. Perfusion of amino acids, glucose, hyperosmotic saline, acidified saline, bile salt and diluted rat bile had no effect. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in portal plasma was significantly higher than that measured concomitantly in peripheral arterial plasma. Neurotensin, as identified by high pressure liquid chromatography, rose from 4 to 9 fm/ml (n = 4) and 9 to 18 fm/ml (n = 9) extracted plasma during lipid stimulation as compared to the saline control. These results demonstrate that intraintestinal lipid is an effective and specific stimulus for the release of neurotensin from the small intestine into the portal circulation. However, until a target organ can be shown to respond to these modest levels of plasma neurotensin, it is unsettled whether the peptide is a hormone or whether its elevation in plasma is due to "overflow" of a paracrine agent.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effect of hyperthermia on the radiation response of Chinese hamster small intestine.

The Chinese hamster small intestine was surgically exteriorised from the ligament of Trietz to the ileocaecal junction and heated for 8 min at 44.3 degrees C (a non-lethal dose) at various intervals before or after whole-body 60Co irradiation. Hyperthermia exposure immediately after irradiation reduced the LD50/7 from the control of 1,230 cGy to 798 cGy (thermal enhancement ratio, TER, of 1.5). At an interval between irradiation and hyperthermia of 2 h the LD50/7 was 935 cGy, and it remained at that value for intervals of 2-24 h. The increase in the LD50/7 by 2 hours after irradiation probably represents the repair of radiation damage that can interact with hyperthermia, and after two hours the two modalities interact independently. When the small intestine was exposed to 44.3 degrees C hyperthermia immediately prior to irradiation, the LD50/7 was reduced to 658 cGy (TER = 1.8). As hyperthermia and radiation treatments were separated the LD50/7 returned to the control value by 24 h and was unchanged over 24-72 h. This indicates that by 24 h, recovery from hyperthermia damage that could interact with radiation damage was complete. For the sequence hyperthermia----radiation, 33% of the hyperthermia damage was repaired by 1 h; whereas for radiation----hyperthermia, 85% of the radiation damage was repaired by 1 h. The sequence-dependent interaction of hyperthermia and radiation damage in normal tissues is complex, but the kinetics of interaction for the sequence radiation----hyperthermia seem to be predictable for several normal tissues in different species.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Correlation and comparison of magnetic and electric detection of small intestinal electrical activity.

The small intestinal basic electrical rhythm (BER) was detected simultaneously with serosal electrodes and a transabdominal superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer in anesthetized rabbits. We induced mesenteric ischemia to correlate serosal electrode recording of changes in BER with the SQUID magnetometer. The BER frequency was obtained by spectral analysis of the data using Fourier and autoregressive techniques. There was a high degree of correlation (r = 0.96) between the BER frequency determined using the serosal electrodes and the BER frequency ascertained from SQUID data. Additionally, the effects of an electrical insulator on the external electric and magnetic fields were studied in the rabbit model. The presence of an insulator profoundly attenuates external electric potentials recorded by cutaneous electrodes but does not significantly affect external magnetic fields or serosal potentials. We conclude that SQUID magnetometers could noninvasively record small intestinal BER that was highly correlated with the activity recorded by invasive serosal electrodes. The advantages of magnetic field measurements have encouraged us to investigate clinical applications.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2003

Unique regulation of anion/HCO3- exchangers by constitutive nitric oxide in rabbit small intestine.

In the rabbit small intestine, there are three functionally different brush-border membrane (BBM) anion/HCO3- exchangers: 1) Cl/HCO3- exchange on the BBM of villus cells responsible for coupled NaCl absorption; 2) Cl/HCO3- exchange on the BBM of crypt cells possibly involved in HCO3- secretion; and 3) short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)/HCO3- exchange on the BBM of villus cells, which facilitates SCFA absorption. Although constitutive nitric oxide (cNO) has been postulated to alter many gastrointestinal tract functions, how cNO may specifically alter these three transporters is unknown. Inhibition of cNO synthase with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) 1) did not affect villus cell BBM Cl/HCO3 change, 2) stimulated crypt cell BBM Cl/HCO3- exchange, and 3) inhibited villus cell BBM SCFA/HCO3- exchange. D-NAME, an inactive analog of L-NAME, and L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine, a more selective inhibitor of inducible NO, did not affect these transport processes. Kinetic studies demonstrated that 1) the mechanism of inhibition of crypt cell BBM Cl/HCO3- exchange is secondary to a decrease in the maximal rate of uptake of Cl, without an alteration in the affinity of the transporter for Cl, and 2) the mechanism of stimulation of villus cell BBM SCFA/HCO3- exchange is secondary to an increase in the affinity of the transporter for SCFA without an alteration in the maximal rate of uptake of SCFA. These results indicate that cNO uniquely regulates the three BBM anion/HCO3- transporters in the rabbit small intestine.

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Glutathione S-transferase genotype and p53 mutations in adenocarcinoma of the small intestine.

Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine (ASI) is a rare disease of unknown aetiology. The glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) enzyme catalyses the detoxification of compounds involved in carcinogenesis of adenocarcinoma of the stomach, colon and lung, including constituents of tobacco smoke. We investigated a possible interaction between the lack of GSTM1 enzyme activity and the carcinogenic compounds of tobacco smoke. Based on the theory that certain carcinogens cause specific point mutations in the p53 gene we analysed by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing, p53 exon 5-8 of 52 samples of ASI collected in Sweden, Germany, France, Italy and Denmark between 1995 and 1997. The GSTM1 gene status was investigated by multiplex PCR. The prevalence of GSTM1 negative genotype among cases with ASI was 69% and higher than previous reports of 50% suggesting a higher risk of ASI among GSTM1 negative compared with GSTM1 positive subjects. A 'case-only' approach was used to address the combined association between the GSTM1 negative genotype and lifestyle exposures in patients with ASI. Using this method, heavy smokers (> 20 pack-years) with the GSTM1 negative genotype had an odds ratio of 4.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.6-38.7) for ASI as compared to smokers who expressed GSTM1. No similar association between alcohol consumption and ASI was found. No p53 mutations in exon 5-8 were found in these samples, but the method may not be sensitive enough to identify smaller differences. Thus p53 does not seem to be the target of carcinogens acting in the small intestine.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1983

Studies of intestinal lymphoid tissue. VI--Proliferative response of small intestinal epithelial lymphocytes distinguishes gluten- from non-gluten-induced enteropathy.

Several diseases of the small intestine, including gluten-sensitivity, present with malabsorption and a "flat" mucosa. Determination of the mitotic index of epithelial lymphocytes provides a simple, objective method of assessing, and thus of predicting, whether a flat mucosa is due to gluten-sensitivity (index greater than 0.2%), or not (index less than 0.2%). The use of this index in circumstances especially likely to cause diagnostic confusion--for example, intestinal lymphoma; Crohn's jejunitis of immunodeficiency--is illustrated in this paper. Of seven cases, five (two primary lymphoma, three immunodeficiency) had been treated with a gluten-free diet without benefit; a mitotic index performed on the initial biopsy in each of these patients could have predicted from the outset that none was gluten-sensitive. Of the remaining two cases, determination of the mitotic index on the biopsy initially obtained from a man with severe hypogammaglobulinaemia would have indicated that he was also gluten-sensitive. Empirical use of a gluten-free diet was avoided in the other patient (with flat small intestinal mucosa and low mitotic index) in whom the diagnosis was ultimately shown to be due to Crohn's disease of jejunum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Intestinal microflora stimulates myoelectric activity of rat small intestine by promoting cyclic initiation and aboral propagation of migrating myoelectric complex.

Microbial modulation of myoelectric activity in small intestine was studied. Germ-free male Sprague-Dawley rats were equipped with bipolar electrodes from the duodenojejunal junction to the midpoint of small intestine. Prior to and one week after introduction of conventional intestinal microflora, 32 +/- 5% and 61 +/- 5% (mean +/- SE), respectively, of activity fronts of the migrating myoelectric complex reached the midpoint (P < 0.05), and the interval between activity fronts in proximal jejunum was reduced from 31.2 +/- 2.0 min to 17.5 +/- 0.8 min, respectively (P < 0.01). The pattern of propagation was more regular after conventionalization. Slow-wave frequency in proximal jejunum was 38.5 +/- 1.2/min in germ-free rats and 43.0 +/- 0.8/min in conventional rats (P < 0.01), but introduction of microflora failed to increase the frequency in germ-free rats. The frequency of spike potentials succeeding jejunal infusion of 5 ml of 12.5% glucose remained unchanged after conventionalization. Statistical analyses showed that the interval between activity fronts varied mainly within rats, whereas the propagation velocity showed statistically significant variability between rats (P < 0.01), regardless of intestinal microflora. Luminal control by the resident microflora is important for physiological cycling and aboral propagation of the migrating myoelectric complex, but seems to be of no major consequence for postprandial myoelectric response.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1984

Stable intestinal phenotypic expression of gastric and small intestinal tumor cells induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or methylnitrosourea in rats.

On the basis of paradoxical concanavalin A (Con A) staining, the tendency of tumor cells of gastric phenotype to shift to intestinal phenotype and the stability of the latter phenotype in stomach tumors of different sizes were examined quantitatively with an image processor. Phenotypic expression of tumors of the small intestine was also studied. One hundred male Wistar rats were given N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) at 50 micrograms/ml in their drinking water for 20 weeks (group 1). Twenty male F344 rats were given methylnitrosourea (MNU) at a dose of 50 mg/kg ip twice a week for 2 weeks (group 2). Rats in group 1 were killed in week 50 of the experiment and rats in group 2 were killed in week 25. In group 1, the percentage areas of intestinal-type cells in small, medium and large adenocarcinoma of the stomach were 0.5, 2.7 and 6.6%, the differences between these values being significant (P less than 0.05-0.01). Intestinal phenotypic expression of tumor cells of the stomach is stable and the proportion of intestinal-type cells in adenocarcinomas of the stomach is higher in the larger tumors. Adenomatous hyperplasias and adenocarcinomas of the small intestine in groups 1 and 2 were all composed entirely of cells of the intestinal type. These results suggested that intestinal-type cells in adenocarcinoma of the stomach did not originate from intestinal metaplasias but from gastric-type cells in stomach adenocarcinomas.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

Survival after total body irradiation: effects of irradiation of exteriorized small intestine.

Rats receiving lethal irradiation to their exteriorized small intestine with pulsed 18 MVp bremsstrahlung radiation live about 4 days longer than rats receiving a dose of total-body irradiation (TBI) causing intestinal death. The LD50 for intestinal irradiation is approximately 6 Gy higher than the LD50 for intestinal death after TBI. Survival time after exteriorized intestinal irradiation can be decreased, by adding abdominal irradiation. Adding thoracic or pelvic irradiation does not alter survival time. Shielding of large intestine improves survival after irradiation of the rest of the abdomen while the small intestine is also shielded. The kinetics of histological changes in small intestinal tissue implicate the release of humoral factors after irradiation of the abdomen. Radiation injury develops faster in the first (proximal) 40 cm of the small intestine and is expressed predominantly as shortening in villus height. In the last (distal) 40 cm of the small intestine, the most pronounced radiation effect is a decrease in the number of crypts per millimeter. Irradiation (20 Gy) of the proximal small intestine causes 92% mortality (median survival 10 days). Irradiation (20 Gy) of the distal small intestine causes 27% mortality (median survival greater than 30 days). In addition to depletion of crypt stem cells in the small intestine, other issues (humoral factors, irradiated subsection of the small intestine and shielding of the large intestine) appear to influence radiation-induced intestinal mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from the cat small intestine exposed to cholera toxin.

During a four hour observation period vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is released in increasing amounts from the feline small intestine exposed to cholera toxin. As VIP is known to be located almost exclusively in the intestinal nerves, the present findings strongly suggest that cholera toxin activates the enteric nervous system. The findings of this and other studies performed in this laboratory lead to the proposal that the choleraic secretion is, at least in part, secondary to the activation of intramural nervous reflexes in the gut.

Animals↗