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PubMed1994

NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of C.I. Direct Blue 218 (CAS No. 28407-37-6) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies).

C.I. Direct Blue 218 is a copper chelated dye used for cellulose, acetate, nylon, silk, wool, tissue, papers, and textile goods with a urea-formaldehyde finish. C.I. Direct Blue 218 is one of five chemicals/dyes that are part of the National Toxicology Program's Benzidine Dye Initiative, established to determine the toxicity and carcinogenicity of representative benzidine congeners, congener-derived dyes, and benzidine-derived dyes. Industrial grade C.I. Direct Blue 218 was selected for study because of its widespread use. Because of the high salt content, the dye was desalted prior to use. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies were conducted by administering C.I. Direct Blue 218 in feed to groups of male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for 14 days, 13 weeks, and 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, and Drosophila melanogaster. 14-DAY STUDY IN RATS: Groups of five male and five female F344/N rats were fed diets containing 0, 1,000, 3,000, 7,000, 15,000, or 30,000 ppm C.I. Direct Blue 218. All rats survived until the end of the study. Rats receiving 30,000 ppm lost weight, and the mean body weight gain of males receiving 15,000 ppm was significantly lower than that of the controls. Feed consumption by rats receiving 30,000 ppm was lower than that by the controls. Decreased organ weights at the 30,000 ppm level were related to the decreased body weights at this exposure level. 14-DAY STUDY IN MICE: Groups of five male and five female mice were fed diets containing 0, 1,000, 3,000, 7,000, 15,000, or 30,000 ppm C.I. Direct Blue 218. All mice survived until the end of the study. The final mean body weight of males receiving 30,000 ppm was 25% lower than that of controls and that of 30,000 ppm females was 20% lower than that of controls. Feed consumption by exposed and control groups was similar except for the 15,000 and 30,000 ppm groups. Feed spillage, due to reduced palatability, precluded the accurate determination of feed consumption by these two groups. Male and female mice receiving 30,000 ppm appeared hyperactive and emaciated during the last week of the study. Decreased organ weights were noted at 30,000 ppm and were attributed to the decreased mean body weights at this exposure level. 13-WEEK STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were fed diets containing 0, 3,000, 10,000, or 20,000 ppm C.I. Direct Blue 218. All male and female rats survived until the end of the study. Rats exposed to 3,000,10,000, or 20,000 ppm C.I. Direct Blue 218 received approximate daily doses of 200, 600 or 1,300 mg dye/kg body weight (males) and 200, 800, or 1,400 mg/kg (females). The final mean body weight of male rats receiving 20,000 ppm was 24% lower than that of the controls and the final mean body weight of female rats receiving 20,000 ppm was 15% lower than that of the controls. Feed consumption by exposed and control groups was similar except in the 20,000 ppm groups where feed spillage was noted. Absolute and relative kidney weights of rats receiving 10,000 or 20,000 ppm were significantly greater than those of controls. Significantly decreased organ weights were noted, particularly in the 20,000 ppm groups, and were attributed to the lower mean body weights at this exposure level. The hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean erythrocyte volume, and mean erythrocyte hemoglobin values in male and female rats receiving 10,000 and 20,000 ppm were significantly lower than those of controls. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in male and female rats receiving 20,000 ppm were significantly higher than those of controls, which is consistent with hepatocellular injury. Male rats receiving 10,000 ppm and male and female rats receiving 20,000 ppm had hepatic lesions consisting of intracytoplasmic pigment in periportal Kupffer cells, minimal to mild individual hepatocyte necrosis, increased numbers of binucleated and multinucleated hepatocytes, and minimal bile duct hyperplasia. Male and female rats receiving 20,000 ppm had ys receiving 20,000 ppm had yellow-green pigment within the cytoplasm of proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. Microconcretions of mineral were observed along the corticomedullary junction of the kidney in most female rats, but the numbers of microconcretions in kidney sections were increased in females that received 20,000 ppm. 13-WEEK STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 10 male and 10 female B6C3F1 mice were fed diets containing 0, 3,000, 10,000, or 20,000 ppm C.I. Direct Blue 218. There were no deaths attributed to C.I. Direct Blue 218. Mice exposed to 3,000, 10,000, or 20,000 ppm C.I. Direct Blue 218 received approximate daily doses of 400, 1,500, or 3,600 mg dye/kg body weight (males) and 400, 1,800, or 4,000 mg/kg (females). The final mean body weight of males that received 20,000 ppm was 24% lower than that of the controls, and the final mean body weight of females that received 20,000 ppm was 14% lower than that of controls. Feed consumption by exposed mice was similar to that by controls except in the 20,000 ppm groups where feed spillage was noted. Significant differences in organ weights were noted at 20,000 ppm which were attributed primarily to the lower mean body weights in these exposure groups. The hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean erythrocyte volume, and mean erythrocyte volume, and mean erythrocyte hemoglobin values were significantly lower in males and females receiving 10,000 and 20,000 ppm. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in male and female mice receiving 10,000 and 20,000 ppm were significantly higher than those of controls, indicating hepatic injury. Male and female mice receiving 20,000 ppm had hepatic lesions consisting of centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy and karyomegaly, multifocal individual hepatocyte necrosis, oval cell proliferation, and periportal Kupffer cells with intracytoplasmic pigment. Males and females receiving 20,000 ppm also had increased numbers of pigmented macrophages within the red pulp of the spleen. 2-YEAR STUDY IN RATS: The doses selected for the 2-year study of C.I. Direct Blue 218 were based on the lower final mean body weights and the occurrence of hepatic lesions in the 20,000 ppm groups in the 13-week study. Groups of 60 male and 60 female rats were fed diets containing 0, 1,000, 3,000, or 10,000 ppm C.I. Direct Blue 218 for 103 weeks. Nine or 10 rats from each group were evaluated after 15 months. Survival, Body Weights, Feed and Compound Consumption, and Clinical Findings: Survival of female rats receiving 10,000 ppm was slightly, but not significantly, lower than that of the controls. Mean body weights of male and female rats in the 10,000 ppm groups were approximately 5% to 14% lower than those of the controls after week 15, and the final mean body weights of male and female rats at this level were 11% and 9% lower than those of the controls, respectively. Feed consumption by exposed male and female rats was similar to that by the controls and was estimated to deliver daily doses of 40, 120, and 440 mg dye/kg body weight to males and 50, 140, and 470 mg/kg to females. No chemical-related clinical signs of toxicity were noted. Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: The hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean erythrocyte volume, and mean erythrocyte hemoglobin values in 10,000 ppm female rats were significantly lower than those of controls, while in males only the mean erythrocyte hemoglobin value was significantly lower. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in male and female rats receiving 10,000 ppm were significantly higher than those of the controls at the 15-month interim evaluation. Pathology Findings: Squamous cell papillomas of the oral mucosa (pharynx) occurred in five males receiving 10,000 ppm but not in the lower exposure groups or in controls. A squamous cell carcinoma occurred in one 10,000 ppm male and a benign basosquamous tumor was observed in another. The incidence of oral mucosal neoplasms in the 10,000 ppm males was significantly greater than that in controls and exceeded the range observed in untreated historical controls (lO/l,253, 0.8%; range 0%-4%). These neoplasms were considered chemical related. Administration of C.I. Direct Blue 218 to rats produced significantly increased incidences of forestomach basal cell hyperplasia in males receiving 3,000 or 10,000 ppm (0 ppm, 0/50; 1,000 ppm, 2/50; 3,000 ppm, 10/50;10,000 ppm, 19/50) and in females receiving 10,000 ppm (1/50, 1/49, 5/50, 11/49). Further, there were marginal increased incidences of focal squamous hyperplasia in the 3,000 and 10,000 ppm males (1/50,1/50, 6/50, 4/50). Squamous cell papillomas of the forestomach were seen in two 3,000 ppm males and in one 10,000 ppm male; no papillomas were observed in the controls. A squamous cell carcinoma was also seen in one 3,000 ppm male. Because of the uncommon occurrence of forestomach neoplasms in untreated control male rats (4/1,253, 0.3%; range 0%-2%) and the slight increase in the incidence of focal hyperplasia, these neoplasms may have been chemical related. The incidence of uterine endometrial stromal polyps in each exposed group of female rats was significantly greater than that of the controls (1/50,12/50,10/50, 10/50). Because the incidences in the exposed groups did not increase in a dose-related manner and the incidence in the controls was unusually low (historical incidence: 205/1,251,16.4%; range 2%-30%), the higher incidence of stromal polyps in the exposed groups was not considered chemical related. 2-YEAR STUDY IN MICE: The dose selection for the 2-year study was based on the lower final mean body weights and the liver lesions observed at the 20,000 ppm level in the 13-week study. Groups of 60 male and 60 female mice were fed diets containing 0, 1,000, 3,000, or 10,000 ppm C.I. Direct Blue 218 for 103 weeks. Nine or 10 mice from each exposure group were evaluated after 15 months. Survival, Body Weights, Feed and Compound Consumption, and Clinical Findings: Survival of exposed male and female mice was similar to that of the controls. Mean body weights of male and female mice receiving 10,000 ppm were 10% to 29% lower than those of the controls during most of the study, and the final mean body weights in these groups were 19% lower than that of the controls for males and 27% lower than that of the controls for females. Feed consumption by exposed mice was similar to that by controls and the diets were estimated to deliver daily doses of approximately 120, 360, and 1,520 mg of dye/kg body weight to males and 140, 470, and 2,050 mg/kg to females. No chemical-related clinical signs of toxicity were noted. Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Hematocrit, hemoglobin, and mean erythrocyte volume values in males and females receiving 10,000 ppm were significantly lower than those of the controls. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and/or sorbitol dehydrogenase values in male and female mice that received 10,000 ppm were significantly higher than those of controls, which is consistent with hepatocellular damage. Pathology Findings: The administration of C.I. Direct Blue 218 to mice produced significantly increased incidences of hepatocellular adenoma (0 ppm, 16/50; 1,000 ppm, 19/50; 3,000 ppm, 17/50; 10,000 ppm, 40/50) and hepatocellular carcinoma (7/50, 3/50, 8/50,17/50) in males receiving 10,000 ppm, and a significantly increased incidence of hepatocellular adenoma in females receiving 3,000 or 10,000 ppm (7/49, 12/50, 17/49, 41/49). In females that received 10,000 ppm, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was marginally increased. Consistent with these findings, the incidence of hepatocellular foci of cytologic alteration, a preneoplastic lesion, was also increased in males and females in the 10,000 ppm groups. The increased incidences of hepatocellular foci, adenomas, and carcinomas were considered chemical related. Uncommon renal tubule neoplasms also occurred at low incidences in male mice receiving C.I. Direct Blue 218, but not in controls. Renal tubule adenomas were seen in two males receiving 1,000 ppm, one male receiving 3,000 ppm, and one male receiving 10,000 ppm. A renal tubule carcinoma was also seen in one male that received 1,000 ppm. Because renal tubule neoplasms are uncommon in male mice (4/1,366, 0.3%; range 0%-2%), these neoplasms may have been chemical related. Carcinomas of the small intestine occurred in four male mice receiving 10,000 ppm. One was observed at the 15-month interim evaluation, while the other three were observed in mice at the end of the study. One control male mouse also had a carcinoma of the small intestine. Because of the uncommon occurrence of small intestine neoplasms in untreated male mice (12/1,374, 0.9%; range 0%-4%), the slightly higher incidence of these neoplasms in males receiving 10,000 ppm may have been chemical related. Carcinomas of the small intestine also occurred in one 3,000 ppm and one 10,000 ppm female, but the low incidences precluded drawing an association with chemical administration. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: C.I Direct Blue 218 was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, or TA1537 tested with and without exogenous metabolic activation (S9). It was also tested in a modified Salmonella test protocol which employed reductive metabolism supplied by flavin mononucleotide or rat cecal bacteria, followed by oxidative metabolism; results of this test using strain TA1538 were also negative. C.I. Direct Blue 218 induced a small but significant increase in sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells at the highest dose tested without S9. No increase in chromosomal aberrations were observed in Chinese hamster ovary cells with or without S9. C.I. Direct Blue 218 did not induce sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in germ cells of male Drosophila melanogaster. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2-year feed studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of C.I. Direct Blue 218 in male F344/N rats based on the occurrence of pharyngeal neoplasms. Squamous cell neoplasms of the forestomach may have been chemical related. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of C.I Direct Blue 218 in female F344/N rats given 1,000, 3,000, or 10,000 ppm. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of C.I. Direct Blue 218 in male and female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas. The occurrence of a few neoplasms of the kidney and small intestine in male mice may have been related to C.I. Direct Blue 218 treatment. The administration of C.I. Direct Blue 218 produced an increased incidence of forestomach basal cell hyperplasia in rats and hepatocellular foci of cytologic alteration in mice. Synonyms: cuprate(4-), [mu-[(3,3'-dihydroxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[5-amino-4-hydroxy- 2,7-naphthalnedisulfonato]](8-)]]di-, tetrasodium; copper, [tetrahydrogen-3,3'-[(3,3'-dihydroxy-4,4'-biphenylylene)bis(azo)]bis [5-amino-4-hdroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonato](4-)]di-, tetrasodium salt; 1-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid, 2,2'-(3,3'-dihydroxy-4,4'-biphenylylenebisazo)bis [8-amino-, dicopper deriv., tetrasodium salt

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Role of the amino-terminal domain of simian virus 40 early region in inducing tumors in secretin-expressing cells in transgenic mice.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The early region of simian virus 40 (SV40) encodes 2 transforming proteins, large T (Tag) and small t antigen, that produce neuroendocrine tumors in the intestine and the pancreas when expressed in secretin cells of transgenic mice. METHODS: Two SV40 early-region transgenes containing a deletion that eliminated expression of the small t antigen were expressed in transgenic mice under control of the secretin gene. The 2 lines of mice, one expressing the native large T antigen and the other T antigen with a mutation in its N-terminal J domain, were examined to determine which biological activities of the SV40 early region were required for tumorigenesis. RESULTS: Most animals expressing wild-type large T antigen developed pancreatic insulinomas and lymphomas and died between 3 and 6 months of age. However, small intestinal neoplasms were extremely rare in the absence of small t antigen expression. Transgenic lines expressing the J domain mutant failed to develop tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Transformation of secretin-producing enteroendocrine cells by SV40 requires functional cooperation between intact large T and small t oncoproteins. In contrast, large T antigen alone is sufficient to induce tumors in the endocrine pancreas and thymus.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Role of faecal calprotectin as non-invasive marker of intestinal inflammation.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Faecal calprotectin, a neutrophil granulocyte cytosol protein, is considered a promising marker of intestinal inflammation. We assessed and compared the faecal calprotectin concentration in patients with organic and functional chronic intestinal disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was carried out, using a commercially available ELISA test, measuring calprotectin in stool samples collected from 131 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, 26 with intestinal neoplasms, 48 with irritable bowel syndrome and 34 healthy subjects. RESULTS: Median faecal calprotectin was significantly increased in Crohn's disease (231 microg/g, 95% confidence interval (CI) 110-353 microg/g), ulcerative colitis (167 microg/g, 95% CI 59-276 microg/g), and neoplasms (105 microg/g, 95% CI 0-272 microg/g), whereas normal values were found in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (22 microg/g, 95% CI 9-35 microg/g) and in healthy subjects (11 microg/g, 95% CI 3-18 microg/g). A positive correlation was observed with clinical activity scores in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In both groups, patients with clinically active disease showed higher calprotectin levels than those observed in patients with quiescent disease (405 microg/g, 95% CI 200-610 microg/g vs. 213 microg/g, 95% CI 85-341 microg/g in CD patients, p<0.05, and 327 microg/g, 95% CI 104-550 microg/g vs. 123 microg/g, 95% CI 40-206 microg/g in UC patients, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Faecal calprotectin appears to be a promising and non-invasive biomarker of intestinal inflammation. If these findings are confirmed, it may provide a useful test for the diagnosis and follow up of inflammatory bowel diseases.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1978

[Patterns in the development of radiation tumors of the stomach and intestines].

In the experiments on dogs and rats it was shown that gastric and intestinal neoplasms arise under the influence of different kinds of radiation, these may be located in all portions of the stomach and bowel and are of a different histological origin. They are not infrequently primary multiple, mostly benign neoplasms which show multicentric growth. The frequency of tumors appearance, their localization, an average latent period, the degree of malignancy and multiplicity are conditioned by the amount of tissue dosage, the topography of their distribution in the alimentary tract and the level of total irradiation of the organism. With the increased dosage of local irradiation the latent period and multiplicity are decreased, while the incidence of malignancy raised. The optimum levels of the tissue dosage and the time of maximum tumor appearance were determined for each type of radiation.

Alpha Particles↗
PubMed1997

Secretory phospholipase Pla2g2a confers resistance to intestinal tumorigenesis.

Individuals inheriting the same mutation predisposing to cancer may show very different outcomes, ranging from early aggressive cancer to disease-free survival. Experimental mouse models can provide a powerful tool to identify factors in the environment and genetic background that account for such modifications. The Min mouse strain, in which the ApcMin mutation disrupts the mouse homologue of the human familial polyposis gene, develops intestinal neoplasms whose multiplicity is strongly affected by genetic background. We previously mapped a strong modifier locus, Mom1 (modifier of Min-1), to a 4-cM region on mouse chromosome 4 containing a candidate gene Pla2g2a encoding a secretory phospholipase. Here, we report that a cosmid transgene overexpressing Pla2g2a caused a reduction in tumour multiplicity and size, comparable to that conferred by a single copy of the resistance allele of Mom1. These results offer strong evidence that this secretory phospholipase can provide active tumour resistance. The association of Pla2g2a with Mom1 thus withstands a strong functional test and is likely to represent the successful identification of a polymorphic quantitative trait locus in mammals.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed1979

Ultrasound detection of a carcinoid tumor.

The intraluminal component of symptomatic malignant carcinoid tumors of the small bowel is typically small relative to the extension in the mesentery, and barium examinations are occasionally normal. This case report illustrates the diagnostic value of abdominal ultrasonography in the detection of extraluminal component of a carcinoid tumor.

Carcinoid Tumor↗